DNA/RNA Study Guide.
What is the name given to DNA by Watson and Crick? Double helix
1.
What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid
2. What does RNA stand for? Ribonucleic acid
3. Name the three types of RNA and their function m-RNA- transcribes message fromDNA, tRNA- translates m-rna into correct amino acids r-RNA- makes up the ribosome that does the
translation
4. What are the differences between the DNA and RNA molecule? Answers will vary on
structure and base differences.
5. DNA can be found in the (organelle) NUCLEUS of all eukaryotic cells.
6. Arrange the series of words in the right order from largest to smallest
Nucleotide chromosome cell
DNA nucleus
CELLNUCLEUSCHROMOSOME DNA NUCLEOTIDE
______________________________________
9. What is the monomer (building block) that makes up the polymer DNA? nucleotide
10. What are the three parts of the monomer DNA and RNA? Sugar, phosphate
and nitrogen base
11. When DNA is compared to a ladder, what 2 components make
up the vertical portion of the ladder (Backbone)? Sugar and phosphate
12. What makes up the horizontal "rungs" steps of the ladder?
Nitrogen base
13. What are the names of the nitrogen bases and their compliments for both DNA and RNA
DNA: AdenineThymine CytosineGuanine
DNA/RNA Study Guide.
RNA: AdenineUracil
Cytosine Guanine
14. What did Chargaff state about how the nitrogen bases are arranged in DNA?
Percentage of A is about or equal to T. Percentage of C is about or equal to G in an organism
15. If you were replicating the following strand of DNA what would be its
complementary strand?
ATCGGCATTAAAGCTAT
TAGCCGTAATTTCGATA
16. The process of a cell duplicating (copying) its genetic information is called REPLICATION
17. During which phase of the cell cycle does replication take place? S- Phase
18. At the end of the replication process you have 2 identical
strands of DNA ... each strand is made up of one __TEMPLATE(original)
strand and one _COMPLEMENTARY(new) strand.
19.What protein (enzyme) is used to unzip the strands of DNA? HELICASE
20. What protein (enzyme) is used to bring in the new nucleotides during DNA
replication? DNA POLYMERASE
Protein Synthesis Review
Protein Synthesis Jobs- Name the structure that do the following jobs in the process of
protein synthesis
r-RNA
t-RNA
m-RNA
DNA
21a- Helps to transcribe codes in the, must work as a part and in
association with the ribosome – r-RNA
21b-Translates information accurately along with transporting and
positioning amino acids tRNA
DNA/RNA Study Guide.
21c-Maintains genetic code in the nucleus, replicates, and controls
cellular activity DNA
21d-Supervises the production of proteins by taking the instructions
from the DNA, travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm m-RNA
Transcription
22- What aides in the unzipping process of the DNA to help the
transcription process? RNA Polymerase
23- Where in the cell does transcription take place? nucleus
24- What does the process of transcription create? M-RNA
25- What type of RNA is this? messenger
26- Is it single or double stranded? single
27-Each three nucleotide segment is called a CODON
28- Once the RNA segment is created and detaches where does it go? The
RIBOSOME
29-Using the following segment of DNA create a mRNA strand:
DNA segment: CGA TTA CGG CTT AAG CTA
mRNA segment: GCU AAU GCC GAA UUC GAU
Translation
30- Where does translation occur? ribosome
31-Where in the cell is the mRNA located to begin this process? ribosome
32- What type of RNA brings the amino acids creating the polypeptide chain to the
ribosome? –t-RNA
33- What are the three nucleotide segments on these molecules called?
Anti-codons
34- What type of RNA is used to translate the DNA sequence into the
correct amino acids? m-RNA
35- What does the genetic code chart show us? the genetic codes that
match the codons to the corresponding amino acids
36- What type of RNA is read when using the genetic code chart to locate
the correct amino acids- m-RNA
37- A codon is a series of __3__ nucleotides. Every codon is translated
into 1 amino acid. Therefore 4 amino acids will be codes for by 4 codons
which contain 12 nucleotides.
38- Is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one
codon? Why Yes- because are 64 different kind of codons but only 20
amino acids, so more than one combination of codons must code for the
DNA/RNA Study Guide.
amino acids
39- Explain how the m-RNA translates the information into amino acids.
m-RNA moves from the nucleus to the ribosome where it is read three
nucleotides at a time by the ribosome. Transfer RNA molecules with
attached amino acids match up with their correct codon sequence linking
amino acids together until a stop codon is reached, it then breaks off and
the protein is created.
40-After translation is completed, what does it result in?
A protein (polypeptide) that cell will use for a particular function
41- Using the mRNA strand created above create the tRNA anticodons that would be
used to bring amino acids to this molecule.
mRNA segment from above: GCU AAU GCC GAA UUC GAU
tRNA anticodons:
CGA UUA CGG CUU AAG CUA
List the Amino Acids that the mRNA codons code for. (Use codon chart)
Alanine- asparagine-alanine- glutamic acid-phenylalanine-aspartic acid
Mutations
42-What is a genetic mutation? Change in the DNA sequence
43-What are some possible effects when a sequence of DNA is mutated?
May express the incorrect amino acid and code for wrong protein for cellular function, or no protein
altogether
44- Name the two categories of mutations
1-chromosomal
2-genetic(point)
45- What factors cause mutations to happen? Name some – Environment: UV,radioactive, chemicals,
temp, pH, physical manipulation
46-Read the description and fill in the chart below with the correct chromosomal mutations
DNA/RNA Study Guide.
DUPLICATION, TRANSLOCATION, INVERSION
47- Fill in the chart with a description of what occurs in the following gene/point mutations, then
demonstrate the mutation with the given sequence of DNA
Substitution
Insertion( Addition)
Deletion
one base is _REPLACED with
another
when bases are ADDED to the DNA
sequence
nucleotides are REMOVED, which
affects the coding of proteins that
use this DNA sequence
Normal DNA: TTCGAGG
Mutated DNA :
Normal DNA: TTCGAGG
Mutated DNA :
Normal DNA: TTCGAGG
Mutated DNA :
48- The type of mutations that result in a frameshift mutation are INSERTION and DELETION
49- In what types of cells are mutations passed down in? SEX CELLS
50- Are you ready for the modern genetics exam?  HOPEFULLY!!