Name____________________________________________Date________Per______
Chapter 3: Cells
I. The Cellular Basis of Life
A. An adult human body consists of about_______________________cells.
B. There are at least _______ varieties of cells.
C. Cells are measured in units called _______________________
D. A micrometer equals ____________________________________
E. A human egg cell is about________in diameter.
F. A red blood cell is about________in diameter.
G. A cells shape reflects (tells you about) its _________________
H. Loss of cellular homeostasis underlies virtually every ________________
II. A Composite Cell
A. Introduction
1. It is not possible to describe a typical cell because
2. The three major parts of a cell are
B. Cell Membrane
1. General Characteristics
A. The cell membrane controls ____________________________________________________, which
is why it is called selectively permeable.
2. Membrane Structure
A. The cell membrane is mainly composed of
B. Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of the
phospholipids in the bilayer to the right.
C. The lipid bilayer forms due to
D. The phospholipid bilayer is permeable to
E. The phospholipid bilayer is not permeable to
F. ____________________helps to stabilize the cell membrane.
Protein Type
G. Five types of membrane proteins are
Function
Receptor Proteins
Integral Proteins
Enzymes
Cellular adhesion molecules
Cell surface proteins
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III. Movements Into and Out of the Cell
Process
Characteristics
Example
Passive Transport (no additional energy required)
A. Simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Osmosis
D. Filtration
Active Transport (additional energy required)
A. Active transport
B. Endocytosis
-pinocytosis
-phagocytosis
-receptor-mediated
endocytosis
C. Exocytosis
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IV. Organelles of the Cell (Color each part on the cell coloring page)
Organelle/Part of
cytoplasm
Function
Cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Centrosome
Cilia/flagella
Microfilaments/
microtubules
Nucleus
 Nuclear
envelope

Nuclear pores

Nucleolus

Chromosomes/
chromatin
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V. The Cell Cycle
A. Introduction
1. The cell cycle is
2. Daughter cells are
3. The four stages of the cell cycle are
B. Interphase
1. During interphase, a cell
2. The phases of interphase are
3. During the S phase, the cell is
4. During the G phases, the cell is
C. Mitosis
1. Label the parts and name the phase of mitosis (late interphase, early prophase, late prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis)
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VI. Control of Cell Division
A. Three examples of cells that divide continually are
B. Neurons divide
C. Telomeres are
D. When chromosome tips wear down,
E. Two types of proteins called_______________ and _______________also control cell division.
F. When a cell becomes too large to obtain nutrients, it is likely to
G. Two examples of external controls that influence cell division are
H. Hormones are
I. Growth factors are
J. A tumor results
K. A benign tumor is:
A malignant tumor is:
O. Two types of genes that cause cancer are
P. Apoptosis is
Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism
VII. Control of Metabolic Reactions
A. Enzyme Action
1. Metabolic reactions require ___________________ before they proceed.
2. Heat energy increases_____________________________and_______________________________________
3. Most enzymes are ______________ that catalyze special reactions by lowering the __________ __________.
4. Enzymes are needed in very small quantities because
5. Each enzyme is _______________, acting only a particular molecule, which is called its ______________.
6. The substrate of catalase is ______________________.
7. Label the parts of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction (substrate-enzyme model)
8. The speed of enzyme-catalyzed reactions depends on ____________________________ and
_______________________.
9. Enzyme names are often derived from_____________________with___________
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B. Cofactors and Coenzymes
1. A cofactor helps __________________________________or helps __________________________________
2. Examples of cofactors include
3. Coenzymes are
4. Examples of coenzymes are
5. Vitamins are
C. Factors That Alter Enzymes
1. Almost all enzymes are
2. Five factors that can denature enzymes are
VIII. Energy for Metabolic Reactions
A. Introduction
1. Energy is
2. Six forms of energy are
3. Energy can be changed from
4. All metabolic reactions involve
B. ATP Molecules
1. The three main parts of an ATP molecule are
2. The third phosphate of ATP is attached by a
3. When the terminal phosphate bond of ATP is broken ____________________________ is released.
4. Energy from the breakdown of ATP powers
5. An ATP molecule that loses its terminal phosphate becomes
6. ADP has _________________________phosphates.
7. Without enough ATP, cells
C. Release of Chemical Energy
1. Most metabolic processes depend on______________energy.
2. Chemical energy is held in
3. Chemical energy is released when
4. Burning a marshmallow over a fire releases chemical energy
as_________________and___________________.
5. Cells “burn” glucose molecules in a process called
6. The energy released by oxidation of glucose is used
7. In cells, enzymes initiate oxidation by
8. Cellular respiration is
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IX. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
A. Introduction
1. The information that instructs a cell to synthesize specific proteins is held in
B. Genetic Information
1. ___________________are long molecules of DNA and associated proteins.
2. In the nucleus, DNA is coiled around
3. A gene is
4. All four groups of organic molecules require genetic instructions because
5. A genome is
6. ________________________are building blocks of nucleic acids.
7. Three parts of a nucleotide are
8. A DNA molecule consists of________________________chains.
9. The four bases found in DNA are
10. In DNA, adenine always binds with the base
11. In DNA, guanine always binds with the base
12. If the sequence of bases of one strand of DNA is G,A,C,T, the bases of the complementary strand of DNA are
13. DNA twists to form a
C. DNA Replication
1. DNA replication occurs during_______________________________________of the cell cycle.
2. New nucleotides pair with
3. DNA polymerase catalyzes
4. Each new DNA molecule is composed of one _________________________strand and
one____________________________strand.
D. Genetic Code
1. Genetic information specifies
2. Each amino acid is represented in a DNA molecule by
3. A triplet code consists of
E. RNA Molecules
1. The sugar in RNA is
2. RNA is ______________________stranded.
3. The four bases found in RNA are
F. Transcription
1. Transcription is
2. The enzyme______________________________controls mRNA synthesis.
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3. In mRNA synthesis, if the sequence of DNA bases is TACCCGAGG, the complementary bases in the
developing mRNA are
7. Synthesis of mRNA stops when RNA polymerase reaches
G. Translation
1. Translation is
2. Codons are
3. To complete protein synthesis, mRNA leaves____________and associates with_________________
H. Protein Synthesis
1. Transfer RNA functions to
2. An anticodon is
3. The nucleotides of the anticodon bind to
4. There are________________of amino acids.
5. There are___________________codons possible.
6. Three codons provide a_____________________signal.
7. A stop signal indicates
8. More than one type of tRNA can correspond to the same
9. A ribosome is composed of
X. Changes in Genetic Information
A. Introduction
1. A mutation is
2. Some mutations can cause
B. Nature of Mutations
1. Five ways mutations can occur are
2. Mutations may cause proteins to be
3. Repair enzymes are
C. Effects of Mutations
1. Usually two or three codons specifying the same amino acid differ only in
2. A mutation that changes the third codon base can encode the same
3. If a mutation alters a base in the second position, the protein is usually
4. Another protection against mutation is that
5. Mutagens are
6. An inborn error of metabolism results from
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