УДК 340.12 : 342.5 : 316.32
І. Жаровська
Національний університет “Львівська політехніка”
Update of methodological approach to state-government phenomena
within the theoretical jurisprudence
Анотація. В статті розглядаються проблеми у сфері юридичного розуміння
державно-владних явищ. Особливу увагу присвячену вибору оптимальної
методології дослідження цих явищ. Проводиться аналіз можливих оновлених
методологічних підходів з метою повного та всебічного аналізу державновладних явищ.
Ключові слова: методологія, метод, державно-владні явища, державна влада.
UPDATE METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STATE-GOVENMENT
PHENOMENA WITHIN THEORETICAL LAW
Annotation. The article addresses the problem in legal understanding of state and
power events. Particular attention is devoted to the selection of the optimal
methodology for the study of these phenomena. The analysis of possible renewed
methodological approaches in order to complete and comprehensive analysis of the
state-government events.
Keywords: methodology, method, public authorities phenomenon, government.
ОБНОВЛЕНИЕ МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЙХ ПОДХОДОВ К
ГОСУДАРСТВЕННО-ВЛАСТНЫМ
ЯВЛЕНИЯМ
В
ПРЕДЕЛАХ
ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКОГО ПРАВОВЕДЕНИЯ
Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются проблемы в сфере юридического
понимания
государственно-властных
явлений.
Особое
внимание
посвященную выбору оптимальной методологии исследования этих явлений.
Проводится анализ возможных обновленных методологических подходов с
целью полного и всестороннего анализа государственно-властных явлений.
Ключевые слова: методология, метод, государственно-властные явления,
государственная власть.
Problem. Methodological issues study state-government events set
conditions, forms and methods of scientific knowledge of any phenomenon,
defining scientific value analysis and its reliability, form an effective system of
regulation and give impetus to further research. Axiological change of state and
law-making processes determine the civilizational progress in scientific research
through a mix of alternative worldviews and spheres of existence of the
government with modern requirements enjoyment of rights and freedoms, the latest
means of communication and international relations intensify. P. Rabinovich said
that bringing science into line with the social realities requires above all its
methodological "upgrading" [348, c. 16]. Therefore, the relevance of research
update methodological approaches in the study of state-government phenomena is
caused by the needs of science and practical scope in terms of the transformation
processes of modernity.
The article aims to study the problems of state-government sector
methodology and updated analysis of possible methodological approaches for the
full and comprehensive analysis.
Study progress. It should be emphasized that the problem of the government
has taken an important place in the works of prominent thinkers, among them:
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Machiavelli, John. Locke, Montesquieu, J.-J.
Rousseau, Hegel, G., G. Lasuell, Weber etc. In domestic jurisprudence specified
problem or allied examined by such scholars as Y. Barabash, S. Holovaty, A.
Zaets, A. Zaychuk, M. Kelman, V. Kovalchuk, O. Kopylenko, V. Lemak, R.
Minchenko, Yu. Oborotov, N. Onishchenko, M. Rabinovich, A. Selivanov,
Skakun, Skrypniuk A., S. Slivka, A. Tikhomirov, etc .; in Russian science - S.
Alekseev, V. Nersesyants, Y. Tikhomirov, V. Chirkin, V. Halipova, D. Shapsuhov
and others.
However, despite the rather substantial interest of the scientific community in
public authority phenomena, problems updating methodological foundations
inadequate attention were paid.
Key provisions. Public authority investigating the effects of equal views.
Usually within the functioning of public authority. However, it is incomplete and
narrowed their characteristics. The basis of knowledge of state-government events,
we believe that you need to put complementary, holistic concept of methodology
belonging to a type of integrated knowledge system through state legal pluralism
substance in terms of state-government understanding of phenomena and
objectively aimed at consolidating scientific polar ideas, theories, opinions,
concepts for the phenomenon in their rational unity. It is a feature of scientific
research is necessary to base the analysis of state-authority phenomena and
processes in general, complex, given the theoretical and methodological,
institutional, legal and practical (social, cultural, psychological, etc.) aspects of the
scope of the government.
Today this systematic review of state-authority events almost not done. The
whole conglomerate of social and human science areas explores the phenomenon
of structural or functional position, or formal legal position and other aspects of its
operation, in fact, are not counted. Political science in the post-soviet period, as
opposed to legal, actively updated. It should be noted that developments in recent
years within the system of political science knowledge practically not used in law.
Overall admittedly lack of interdisciplinary dialogue in the survey state-authority
events, its legal expression of social, institutional and regulatory, structural and
functional, formal and informal forms of organization and functioning.
One attempt at synthesis formal legal and political science knowledge did
Halipov V., who insists on the need to form a separate branch of knowledge cratology, which "symbolizes the emergence of long-standing and yet actually
new, fundamental, single, integrated science, a new leading scientific direction
their final form. Their focus is manifested in fact the phenomenon of power and
above all the power of the state "[1, p. 3].
However, as indicated by contemporary Russian scientists V. Lyubashyts, A.
Mordovtsev, A. Mamychev, "despite the pathos project and its theoretical until
uselessness (including that such a complex area of knowledge is not yet
established), V. Halipov quite clearly caught demand and the need to consider the
government as a complex phenomenon "[2, p. 10]. Indisputable is the fact that
"pure" legal understanding of the state of society is not always able to give tangible
(both theoretically and practically) results for different incarnation of sociality
never exist in isolation, but complement and encourage each other.
Theoretical understanding of the phenomenon of authority as its
conceptualization, faced with insurmountable problems of relativism. This is due
to methodological problem that no rationally and logically built concept of
authority is unable to become universal, invariant and gain general acceptance.
Obviously, political and legal nature and socio-cultural specificity of ruling
the state cannot be understood only from the background that provides an isolated
study of the state. Therefore there is a need for theoretical and methodological
renewal theory of state power, as indicated by O. Svyatotskyy "de-monopolization
and use of new approaches" [3, p. 55], and systematic consideration of the various
trends and stable constants play in the national society of political, legal and sociocultural phenomenon. As noted by S. Kotliarevsky "nature of public dominion, no
doubt, can be understood only against the backdrop of broader than the one that
can give an isolated study of the state" [4, p. 23].
Legal nature of the state and power phenomena is a holistic and multi-layered
phenomenon, the study of which use an interdisciplinary approach that contains
elements, methods and principles of various spheres of public life, requiring
selection of methodological approaches and methodological tools of scientific
humanities to explore the subject from different angles expression and at different
levels.
This position justify such arguments: 1) Public authority phenomenon is
unique social phenomenon that is developing rapidly and has the existential basis
since primitive society, because every stage of civilization brings proprietary
algorithms and features state-government phenomena superimposed layers,
sublimated and integrated into the modern manifestation of power relations as
historical
and
civilizational
integrity
study
provides
a
comprehensive
understanding of the phenomenon; 2) vide dimension phenomenon of power
relations allowed to explore their manifestations within different schools and
scientific knowledge, law, political science, philosophy, sociology, ethics, culture,
etc., as a holistic combination of accumulated knowledge is the scientific basis of
the studied phenomenon, along with it is treated differently depending on the
philosophical approaches to the nature and essence of the government
understanding, as "mystery of social reality"; 3) Public authority phenomena as
social phenomena cannot exist in its own vacuum, the relationship of the
government and other social phenomena, at least right, state, politics, civil society,
culture, mentality, national peculiarities create scope of state-government relations
and have implemented with a methodology paradigm; 4) institutional diversity
manifestation of state and power phenomena characteristic of each country, so
comparative analysis of abstraction to a single standard prerogative seen in modern
jurisprudence; 5) a comprehensive analysis of globalization changes as a necessary
paradigm research new social realities makes it possible to assert national reform
on a national scale, passing transition of state Ukrainian society and the state to
overcome the legacy of Soviet thinking in terms of transforming an idea of the
value of state-authority relations, the transition from perception "state authority the tyrant society" aspect to the "humanization" of the government.
The urgent need for methodological analysis is conditioned not only
theoretical and scientific measurement, but also practical legal activities. It is
reasonable to consider rational and irrational meanings irrational in rational
intentions. This view helps analyze science as a kind of spiritual and intellectual
practice is human destiny that detects man measurement science as asymptotic
combination of rational and irrational factors gives reason to interpret it as
attributive-substantive dimension undone ascent of man to himself in the process
of finding a being [5 , p. 75]. Since the choice of vectors legal policy, institutional
dimension of power, political and legal processes of building a nation state,
constitutional and other reforms requires a solid foundation in selecting the correct
methodological framework was based not on "blind" transfer of foreign standards,
and the philosophical mental peculiarities of people.
Within the declared concept cannot concentrate on only one scientific method
because pluralism scientific approaches should be the basis for methodology legal
phenomena. As pointed out by M. Kelman, towards establishing methodological
pluralism in modern Ukrainian legal science actualized search for new means of
understanding phenomena, facts, and there is a fundamental rethinking of
traditional [6, p. 32]. Relevance of coverage pluralism methodology due to the fact
that there is a need to explore the toolkit transmission between the right and legal
nature of the government to develop a different structuring aspect of differing
methodological levels and improve, streamline research activities designed to draw
on its ideological and general methodological guidelines and postulates the
formulation and implementation of state-authority mechanism. Variety of methods
and approaches leads to a gradual understanding of the phenomenon of
modernizing government ensure unity of purpose and practical implementation of
public private events.
The basis of all public events is philosophical methods to search for truth and
knowledge, the "ideal" of the government. They are cross-cutting factor archetypal
core genetic science. Obviously, defining principles of the archetypal core formed
during the historical genesis of science [5, p. 74]. Philosophical thinking methods
derive human existence into orbit cognitive awareness of reality through
identification existential creativity, its inexhaustible possibilities are endless
potency and intrinsic certainty in the world. As noted by M. Gavrilov, "more
productive dimension should recognize the truth of philosophy with the ideas. The
essence of the concept ideas characterizes deep thought, idea, determining the
content of anything. In other words, the idea of expressing semantic principle of
integrity, it has something in common from ideal. The philosophical idea expresses
"the essence of integrity" [7, p. 58], that makes it possible to assess the integrity of
state-authority complex phenomena in terms of social and ideological points to
their ontological structure.
General scientific methods used to study state and power phenomena due to
the fact that public relations do not exist as separate scientific category only law,
and exists as one of the social phenomena of society, and therefore should be
investigated within the methods common to all sciences. Within the knowledge
necessary not only to identify universal abstract methodological principles
established for legal science, but also search for various imperatives among the
variety of state and government, political and social ideals.
The third group of methods required within the legal field state-authority
methodology - especially scientific methods. Given their particular relevance
examine them in detail.
The undisputed facts of reality, which can be based in the analysis of state and
government phenomena is that they are the substance we interactions between
people. That is, it is the interaction serves as the source or starting point in
explaining state-government events. Explain authority - means to show and reveal
how the authorities "arises" from the interaction between people, why interaction
between people creates the phenomenon of state power. The purpose of empirical
sociological methods is to obtain information about the effectiveness, efficiency of
public and legal institutions, specification of factors that affect the degree of
accuracy verification of concepts subjects. Using empirical sociological methods
aimed at clarifying the assumptions and factors uniform, according to the will of
the law-maker, understanding texts of legal acts performers [8, p. 43], the
realization powerful solution and its' implementation assumptions. State authority
in its legal manifestation is designed to be a "referee" in the social conflict that
inevitably exist in any society, so use the above approach enables to concentrate on
public and private interests within the ruling paradigm conflict socio-cultural
sphere mental space and conflict "I am an individual" within the legal space of the
government.
Formal legal method allows to determine capacity in the test object
relationship inner meaning of state-aythority events and their shape. Changes in
any traditional society are not arbitrary. Transformation of government institutions
given the very tradition from within. Every society, as noted by S. Eisenstadt, "a
real and symbolic events of the past, and the order of images which are the core of
collective identity (traditional society), determine the extent and nature of its social
and cultural change." The tradition in this society is not only a symbol of
continuity, but also definer boundaries of innovation and the main criterion of
legality and the criteria of social activity "[see 9, p. 31]. So, it’s wrong to oppose
these two trends in social development. Every modern state of law – is a
relationship and interdependence earlier stages of development, which are placed
in the contents of the government and future prospects and goals that determine its
shape.
Legal and statistical method uses statistical, digital, mathematical dimension
to the legal facts. Thus, using the criteria may illustrate the material dimension of
state-government events, especially in light of the actual participation of citizens in
government, economic performance power level of trust in the authorities in
Ukraine, the knowledge of citizens' political rights and illustrate real access rights
to government. Said facilitate analysis of the current state of legal reality
institutional dimension of the government and give an opportunity with the method
of synthesis of legal practice to submit proposals to overcome the legal expression
of the pathology of state-government events.
Historical and legal method can be considered state-authority phenomenon in
terms of its ontological genesis through establishing value and epistemological
attributes the phenomenon to some historical stages of development of the state,
involves the study of law and the state government because of its historical
evolution. Like any method, it requires first knowing its starting point, the
elucidation of its positive and negative aspects that lets you get up to the
technology and the historical and legal method [10, p. 5]. In particular, for the
modern understanding of power necessary to analyze historical sources of law,
some of whom are the primary source of law in the Ukrainian lands, and prominent
world legal source. This, for example, the Laws of Manu, Illarionov "Sermon on
Law and Grace", "Instructions for Children" Vladimir Monomakh, Pact and
Constitution, laws and liberties of Zaporizhia Army (Orlyk Constitution), position
papers UNO and many other national and international acts. Based on the historical
experience of the past can identify deficiencies, gaps and expression patterns of
state-government events.
Legal-dogmatic method allows analyzing the existing regulations and
identifying factors present in their legal expression of the government, to identify
its legal nature. M.Koziubra rightly notes that "as one of the most "formalized"
means reproduction of reality, the law is able to "freeze" the norms laid down in its
ideas, concepts and regulations. In contrast to the dynamic variability of social life,
the rule of law is "frozen", "dead" form. Such relative of tenure is one of the
essential characteristics of the law, an important aspect of their instrumental value
characteristics. It is because it ensured relative stability regulation of social
relations, without which it is impossible right "[11, p. 27].
Comparison - is one of the main methods of logical knowledge of the outside
world, its objects and phenomena, beginning with the fact that we distinguish them
from all other objects and set their resemblance to generic objects [12, p. 169]. The
use of comparative legal method serves as "an effective means comprehensive
study of state-legal issues and phenomena" [13, p. 55]. With it help we could turn
to the experience of other countries, their legislation and practice.
Legal simulation method should be used to create a model of the government
to help identify its legal nature by imaginary idealization and abstraction.
Contemplating the history and present different political regimes and systems of
structural models of government and political governance, we consider, on the one
hand, their great diversity, and on the other - many common features and their
components. Of course, it is impossible to single out those patterns and elements
which should be considered rod and medelforming but requires analyzing them to
form their own vision and understanding of the above processes. Simulation
contains elements of idealization. Ideal objects have many advantages and being
derived from a complex mental activity, they can significantly simplify complex
systems, so a complex process can be represented as if a "pure" form, which
facilitates identification of significant relationships, formulating laws [14, p. 21].
Legal language - one of the most critical elements that constitute the legal
developments in independent social institutions. As noted by J. Oborotov,
jurisprudence defines "main development language rights in legal theory and
practice" [15, p. 110]. Legal-linguistic approach makes it possible to justify the
features of linguistic expression of legal norms, inaccurate terminology and
language of submission of legal acts by the use of legal and other expertise.
Contents of regulations method can be used as a method of qualitative and
quantitative analysis of the content of documents to identify social facts and trends
reflected in these documents. Admissibility of this method for the analysis of the
research subject is found in the fact that it helps to study regulations in their social
context.
Substantiate the need to change the position of the methodological
foundations of the research problems of the government. The process of
"humanization" of law and public events, which served as the foundation of a new
methodological paradigm of modern society requires a conscious understanding of
the powerful potential generalization mechanism of its legal expression,
accessibility and ability to control powerful imperative on the part of civil society
and the formation of the government on the basis of legal principles operation.
Conclusions. The methodology based areas of state-authority relations and
phenomena need to put complementary, holistic concept that allows systematic
knowledge by state legal substance to achieve a universal understanding of the
government and objectively aimed at consolidating scientific polar ideas on the
phenomenon in their rational unity. Vide dimension phenomenon of authority leads
to the need for pluralism using scientific methods and approaches. Public authority
phenomenon is a holistic and multi-layered phenomenon, for which research is
necessary to use an interdisciplinary approach that contains elements, methods and
principles of various spheres of public life, requiring selection of methodological
approaches and methodological tools of science Humanities to study the subject in
different angles expression and at different levels.
The methodological basis for the study of state-authority phenomena appear
philosophical, general and special-scientific methods that enable comprehensive
and broadly analyze the scope of the government.
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