Name:______________________________
Period:___________
Unit 4
Dynamic Crust
1
Table of Contents
Vocabulary List……………………………………………………….Pg. 3
A. The Earth in Cross Section………………………………………Pg. 4
Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior Chart…………………………Pg. 6
B. Crustal Movement………………………………………….…Pg. 7-12
Plate Tectonics Chart………………………………………………..Pg. 13
C. Evidence of Crustal Activity…………………………………Pg. 14-15
Earthquakes ……………………………………………………...Pg. 15-19
2
Vocabulary List
Part 1-The Dynamic Crust
1. Crust
2. Asthenosphere
3. Mohorovicic Discontinuity (MOHO)
4. Outer Core
5. Inner Core
6. Sea Floor Spreading
7. Plate Tectonics
8. Convvergent
9. Divergent
10.
Transform Fault
Part 2- Earthquakes
1. Epicenter
2. Focus
3. Primary (P) Waves
4. Secondary (S) Waves
5. Seismograph
A. The Earth in Cross Section
3
Focus: How do we describe the properties of Earth’s Interior? _________________________
I. There are 4 major zones that make up the Earth:
A.______________________ : Outer, thinnest layer of the Earth. There are two types:
1____________________________________:
-Thickness: ___________________________________________
-Composition: ____________________________________________
-Density: _____________________________________________
2.____________________________________:
-Thickness: ___________________________________________
-Composition: ____________________________________________
-Density: _____________________________________________
4
B. ________________________________: Found below the crust. Has two parts:
1. ____________________________: Upper, “plastic” mantle.
-partially melted material.
2. _______________________: Rest of mantle; actual temperature is below the melting point.
NOTE: The boundary between the crust and mantle is called the _______________________
________________________, or MOHO.
C. ________________________: Only liquid layer of the earth. Composed mainly of iron.
D. ________________________: Solid, innermost layer of Earth. Composed mainly of iron and nickel.
5
Use the Inferred Properties of Earth’s Interior Chart on Pg. 10 in your ESRTs to answer the following:
1.
What is the average density of the Earth's crust?
2.
Describe the temperature range within the Earth's outer crust.
3.
What is the approximate depth of the Earth's outer crust?
4.
What is the range of temperatures that exists within the asthenosphere?
5.
Does the temperature of the rock within the asthenosphere meet the melting point?
6.
What is the state of matter of the rock within the asthenosphere?
7.
What is the range of depth of the asthenosphere?
8.
What is another name for the asthenosphere?
9.
What is the range of density within the stiffer mantle?
10.
What is the range of temperatures within the stiffer mantle?
11.
Is the temperature of the stiffer mantle above or below its melting point?
12.
What is the state of matter of the rock within the stiffer mantle?
13.
At what range of depth does the stiffer mantle exist?
14.
What is the range of pressure within the stiffer mantle?
15.
What is the outer core believed to be composed of ?
16.
What is the range of density within the outer core?
17.
What is the temperature range within the outer core?
18.
What is the pressure range within the outer core?
19.
Is the temperature of the outer core higher or lower than its melting point?
20.
What is the state of matter within the outer core?
21.
What is the range of depth of the outer core?
22.
What is the range of density within the inner core?
23.
What is the range of temperatures within the inner core?
24.
What is the inner core believed to be composed of?
25.
What is the range of depth for the inner core?
26.
Is the temperature of the inner core lower or higher than its melting point?
27.
What state of matter is the inner core?
6
B. Crustal Movement
Focus: How does convection cause land masses to migrate on Earth's surface?
I. Dynamic Crust
-The crust and outermost part of the Mantle is called the ______________________________
A. The first theory of crustal movement was introduced in 1915 by Alfred Wegener, and was
called __________________________________________________
--Evidence for this theory include:
1. ____________________________________________
2. Correlation of rock layers/fossils:_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Mountain chains: _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. Climate evidence: _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Crustal age: _________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Sea Floor Spreading: _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
1. Convection cell: ________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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Evidence
a. Igneous Ocean Rocks: ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
b. Magnetic Reversal: ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
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Focus: How do we explain the different types of plate boundaries and their features?___________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
C. Plate Tectonics:
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
II.
Plate Boundaries
A. Convergent: __________________________________________________________________
--3 Types:
1. ______________________________________: Two continental plates coming together.
Ex: _________________________________________
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Cont. -II. Plate Boundaries
2. ________________________________: Oceanic and Continental plates coming together.
--Typically will form an _____________________________ along an ________________________ ,
where the ocean plate pushes under the continental plate. _________________________________
Ex: ____________________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________: Two ocean plates coming together.
--Typically will form an _________________________ as one plate pushes under the other.
Ex: ___________________________________________________
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B. Divergent: ____________________________________________________________
-Usually form __________________________________________________________
Ex: _____________________________________________________________________________
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C. Transform Fault:__________________________________________________________
-Forms where ____________________________________________________________
Ex: ______________________________________________________________________________
12
Earth Science Reference Tables: Plate Tectonics
Answer the following questions using the ESRTs:
1. Name the 10 plates that cover Earth’s surface (first one is done for you as an example).
a. Eurasian Plate
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
2. Name the 3 types of plate boundaries:
a.
b.
c.
3. What geologic feature is associated with a divergent plate boundary? Give one example.
___________________________________________
4. Look at all of the convergent boundaries on the map. What geologic feature is associated with
convergent boundaries? Give one example.
___________________________________________
5. In what general direction is the African Plate moving?
___________________________________________
6. What geologic feature is located at 65N , 20W?
___________________________________________
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C. Evidence of Crustal Activity
Focus: What evidence shows us that there has been crustal activity? __________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
I. Crustal Activity
A. Deformed Rock Strata
--Originally, sedimentary rocks form ___________________________________________________
However, observations made of Earth’s surface indicate that _________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
This includes:
1. Tilting: _____________________________________________________________
2.
Folding: ______________________________________________________________
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3. Faulting: _______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
B. Displaced fossils: ________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
II. Results of Crustal Activity
A. Earthquakes: ____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
--focus: ___________________________________________________________________
--epicenter: ________________________________________________________________
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--Types of earthquake waves:
1. _________________________: Also called compressional waves; the motion of the ground is parallel to
the direction of wave motion. These waves can pass through ___ __________________________________
2. _____________________: Also called longitudinal waves; the motion of the ground is perpendicular to
the direction of wave motion. These waves can pass through _____________________________________
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3. __________________________: Waves that ripple the surface of the Earth, causing most of the
damage of an earthquake.
--When traveling through the same material, ________________ travel faster than _________________.
-Since these waves travel at different __________ in different ___________ materials, we can use
earthquake waves to tell us about the ______________________________________________.
-When an earthquake occurs, both ___________________________. In many places on Earth, both
waves are received; however, in other places, _________________________.
Since S waves cannot pass through a liquid, the conclusion is that _______________________
______________________________________
17
-If an earthquake occurs under the ocean, the energy is also released through the ocean water. When it
reaches the coastline of a continent or island, it may form a large, fast moving wave called a
_______________________.
They may move at speeds of ________________ and may be _________________________!!!
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B. Earthquake Strength
-The strength of an earthquake can be determined in one of two ways:
1. _______________________: Used to describe the amount of energy released by an earthquake.
It ranges from ___ to ___, and each increase on the scale indicates a release of ____ times more energy!!!
--To record earthquake waves, seismologists use a _______________________, which can be used
to record the arrival time of the waves and the intensity of the waves.
2. ______________________: Used to describe the earthquake in terms of the amount of damage
done. It ranges from ____ to ____.
--Why is the Richter scale better to compare earthquakes that occur in different places on Earth?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
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