CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
In social life, language has an important role to become a media
communication and helps a million people to interact with others. In fact, language is
closely related to society and the medium through which we participate in a variety of
social activities. In other word, language is considered to be a system of
communicating with other people using sound, symbols and words in expressing a
meaning, idea or thought. Also, in communicating and interacting with others, people
use language to understand with each others. In this case, they use the language to
convey
their
feelings,
purposes
and
their
needs.
As
Kentjono
states
(1982:2)“Language is an arbitrary sound marking system which used by members of
society for cooperation, communication, and identification of their selves.”
Language is needed to make people easily understood what the purpose they
make a conversation. However, sometimes people are unsuccessful to express their
feelings, needs and intentions. Furthermore language also has an important role in
literally. Basically, there are three kinds of literaries such as poem, novel and drama.
In this research the writer tries to explore the drama itself.
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The definition of Drama itself according to the pragmatics theory by James
(1907:30) is a conversation which consists of four dimensions while related to the
speaker or user such as how the speaker built the social relationship with the hearer,
speech act, implicatur and utterance forms.
In this case the writer chooses one of four aspects of drama conversation
above, i.e. in Speech Act. As the subject matter, The Glass Menagerie attracts the
writer to analyze the speech act especially the Illocutionary Act in this drama.
By using the speech act theory, it helps people to analyze utterances from the
perspective of their function, rather than their form before giving any reaction to it.
And the writer itself tries to explore the Illocutionary Act in drama “The Glass
Menagerie” by Tennessee Williams.
1.2 Identification of Problem
The writer has identified “The Glass Menagerie” by Tennessee Williams as
the object of writing. After identifying it, the writer finds some problems related to
linguistic point of view. They are speech act and sentence type.
1.3 Scope of Problem
Based on the various problems occur in the drama, in this study, the writer
chooses Speech Act as the object and as the main object is Illocutionary Act.
Therefore, the writer takes the title of this writing as “The use of Illocutionary Act in
the Drama the Glass Menagerie”.
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1.4 Research Questions
Based on the background above, the writer focuses to analyze the problems
below:
1. What types of Illocutionary Act presented by the characters in the drama “The
Glass Menagerie”?
2. What are the roles of context of Illocutionary Act by the characters in the drama
“The Glass Menagerie”?
1.5 Objectives of Problem
Based on the statement of problems, the writer wants to get the targets below:
1. To describe the types of Illocutionary Act which are presented by the characters in
the drama “The Glass Menagerie”.
2. To explain the roles of context of Illocutionary Act by the characters in the drama
“The Glass Menagerie”.
1.6 Significance of Writing
This study intends to help some readers who are interested in literature
especially in drama. It will be more easily understanding the play from its language
aspect. Furthermore, it is to understand what the characters mean by using the
Illocutionary Act, analyze their sentence type and surely the utterance to recognize
their characterization and interpret what the characters really means. At last, we could
understand the whole drama easily.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 Previous Study
In completing this writing, the writer found at least three students had written
about this topic. The first is. “Illocutionary Act in Two Radio Programs” (Frenky
Himaya, 2003). The second, “Illocutionary Acts in William Inge’s play People in the
Wind” (Febrial Astri Lara Sari, 2006). And the last “Illocutionary Act in Lorraine
Hasberrys a Raisin in the sun” (Rahmah, 2003).
The previous writers focus their studies on the Illocutionary Act in radio
program, and play. Different from the first researches, the writer focuses her writing
on another object. She tries to analyze the Illocutionary Act that is performed in
drama. The second and the last researches just describes the sentence type and
Illocutionary Act in their object (drama), but the writer tries to analyze the roles of
context in Illocutionary Act by the characters in her object of writing.
2.2 Theory of Pragmatics
In using language, the members of society have a pragmatic approach to
interpret their language. It refers to Nababan (1984:2) states“...If we concern mainly
to the relation among sign and its user (interpreter) we name it as pragmatics. We
also name such linguistic study as sociolinguistic, particularly and studies of social
aspect of language user and the rule of use”
Pragmatics is the way of explaining language especially aspect of meaning
which cannot be found in the sense of words, grammars also in structures as explained
by semantic approach.
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Keith (April 2000: 48) defines pragmatic as “The vast majority of pragmatics
studies have been devoted to conversation, where the silent influence of context and
the undercurrents are most fascinating...”
Also Crystal (1941:21) says“Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our
choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others.”
As an addition Kasper (1997) states pragmatic as“The ability to comprehend
and produce a communicative act is referred to as pragmatic competence.”
As a result, the various explanations about the term of pragmatics above show
us that pragmaticss is the study of language in the relation with the user or interpreter.
Therefore, it is suitable with writer’s aim to analyze the play by using a speech act
especially Illocutionary Act.
2.3 Speech Act
Speech Act is a theory where the impact of an utterance analyzed in
relationship between the speaker and listener’s behavior. This theory helps us to
examine utterances from the perspective of their function, rather than their form.
Furthermore, the philosopher J.L. Austin (1911-1960) claims that many utterances are
equivalent to actions. When a person says: “I name this ship” or “I now pronounce
you man and wife”, the utterance creates a new social. It is appropriate with the
speech act meaning itself.
Another definition about Speech act comes from Hurford and Heasley
(1983:232):
“Speech act is an action , and that language can actually be used to do things when a
speaker in appropriate circumstances containing a referring expression, he carries out a
certain act, an act of referring. Referring is typically a linguistic act, but we shall see that it is
possible to carry out all sorts of other acts using language.”
5
Also Bach (1979) in Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry says that:
“The theory of speech acts is partly taxonomic and partly explanatory. It must
systematically classify types of speech acts and the ways in which they can succeed or fail. It
must reckon with the fact that the relationship between the words being used and the force of
their utterance is often oblique. For example, the sentence 'This is a pig sty' might be used no
literally to state that a certain room is messy and filthy and, further, to demand indirectly that
it be straightened out and cleaned up. Even when this sentence is used literally and directly,
say to describe a certain area of a barnyard, the content of its utterance is not fully
determined by its linguistic meaning--in particular, the meaning of the word 'this' does not
determine which area is being referred to. A major task for the theory of speech acts is to
account for how speakers can succeed in what they do despite the various ways in which
linguistic meaning underdetermines use.”
Based on the explanations above, Speech act theory explains the meaning of
the speakers’ utterance to the hearer so they can do an action by hearing the speakers’
utterance.
In Levinson (1983:236), Austin isolates three basic sentences in speech acts, they
are:
1. Locutionary Act, the utterance of the sentence with determinate sense and
reference.
2. Illocutionary Act, the making statement, offer, promise, etc. in uttering a sentence,
by virtue of the conventional force associated with it (or with its explicit per
formative paraphrase.
3. Perlocutionary Act, the bringing about of effect on the audience by means of
uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstance of utterance.
2.4 Illocutionary Act
The second type of act discussed before in the theory of speech act is
Illocutionary Act. It is the real actions performed by the utterance, where saying
equals doing, as in betting, suggesting, commanding warning etc.
As a Hurford and Heasley (1983:244) states that“The ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
(or simply the ILLOCUTION) carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act
6
viewed in terms of the utterance’s significance within a conventional system of social
interaction.”
Another statement comes from Schiffer's famous book 'Meaning' (1972, 103),
in which the Illocutionary Act is represented as just the act of meaning something. For
example:
“Could you close the door?”
In above utterance, the speaker doesn’t need answer yes or no. in fact, the
speaker performs the Illocutionary Act of requesting the hearer to close the window.
According to the conception Bach and Harnish adopt in 'Linguistic Communication
and Speech Acts' (1979), an illocutionary act is an attempt to communicate, which
they again analyze as the expressing of an attitude. While Stubs (1962:1520) says that
Illocutionary Act is performed in saying something includes at such as ordering,
denying and etc.
On the other side, Crystal defines that “the illocutionary act is the core of
theory of speech acts are performed as a result of the speaker making an utterance
the case where saying, doing, such as betting, promising, welcoming, etc.
Moreover According to Austin’s (1962:121) original exposition in How to Do
Things with Words, an Illocutionary Act is an act (1) for the performance of which I
must make it clear to some other person that the act is performed (Austin speaks of
the 'securing of uptake'), and (2) the performance of which involves the production of
what Austin calls 'conventional consequences' as, e.g., rights, commitments, or
obligations.
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Based on the explanations above, the writer can conclude that Illocutionary
Act is the intention of the speakers’ in performing an utterance. In relation to the
above explanation the writer describes the classification of Illocutionary act and types
in Illocutionary Acts.
2.4.1 Classification of Illocutionary Acts
According to Austin (1962:151-152) distinguishing five general class of
illocutionary act as follows:
1. Verdictives, are typified by the giving of a verdict, as the name implies, by a
jury, arbitrator, or umpire. For example, an estimate, reckoning, or appraisal.
2. Exercitives, are the exercising of powers, rights, or influence. Examples are
appointing, voting, ordering, urging, advising, warning, etc.
3. Commissives, are typified by promising or otherwise undertaking; they
commit you to doing something, but include also declarations or
announcements of intention, which are not promises, and also rather vague
things which we may call espousals, as for example, siding with. They have
obvious connections with verdictives and exercitives.
4. Behabitives, are a very miscellaneous group, and have to do with attitudes and
social behaviow. For examples are apologizing, congratulating, commending,
condoling, cursing, and challenging.
5. Expositives, are difficult to define. They make plain how our utterances fit
into the course of an argument or conversation, how we are using words, or, in
general, are expository. For Examples are 'I reply', 'I argue', 'I concede', 'I
illustrate', 'I assume', 'I postulate.
8
The Writer realizes that there are many types of utterance in speech act
especially Illocutionary Act can be used in analyzing the data which the writer
shows further.
2.4.2
Types of Illocutionary Acts
1. Direct Illocution is the performing Illocutionary Act when the speaker’s
intention is similar to the meaning of the sentence that he/she utters.
As Hurford and Heasley (1983:259) states that“The Direct Illocution
of an utterance is the illocution most directly indicated by a literal reading of
the grammatical form and vocabulary of the sentence uttered.”
Crystal (1987:419) has another conception about direct illocution. He says
that“Direct speech is the actual utterance spoken by a person.”
For example:
“Do you want to read a novel?”
This sentence only contains direct illocution. It is an act of asking the
hearer whether he wants to read the novel.
2. Indirect Illocution
According to Hurford and Heasley (1983:259) statement that“The
indirect Illocution of an utterance is any further illocution the utterance may
have.”
For simply, sometimes when a person say something he/she expect
more than what the literal meaning of their utterance. For example:
“Can you pass the salt?”
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The direct illocution of that example above is an enquiry about the
hearer‘s ability to pass the salt. And the indirect illocution is a request that the
hearer pass the salt.
Another definition is given by Crystal (1987:423)“Indirect speech act
is an utterance whose linguistic form neither does nor directly reflects its
communicative purpose.”
In understanding indirect illocutions presented in the speaker’s
utterance, we must rely on the conversation principle, such as cooperative
principle. In fact, the speaker uses to make inference for the hearer. (Hurford
and Heasley, 1983:281) also, we must rely on shared references and society’s
conventions (Arwood, 1983:63-65)
2.4.3
Sentence Type in Illocutionary Act
The writer added this part because when we analyze the illocutionary
act we can’t separate it with the sentence type itself. Furthermore,
sentences of each type, when uttered, tend to carry out typical linguistic
acts. Hurford and Heasley (1983:241) are summarized in the chart below:
Typical linguistic act performed by
Sentence Type
uttering a sentence of this type
Declarative
Asserting
Interrogative
Asking
Imperative
Ordering
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The very names of the sentence types (declarative, interrogative, and
imperative) contain thinly disguised Latin allusions to the acts of asserting,
asking and ordering. Furthermore, this part it’s very important to analyze
the play later before we decide the Illocutionary act.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Method of Collecting Data
This chapter will discuss about the methodology in collecting data of this
research. The writer uses library research for collecting the data. By this method,
the writer gains and selects the information concerning with the theory of her
research. In this case, the writer reads some books and literatures to complete the
writing.
For this aim, the writer uses some techniques of collecting data, in follows:
1. Identification
First, the writer reads the manuscript of “The Glass Menagerie”. Secondly, the
writer identifies some utterances of character by numbering each of them.
2. Note taking
After identifying the utterances which contains Illocutionary Acts, the writer
takes and writes down the data according to the purpose of this thesis.
3. Classifications
At last, the writer classifies kinds of Illocutionary Acts and types of sentence
they have.
3.2 Population and Sample
3.2.1
Population
Population of this research includes all the utterances in the
play of “The Glass Menagerie”.
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3.2.2
Sample
From the population, the writer takes certain conversation
contains of some utterances from the population. It was chosen by
using purposive sampling, since the writer takes the samples which
are appropriate with the purpose of this research. As the result, the
writer takes 20 conversations to be analyzed.
3.3 Source of Data
The identified data are taken from Tennessee William play “The Glass
Menagerie”. Then, the writers use the drama to support her research. The Primary
data were collected from the manuscript of literary work itself, Such as drama of
“The Glass Menagerie” that analysis.
3.4 Method of analyzing data
In analyzing data, the writer uses descriptive method and pragmatic approach to
analyze and expose the data naturally, the writer follows some steps such as:
1. Read each of utterance in Tennessee William play “The Glass Menagerie”
carefully.
2. Identify the utterance this performs the illocutionary act by numbering each of
them.
3. Classify the illocutionary act of each utterance.
4. Classify sentence type of each utterance.
5. Analyze the illocutionary act of each utterance.
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CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
In this chapter, the writer presents the analysis of Illocutionary Act which
taken from a play entitled “The Glass Menagerie’ written by Tennesee Williams.
Furthermore, before the writer begins her analysis, she tries to mention a short
description about the play.
4.1 A short description about ‘The Glass Menagerie” by Tennessee Williams
The action of The Glass Menagerie takes place in the Wingfield family's
apartment in St. Louis, 1937. The events of the play are framed by memory - Tom
Wingfield, as the narrator, usually smokes and stands on the fire escape as he
delivers his monologues. The narrator addresses us from the undated and eternal
present, although at the play's first production (1944-5), Tom's constant indirect
references to the violence of the Second World War would have been powerfully
current.
The action of the play focuses on Tom, his mother Amanda, and his sister
Laura. In 1937 they live together in a small apartment in St. Louis. Their father
abandoned them years earlier, and Tom is now the family's breadwinner. He
works at the Continental Shoemakers warehouse during the day, but he disappears
nightly "to the movies." Amanda is a loving mother, but her meddling and
nagging are hard to live with for Tom, who has already been grown man and
earned the wages that support the entire family. Laura is a frightened and terribly
shy girl, with unbelievably weak nerves. She is also slightly lame in one leg, and
14
she seldom leaves the apartment of her own volition. She busies herself caring for
her "glass menagerie," a collection of delicate little glass animals.
Amanda constantly dreams of the days long time ago when she was a young
Southern belle and the darling of her small town's social scene. She enrolled Laura
in classes at Rubicam's Business College, hoping that a career in business would
make Laura self-sufficient. She discovers that Laura stopped attending class a
long time ago, because the speed tests on the typewriter terrified her. After the
fiasco at Rubicam's Amanda gives up on a business career for Laura and puts all
her hopes into finding a husband for her.
Amanda's relationship with Tom is difficult. Tom longs to be free - like his
father - to abandon Amanda and Laura and set off into the world. He has stayed
because of his responsibility for them, but his mother's nagging and his frail
sister's idiosyncrasies make the apartment a depressing and oppressive place. Tom
also hates his job. His only escape comes from his frequent visits to the movies,
but his nightly disappearances anger and baffle Amanda. He fights with Amanda
all the time, and the situation at home becoming more unbearable.
Amanda, sensing that Tom wants to leave, tries to make a deal with him. If
Tom and Amanda can find a husband for Laura, a man who can take care of her,
then Tom will be free of his responsibility to them. Amanda asks Tom to bring
home gentlemen callers to meet Laura. Tom brings home Jim O'Connor, a fellow
employee at the warehouse. He is an outgoing and enthusiastic man on whom
Laura had a terrible crush in high school. Jim chats with Laura, growing
increasingly flirtatious, until he finally kisses her. Then he admits that he has a
fiancé and cannot call again. For fragile Laura, the news is devastating.
15
Amanda is furious, and after Jim leaves she accuses Tom of playing a cruel
joke on them. Amanda and Tom have one final fight, and not long afterward Tom
leaves for good. In his closing monologue, he admits that he cannot escape the
memory of his sister. Though he abandoned her years ago, Laura still haunts him.
4.2 Presentation and analysis of data
Datum 1
Amanda (calling): 1) Tom?
Tom: 2) yes, mother.
In Datum 1, utterance 1) is an interrogative sentence. Then, the kind of Direct
Illocution performed in this sentence is act of asking and the Indirect Illocution
performed is the act of complaining. This is because Amanda directly asks Tom to
come at the dinner table at the upstage area and indirectly complains to Tom why
he’s not coming to the table. Contextually, Amanda and her daughter Laura are
seated at a drop-leaf table without Tom, but they have to have dinner together. This
is indicated by the Amanda’s statement: “we can’t say grace until you come to the
table!”
Utterance 2) is a declarative sentence. Then, the kind of Direct Illocution
carried out in this sentence is the act of answering and the kind of Indirect
Illocution performed is the act of ignoring. Tom directly answers that he hears
Amanda’s calling and he indirectly ignored Amanda to come at the table early.
This is because contextually when Tom said yes, he’s still not going to the upstage
area to go for dinner. On the contrary, Tom also knows that his mother being angry
with him. At last, he goes to upstage area then. This is described by the context in
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the bracket when Tom answered his mother: “Coming, mother.” (He bows slightly
and withdraws, reappearing a few moments later in his place at the table)
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Amanda
Interrogative
Asking
Complaining
Tom
Declarative
Answering
Ignoring
Datum 2
Amanda: 1) Resume your seat, little sister. I want you to stay fresh and pretty for
gentlemen callers!
Laura: 2) I’m not expecting any gentlemen callers.
In Datum 2, utterance 1 is an imperative sentence. The kind of Direct
Illocution in this utterance is ordering and the Indirect Illocution of this utterance
performed the act of recommending. Furthermore, Amanda directly orders Laura
to not move by her seat because Amanda wants Laura still look fresh and beautiful
for the gentleman callers. Then, Amanda indirectly recommends to Laura for
waiting her gentleman callers. This is because contextually when they had finished
their dinner, Laura intents to bring the blanc mange but Amanda orders Laura to
not going anywhere because she’s the lady of that time. This context is indicated
when Laura says: “I’ll bring in the blanc mange” (he remains standing with his
cigarette by the portieres during the following.) and Amanda responds: (rising)
“No, sister, No sister—you be the lady of this time and I’ll be the darky.” Although
Laura answers: “I’m already up.”
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Utterance 2 is declarative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution in this
utterance is asserting and the kind of Indirect Illocution performed is the act of
refusing. Furthermore, Laura directly asserts that she doesn’t expecting any
gentlemen callers and indirectly refuses to see any gentleman callers. This is
because contextually, only Amanda’s expectation for waiting the Gentleman
callers for Laura. It is indicated by the context in which Amanda’s statement:
“Sometimes they come when they are least expected! Why, I remember one
Sunday afternoon in blue mountain—“ (enters kitchenette)
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Amanda
Laura
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Imperative
Ordering
Recommending
Declarative
Asserting
Refusing
Datum 3
Tom: 1) I know what’s coming!
Laura: 2) Yes. But let her tell it.
In datum 3, utterance 1) is a declarative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution
performed in this utterance is the act warning and the kind of Indirect Illocution is
the act of complaining. Tom directly warns that he knows already what Amanda’s
story before. Furthermore, Tom indirectly complains to Laura because he was tired
of hearing Amanda’s story which she had told repeatedly. This happened because
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contextually Tom bored with Amanda’s story with her gentleman callers in the past
as indicated when Tom asks to Laura: “again?”
Utterance 2) is an imperative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution is
ordering and the Indirect Illocution of this utterance performed the act of
protesting. Laura directly orders Tom to let Amanda telling her stories and
indirectly protests Tom to not interrupt Amanda’s story and let her tell it. This is
because Tom didn’t want to hear the repetition of Amanda’s story. In contrast,
Laura supporting her mother to tell it because she knows that Amanda loves to tell
them about her experiences with many gentleman callers. It is showed by Laura’s
statement: “She loves to tell it”.
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Tom
Declarative
Warning
Complaining
Laura
Imperative
Ordering
Protesting
Datum 4
Laura: 1) Has something happened, Mother? (Amanda draws a long breath and
takes out the handkerchief again. Dabbing process)-Mother, has-something
happened?
Amanda: 2) I’ll be alright in a minute, I’m just bewildered-(Count five) - by life.
In datum 4, sentence 1) is interrogative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution
for this sentence is asking and the kind Indirect Illocution performed in this
utterance is act of inquiring. Laura directly asks to her mother, what happened
19
with her and why she asks Laura about their future. Furthermore, Laura inquires
with her mother why she was crying and looked very disappointed. Contextually,
Amanda is too desperate when she knows that her daughter (Laura) dropped out of
her school at Rubicam’s Business College. Amanda shocked about that information
and she can’t bear about this fact. It is indicated by Amanda’s question to Laura:
“What are we going to do, what is going to become of us, what is the future?”
(Count ten).
Utterance 2 is the kind of declarative sentence. The kind of direct Illocution
performed in this sentence is kind of answering and the kind of Indirect Illocution
is commanding. Amanda directly answers Laura’s question and indirectly
commanding Laura not to panic with her condition. This is because contextually,
she just bewildered of Laura’s problem and she tries to accept the fact that Laura
dropped out of her school. This is illustrated in the situation when Laura asks to
Amanda: “Has something happened, Mother? (Amanda draws a long breath and
takes out the handkerchief again. Dabbing process)-Mother, has-something
happened?”
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Laura
Interrogative
Asking
Inquiring
Amanda
Declarative
Ordering
Commanding
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Datum 5
Amanda: 1) Laura, where have you been going when you’ve gone out pretending
that
you were going to Business College?
Laura: 2) I’ve just been going out walking.
In datum 5, utterance 1) is an interrogative sentence. The kind of Direct
Illocution performed in this sentence is the act of asking. Furthermore, the kind of
Indirect Illocution is the act of inquiring. Amanda directly asks Laura where she
had been going. Then, Amanda indirectly inquires where Laura going to when she
was pretending school at Business College. This is because contextually, Amanda
already knows that her daughter had lied to her. Furthermore, Amanda heard the
information that Laura dropped out at the business college but she pretends that she
goes to school like usual. It is described when Amanda asks to Laura: “Walking?
Walking? in winter? Deliberately courting pneumonia in that light coat? Where did
you walk to, Laura?”
Utterance 2) is declarative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution performed
in this sentence is the act of answering. Laura answers the Amanda question if she
just goes to walks when she played truant. The Indirect Illocution performed of this
sentence is the act of affirming. Laura affirms to her mother that she was just a
walk when she was pretending to go to school. This is because contextually Laura
does not want to hurt his mother by the fact that she had dropped out of Rubicam
Business College. It is indicated in Laura’s statement: “Mother when you’re
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disappointed, you get that awful suffering look on your face, like the picture of
Jesus’ mother in the museum!”
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Amanda
Interrogative
Asking
Inquiring
Laura
Declarative
Answering
Affirming
Datum 6
Amanda: 1) You will hear more, youTom: 2) No, I won’t hear more, I’m going out!
In datum 6, utterance 1) is an imperative sentence. The kind of Direct
Illocution performed of this utterance is the act of ordering and the kind of
Indirect Illocution is the act of forcing. Amanda directly orders Tom to hear what
she wants to say and indirectly forcing Tom to hear her statement. This is because
contextually, Amanda and Tom involved conflicts with each other. This is
indicated by Amanda’s statement: “Come back here, Tom Wingfield! I’m not
through talking to you!” then Tom answers: “Oh, go-“
Utterance 2) is declarative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution is asserting
and the Indirect Illocution of this utterance performed the act of angering. Tom
directly asserts that he doesn’t want hears anymore from Amanda. Furthermore,
Tom indirectly angering of his mother because she’s too distrustful with him.
Contextually, Amanda thought that her son doing such as moping,doping and in no
condition. Because of this reason, Tom feels incredibly and it makes him angry
22
with his mother. This is indicated by Amanda’s statement to Tom: “ I think you’ve
been doing things that you’re ashamed of. That’s why you act like this... Oh, i can
picture the way you’re doing down there. Moping, doping, because you’re in no
condition.” And Tom responds her with statement: “No, i’m in no condition!”
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Amanda
Imperative
Ordering
Forcing
Tom
Declarative
Asserting
Angering
Datum 7
Amanda: 1) Where are you going ?
Tom: 2) I’m going to the movies!
In Datum 7, utterance 1) is an interrogative sentence. The kind of direct
Illocution performed in this sentence is kind of asking and the kind of Indirect
Illocution is inquiring. Amanda directly asks to Tom where’d Tom actually go.
Then, she indirectly inquires that why he pretends to her that he goes to movie.
This is because contextually Amanda didn’t believe that Tom had gone to movies
every night. As shown in Amanda’s statement: ...Nobody in their right mind goes
to the movies at nearly midnight, and movies don’t let out at two A.M...”
Utterance 2) is declarative sentence. The kind of direct Illocution performed in
this sentence is act of angering and answering, also the kind of Indirect Illocution
is act of asserting. Tom directly angers to his mother and answers that he’s really
going to the movies in every night. Then, he indirectly affirms too that he’s not
23
lying to her mother. This is because contextually, Tom doesn’t want to spend his
remains life in just working. This is indicated when Tom says that: “..You think
I’m in love with the Continental Shoemakers? You think I want to spend fifty-five
years down there in that-celotex interior! With-fluorescent-tubes!...”
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Amanda
Interrogative
Tom
Declarative
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Asking
Inquiring
Angering and
Asserting
Answering
Datum 8
Laura: 1) All this time at the movies ?
Tom: 2) There was a very long program.
In Datum 8, Utterance 1) is an interrogative sentence. The kind of Direct
Illocution is the act of hesitating and the Indirect Illocution of this sentence
performed the act of complaining. Laura directly hesitates Tom whether he spent
all his time to the movies. Furthermore, she indirectly complains Tom why he
always late back to home, because contextually Laura at one lately night found
Tom try to open the door. She surprised him when she opened the door. It is
showed by the conversation between Tom and Laura. Laura asks Tom : “Where
have you been all this time?” and Tom answers: “I have been to the movies”.
Utterance 2) is declarative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution performed
of this utterance is the act of answering. Tom answered Laura’s question that he
24
watched a very long program movies at that night. Furthermore, the kind of
Indirect Illocution performed of this utterance is the act admitting. He indirectly
admits he spent all his time at the movies. That’s why he always late back to home.
This is because contextually Tom stayed at the night from the first until the end of
program. This is indicated when Laura asks to Tom : ”Did you have to stay
through everything?” and Tom answers to Laura: “Of course! And,oh, i forgot!
There was a big stage show! The headliner on this stage show was Malvolio the
Magician.”
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Laura
Interrogative
Hesitating
Complaining
Tom
Declarative
Answering
Admitting
Datum 9
Tom: she won’t to me. 1) It’s her that started not speaking.
Laura: 2) If you just say you’re sorry she’ll start speaking.
In datum 9, utterance 1) is declarative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution
for this sentence is asserting and the kind of Indirect Illocution performed in this
utterance is act of ignoring. Tom directly asserts that Amanda started not speaking
and indirectly ignors whether her mother talk to him or not. This is because
contextually, Amanda and Tom involved in conflict with each other. So that,
Amanda didn’t want talked to him and Tom ignored to speak with her. This is
indicated in Tom’s statement: “Her not speaking- is that such a tragedy?”
25
Utterance 2) is declarative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution performed
of this utterance is the act of suggesting. Laura directly suggests that if Tom just
say sorry, Amanda will start to speaking. Furthermore, the kind of Indirect
Illocution performed in this utterance is the act of recommending. Laura indirectly
recommends for tom to make up with her mother. This is because contextually
Laura see her mother so nervous because of this conflict as shown when Amanda
says to laura: “Laura, tell your brother his coffee is ready. So, Laura speaks to
Tom:”Tom! It’s nearly seven.Don’t make mother nervous. (He stares at her
stupidly.Beseechingly.) Tom, speak to mother this morning.Make up with
her,apologize, speak to her!”
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Tom
Declarative
Asserting
Ignoring
Laura
Declarative
Suggesting
Recommending
Datum 10
Amanda: 1) Promise son, You’ll-never be a drunkard!
Tom : 2) I will never be a drunkard, Mother.
In datum 10, utterance 1) is an imperative sentence. The kind of Direct
Illocution of this utterance performed the act of ordering and the Indirect
Illocution is the act of begging. Amanda directly orders to Tom for not to be a
drunkard and she indirectly begging to his son to promise with her that he’ll not try
to be a drunkard. This is because contextually, Amanda so frightened that her son
26
being a drunkard as shown in Amanda’s statement: “That’s what frightened me so,
that you’d be drinking! Eat a bowl of Purina!”
Utterance 2) is a declarative sentence.The kind of Direct Illocution performed
of this utterance is the act of asserting. Tom directly asserts that he’ll never be a
drunkard. Furthermore, the kind of Indirect Illocution performed of this utterance is
the act of promising. Tom indirectly promising that he’ll never be a drunkard
because contextually, he just drink the coffee although his stomach in empty
because he’s so addicted with it as is indicated when Amanda says : “You can’t put
in day’s work on an empty stomach. You’ve got ten minutes-don’t gulp! Drinking
too-hot liquids makes cancer of the stomach.. put cream in.” Then, Tom denied and
says: “ No! No, thank you, I want it black.”
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Amanda
Imperative
Ordering
Begging
Tom
Declarative
Asserting
Promising
Datum 11
Amanda: 1) Most young men find adventure in their careers.
Tom : 2) Then most young men are not employed in a warehouse.
In Datum 1, utterance 1) is declarative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution
performed in this sentence is act of explaining and the Indirect Illocution
performed is act of asserting. Amanda directly explains that most young men in
27
this world find an adventure in their careers. Furthermore, she indirectly asserts
that although Tom just worked in a warehouse he can get the adventure in his
career. This is because contextually Amanda thought that not everybody has a
craze of adventure like his son. It is indicated when Tom asks Amanda: Do all of
them find adventure in their careers?” and Amanda answers to him :”They do or
they do without it! Not everybody has a craze of adventure.”
Utterance 2) is declarative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution carried out
in this sentence is the act of arguing. Tom directly argues of Amanda’s statement
that most youngmen are not employed in the warehouse . Furthermore, The kind of
Indirect Illocution performed in this sentence is the act of denying. He indirectly
denying that most of youngmen in the warehouse can get the adventure, because in
the context Tom thought that a man is by instinct a lover, a hunter, etc. Then, if
they have a good instinct they obviously aren’t work at the warehouse as shown in
Tom’s statement: “Man is by instinct a lover, a hunter, a fighter, and none of those
instincts are given much play at the warehouse.”
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Amanda
Declarative
Explaining
Asserting
Tom
Declarative
Arguing
Denying
28
Datum 12
Amanda: 1) Is my head so transparent?
Tom : 2)You’re not sphinx.
In datum 12, utterance 1) is an interrogative sentence. The kind of Direct
Illocution performed in this sentence is the act of asking and the kind of Indirect
Illocution is the act of inquiring. Amanda directly asks Tom that whether is her
head is so transparent and indirectly inquires why Tom can easily read her minds.
This is because contextually Amanda won’t tell what her wishes but Tom can
guess it. It showed when Amanda says to Tom: “ A secret, huh? Well, I won’t tell
mine either. I will be just as mysterious as you.” Then, Tom answers : “ I bet I can
guess what yours is.”
Utterance 2) is declarative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution is the act of
answering and the Indirect Illocution of this sentence performed the act of
affirming. Tom directly answered Amanda’s question that she is not sphinx and
indirectly affirms that her minds is not transparent. Contextually, Tom thought that
Amanda obviously wished to the stars about the gentleman callers for Laura as
indicated when Tom says to his mother: “I thought perhaps you wished for a
gentleman callers”.
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Amanda
Interrogative
Asking
Inquiring
Tom
Declarative
Answering
Affirming
29
Datum 13
Amanda: 1) Naturally, I would like to know when he’s coming!
Tom : 2) He’s coming tomorrow.
In datum 13, utterance 1) is imperative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution
performed in this sentence is act of ordering and the Indirect Illocution performed
is the act of requesting. Amanda directly orders Tom to tell her when the
Gentleman callers coming. Furthermore, she indirectly requests Tom to explain
more info about the Gentleman Callers. Contextually, Tom asked the gentleman
callers to come for dinner and he accepted that invitation. This is indicated by the
context in which Tom says to his mother: “Yep, I’ve asked him to dinner” and
Amanda asks Tom: “You did, and did he – accept?” then, Tom answer: “He did”
Utterance 2) is declarative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution in this
sentence is answering and the kind of Indirect Illocution is act of informing. This
is because Tom directly answers and indirectly informs that the Gentleman Callers
is coming for dinner tomorrow. This is because contextually Amanda wanted to
know when the Gentleman Callers coming for dinner. She’s not sure for that
answer, so she repeated the question and Tom definitely answered that tomorrow
the Gentleman Callers will be come. This is indicated when Amanda asks Tom:
“Tomorrow?” and Tom answer: “Yep. Tomorrow”.
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Amanda
Imperative
Ordering
Requesting
Tom
Declarative
Answering
Informing
30
Datum 14
Amanda: 1) Don’t say peculiar.
Tom : 2) Face the facts, she is.
In Datum 14, utterance 1) is imperative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution
performed in this sentence is act of ordering and the kind of Indirect Illocution
performed is the act of rejecting. Amanda directly orders Tom to not say peculiar
and indirectly rejects the fact that her daughter is different from other girls.
Contextually, Tom said to Amanda that Laura is different and she lives in her own
world also she terribly shy. All that things make her peculiar for Tom but, Amanda
thought that the difference is all to her advantage. This is indicated in which Tom
says to his mother: “Laura is different from other girls” and Amanda answer: “I
think the difference is all to her advantage. But Tom also says:”Not quite all- in the
eyes of others – strangers – she’s terribly shy and lives in a world of her own and
those things make her seem a little peculiar to people outside the house.”
Utterance 2) is declarative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution in this
sentence asserting and the kind of Indirect Illocution is act of affirming. Tom
directly asserts that his mother must see the facts and indirectly affirms that Laura
is a peculiar person because contextually Amanda asked Tom in what way she is
peculiar, and Tom explained that Laura just lived in her own world with the glass
ornaments. This is shown in which Amanda asks Tom: “in what way is she
peculiar – may ask?” then Tom answer: “She lives in a world of her own – a world
31
of – little glass ornament, Mother…She plays old phonograph records and – that’s
about all –“
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Amanda
Imperative
Ordering
Rejecting
Tom
Declarative
Asserting
Affirming
Datum 15
Laura (panicky): 1) Oh, Mother – you answer the door!
Amanda: 2) I’ll be in the kitchen – busy!
In Datum 15, utterance 1) is Imperative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution
performed in this sentence is act of requesting. Laura directly orders Amanda to
open the door. Then, the kind of Indirect Illocution performed in this sentence is
the act of begging. Laura indirectly begs Amanda for answers the door.
Contextually, Tom has forgotten his key so Laura must open the door but her
already nervous to open it. It is shown in Laura’s statement: “Oh, Mother, please
answer the door, don’t make me do it!” and also in statement: (breathlessly).
“Mother – You go to the door!”
Utterance 2) is Imperative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution in this
sentence asserting and the kind of Indirect Illocution is act of rejecting. Amanda
directly asserts that she’ll being busy in the kitchen and indirectly rejecting Laura
requests to open the door. This is because contextually, Amanda had to fix the
dressing for the salmon. So, when Laura asked her to answer the door but she
32
couldn’t as shown in Amanda’s statement:” I’ve got to fix the dressing for the
salmon. Fuss, Fuss – silliness! – over a gentleman caller!”
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Laura
Imperative
Requesting
Begging
Amanda
Imperative
Asserting
Rejecting
Datum 16
Tom: 1) What goods?
Jim: 2) A course i’m taking.
In datum 16, utterance 1) is kind of interrogative sentence. The kind of Direct
Illocution performed in this sentence is act of asking. Tom directly asks Jim what
goods with the news. Then, the Indirect Illocution performed is act of inquiring.
Tom indirectly inquires about the news of Jim wanted to share with him. This is
because contextually Jim going to sell Tom about a bill of goods and Tom inquired
about it. This is indicated by the context in which Jim says to Tom: “You know,
Shakespeare – I’m going to sell you a bill of goods!” and Tom answer by the
question: “What goods?”
Utterance 2) is kind of declarative sentence. The kind of Direct Illocution
performed in this sentence is the act of answering. Jim directly answers Tom’s
question that he’s talking about the course his took. Furthermore, the kind of
Indirect Illocution performed in this sentence is act of informing. Jim indirectly
informs that he had a course about public speaking because contextually Jim felt
33
that he and Tom its not the warehouse type and it fits with the executive positions
as indicated in Jim’s statement: “In public speaking! You and me, we’re not the
warehouse type.” Also in other statement: ”It fits you for – executive positions!”
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Tom
Interrogative
Asking
Inquiring
Jim
Declarative
Answering
Informing
Datum 17
Jim: 1) You will regret it when they turn the lights off.
Tom: 2) I won’t be here.
In datum 17, utterance 1) is kind of declarative sentence. The kind of Direct
Illocution performed in this sentence is the act asserting and the kind of Indirect
Illocution performed the act of complaining. Jim directly asserts that Tom will
regret it when they turn the lights off and indirectly complains Tom why he choose
to pay of the dues of his organization instead of the light bill. Contextually, Tom is
the member of The union of Merchant Seamen, so he used the payment of light bill
to paid the dues per month of that organization. This is indicated by the context in
which when Tom says:” I’m a member” and Jim reading the paper then says: “The
Union of Merchant Seamen” so, Tom says: “I paid my dues this month, instead of
the light bill”.
Utterance 2) is kind of declarative sentence. Kind of Direct Illocution
performed in this sentence is act of asserting and the kind of Indirect Illocution is
34
act of affirming. Tom directly asserts that he won’t be his home and he indirectly
affirms that he is planning to go out from his home. This is because contextually
Tom’s father had been absent going on sixteen years of his life.Then, he thought
that he’s like his father and he wanted to follow of his father’s track as shown in
Tom’s statement: “I’m like my father. The bastard son of a bastard! See how he
grins? And he’s been absent going on sixteen years!”
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Tom
Interrogative
Asking
Inquiring
Jim
Declarative
Answering
Informing
Datum 18
Jim: 1) Singing? Me?
Laura: 2) Yes, I remember what a beautiful voice you had.
In datum 18), utterance 1) is interrogative sentence. Kind of Direct Illocution
performed in this sentence is the act of asking. Jim directly asks Laura that himself
is singing or not. Then, kind of Indirect Illocution performed in this sentence is the
act inquiring. Jim Indirectly inquires to Laura when she hears Jim singing because
contextually Laura asked Jim that he kept up with his singing or not. So, Jim felt
surpsrised and return to asked her again what she meant was . This is indicated by
the context in which Laura asks Jim: “Mr. O’Connor have you – kept up with your
singing?” and Jim asks: “Singing? Me?”
35
Utterance 2) is kind of declarative sentence. Kind of Direct Illocution
performed in this sentence is the act of answering. Laura directly answers Jim’s
question that she remember what a beautiful voice he had. Furthermore, the kind of
Indirect Illocution performed in this sentence is the act of asserting. Laura asserts
that she remember the beautiful voice of Jim because contextually Jim asked Laura
have she ever heard himself sang and she said that she heard the voice very often.
It is shown by the context in which Jim asks Laura: “You say you’ve heard me
sing?” and Laura answer: “Oh, yes! Yes, very often...”
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Jim
Interrogative
Asking
Inquiring
Laura
Declarative
Answering
Asserting
Datum 19
Laura: 1) I – I – never have had much luck at – making friends
Jim: 2) I don’t see why you wouldn’t.
In datum 19, utterance 1) is declarative sentence. Kind of Direct Illocution
performed of this sentence is act of informing. Laura directly informs Jim that she
never have had much luck at making friends. Furthermore, the kind of Indirect
Illocution performed the act of asserting. Laura asserts that she never had a good
opportunity at making friends because contextually she wasn’t acquainted with
many people and she started out badly when she tried making friends as shown in
36
her statement: “You see, I wasn’t acquainted with many – people” and “Well, I –
started out badly”
Utterance 2) is declarative sentence. Kind of Direct Illocution performed of
this sentence is act of asserting. Jim asserts that Laura didn’t she why she couldn’t.
Then, the kind of Indirect Illocution performed the act of denying. Jim indirectly
denies that Laura doesn’t has ability to making a friends because contextually he
thought that Laura only too shy with people. Then, she suggest to Laura that being
shy is something she had to work out of kind of gradually as shown of his
statement: “You were shy with people!” and also in statement: “I guess being shy
is something you have to work out of kind of gradually”.
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Laura
Declarative
Informing
Asserting
Jim
Declarative
Asserting
Denying
Datum 20
Tom: 1) Jim? Engaged?
Amanda: 2) That’s what he just informed us..
In datum 20, utterance 1) is interrogative sentence. Kind of Direct Illocution
performed in this sentence is act of asking. Tom directly asks Amanda that Jim is
engaged or not. Then, the kind of Indirect Illocution performed in this sentence is
act of surprising. Tom indirectly surprises that Jim already engaged because
contextually he didn’t know about that although they are best friend and Jim was
37
the colleague in the ware house but its not the reason that he could know things
about people. It is indicated in Tom’s statement: “I’ll be jiggered! I didn’t know
about that. And also in statement:”The warehouse is where I work, not where I
know things about people!”
Utterance 2) is declarative sentence. Kind of Direct Illocution performed in
this sentence is act of informing. Amanda directly informs that Jim informed to
them that he’s already engaged. Furthermore, the kind of Indirect Illocution
performed in this sentence is the act of angering. Amanda indirectly angers that
why Tom didn’t know about Jim’s engagement because contextually, she thought
that it seems very peculiar Tom wouldn’t know he’s bestfriend was going to be
married as shown by her statement:
“It seems extremely peculiar that you
wouldn’t know your bestfriend was going to be married!”
Thus, this datum can be table as follow:
Kinds of Illocutionary Act
Actor/Actress
Types of Sentence
Direct Illocution
Indirect Illocution
Tom
Interrogative
Asking
Surprising
Amanda
Declarative
Informing
Angering
38
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter presents the conclusion and suggestio based on the data
analysis in a previous chapters. The writer put forward the conclusions as follows:
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the results of analysis of Illocutionary Acts in drama “The Glass
Menagerie”, the writer can be drawn conclusions as follows:
1. In drama “The Glass Menagerie: by Tennessee Williams there are some
kinds of Illocutionary Act performed by the characters, they are asking,
answering,
ordering,
asserting,
warning,
angering,
hesitating,
suggesting, explaining, arguing, requesting, informing, complaining,
ignoring, recommending, refusing, protesting, inquiring, commanding,
affirming, forcing, admitting, begging, promising, denying, rejecting,
and surprising.
2. Context has a significant role in understanding a dialogue in the play. In
analyzing the Illocutioanary Acts of the sentence uttered by the
characters in the dialogue of”the Glass Menagerie”, the writer reveals
that the knowing and understanding about the context is very important.
By knowing the context of the dialogue we can be easier to understand
every utterances which are uttered by the character
39
5.2 Suggestion
The writer realizes that this writing is not completely perfect. The ability
of the writer to give a good work is still limited. Therefore, the writer expects that
the student of English Department analyze more for the best work so that it can
be found many other important aspects. The writer also expects that this writing
about Illocutionary Acts in drama “The Glass Menagerie” can contribute
sonething for further study of Illocutionary Acts in drama.
40
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middle ground between explicit utterances and Gricean implicatures.)
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Leech, Geoffrey.1983.Principles of Pragmatics. London. Longman (Linguistic Library)
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Nababan & Sri Utari Subyakto .1992. Psikolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta. Gramedia
Schiffer, Stephen R., Meaning, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1972.
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Searle, John R. 1969.Speech Acts (an Essay in the philosophy of Language) Cambridge,
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Stubbs, Michael.1983. Discourse Analysis. Oxford. Basil Blackwell.
James,Williams.1907.Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking. New York:
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