CLOSE READING STRATEGY
NONFICTION TEXT
First Read: Highlight all bold, italics, and graphics
Second Read: Annotate next to your highlighting that you did during
the first read the meaning behind the bold, italics, and graphics
Third Read: Circle all important vocabulary words and underline the
meaning of the words.
CLOSE READING STRATEGY
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
First Read: Highlight key words in questions and circle the word or
words that tell you what you have to do.
Second Read: Search for the answer in the text and annotate where
you found it by indicating in the margin of the text the question
number.
Third Read: Next to the question explain why you chose that answer
and use the process of elimination.
Convection, Conduction, and Radiation
There are three ways that heat can be transferred.
These are convection, conduction, and radiation.
Convection.
Convection is heat transfer that occurs when warm particles move in currents.
For example, when a pot of
water is boiled, the water
molecules closest to the bottom
of the pot are heated the
most. As they heat, they become
less dense. This causes them to
rise to the top of the pot.As the
hot molecules rise to the top,
they take the heat with
them. The cooler particles then
drop to the bottom. The heat
transfer is occurring because of
the movement of the warm
particles.
The same movement of heated particles happens in air, where warm air rises and cooler air
takes its place.
Conduction.
Conduction is heat transfer that occurs when particles are in contact with each other.
For example, if a hot saucepan is placed on a bench, heat will
flow from the hot surface of the saucepan to the colder
bench. This heat flow from a hot object to a cold object will
continue until the objects reach the same temperature.
Radiation.
Like convection and conduction, radiation can transfer heat through matter. However,
radiation is different in that it can also transfer heat through empty space.
Through the process of radiation, heat flows in the form of
waves. The radiation waves flow from hot objects and are
absorbed by cooler objects. The cooler objects heat up as they
absorb the waves.
The heat that is transferred from the Sun to the Earth is an example of radiation.
All three types of heat transfer involve a flow of heat from a warm object to a cold
object. As the cold object absorbs the heat, it becomes hotter. The warm object is losing the
heat that the cold object is absorbing, and so it is becoming cooler. This flow from warm
object to cool object continues until both objects reach equilibrium. This is the point where
both objects are the same temperature.
1. Which of the following is the correct definition of convection?
A. the transfer of heat by
currents
B. the electromagnetic radiation from the surface of an object which is due
to the object's temperature
C. the transmission of heat across empty space
D. the transmission of heat across
matter
2. Radiation, conduction, and convection are methods of energy transfer. Of these
methods, radiation is the only one in which energy can be transferred
through _______.
A. matter.
B. solids.
C. liquids.
D. space.
3. In which of the following methods of heat transfer is it necessary for the
objects to be directly touching one another?
A. conductio
n
B. convection
C. radiation
D. All of
these
4. Which of the following is an example of convection?
A. a hot object transferring heat to a cooler one
B. the rays of the Sun warming the earth
C. a hot oven warming the air around it
D. hot air rising and cooler air falling
5. When hot and cold air meet, the hot air rises to the top. Which process
causes the hot air to rise?
A. conduction
n
B. induction
C. radiation
D. convection
n
6. Convection currents form when warm air rises and cold air sinks.What causes
the warm air to rise and the cold air to sink?
A. a difference in weather
B. a difference in substance
C. a difference in climate
D. a difference in density
7. A transfer of heat within a liquid or gas that involves warm particles moving
in currents is
A. radiation
n
B. correction.
C. convection.
D. conduction
n
8. The light from the Sun heats a metal surface. This is an example of
A. radiation.
B. reflection.
C. conduction.
D. convection.
9. Heat can be transferred through conduction, convection, and
radiation. What is necessary in order for heat to be transferred by
conduction?
A. Heat must be transferred
through space.
B. The objects must be in direct contact with one another.
C. Heat must be transferred in the form of currents.
D. The substances must be liquids or
gases.
10. Which of the following is an example of only the process of conduction?
A. Leftovers become warm when reheated in the microwave.
B. A dog's bowl of water warms up out in the Sun.
C. A metal spoon becomes warm when placed in a cup of hot tea.
D. Campers warm up while sitting by a campfire.