Journal of Biogeography
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
Bamboo-dominated forests and pre-Columbian earthwork formations in south-western Amazonia
Crystal H. McMichael, Michael W. Palace and Megan Golightly
Appendix S1 Supplementary tables.
Table S1 Predictor variables compiled for use in the Guadua and geoglyph MaxEnt models. Variables listed in bold were chosen for
inclusion into Guadua and/or geoglyph models.
Variable name
Variable Group
Source
BIO1 = Annual mean temperature
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO2 = Mean diurnal range (Mean of monthly (max temp − min temp))
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO3 = Isothermality (BIO2/BIO7) (× 100)
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO4 = Temperature seasonality (standard deviation × 100)
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO5 = Max temperature of the warmest month
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO6 = Min temperature of coldest month
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO7 = Temperature annual range (BIO5 − BIO6)
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO8 = Mean temperature of the wettest quarter
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO9 = Mean temperature of the driest quarter
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO10 = Mean temperature of the warmest quarter
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO11 = Mean temperature of the coldest quarter
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO12 = Annual precipitation
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO13 = Precipitation of the wettest month
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO14 = Precipitation of the driest month
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO15 = Precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation)
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO16 = Precipitation of the wettest quarter
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO17 = Precipitation of the driest quarter
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO18 = Precipitation of the warmest quarter
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
BIO19 = Precipitation of the coldest quarter
climate
Hijmans et al., 2005
Elevation
topographic
US Geological Survey (http://eros.usgs.gov)
Slope
topographic
Wilson et al., 2007
Roughness
topographic
Wilson et al., 2007
Distance to slope > 7 degrees
topographic
derived from SRTM in this study
Distance to slope > 15 degrees
topographic
derived from SRTM in this study
Distance to roughness >25 m
topographic
derived from SRTM in this study
Distance to roughness >50 m
topographic
derived from SRTM in this study
Geological province (polygon)
geologic
US Geological Survey (http://energy.cr.usgs.gov)
Subsoil CEC (cation exchange content)
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Subsoil clay
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Subsoil gravel
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Subsoil organic carbon
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Subsoil pH
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Subsoil reference bulk density
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Subsoil sand
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Subsoil silt
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Topsoil CEC
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Topsoil Clay
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Topsoil gravel
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Topsoil organic carbon
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Topsoil pH
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Topsoil reference bulk density
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Topsoil sand
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Topsoil silt
edaphic
FAO et al., 2008
Distance to bamboo forest
Distance to nearest geoglyph
resource
proximity
resource
proximity
derived for this study
derived for this study
Table S2 Training and test gain assessments, which are a measure of the average likelihood for presence samples, for MaxEnt models
of Guadua and geoglyphs. Training gain values are derived from points used to train the model, and test gain values are derived from
occurrence points used to test the predictive capacity of the model. Training and testing gain values with (variable omitted) is the gain
value of the model when the variable is excluded, and (only variable) is the gain value when the variable is used as a single predictor.
*(g−) models are those with the ‘distance to nearest geoglyph’ predictor variable omitted, and (g+) models are those with the ‘distance
to nearest geoglyph’ variable included. (b−) models are those omitting the ‘distance to bamboo’ predictor, and (b+) models are those
including ‘distance to bamboo’.
Variable name
BIO3 =
Isothermality
(BIO2/BIO7) (*
100)
BIO4 =
Temperature
Seasonality
(standard
deviation *100)
BIO6 = Min
Temperature of
Coldest Month
BIO9 = Mean
Temperature of
Driest Quarter
BIO13 =
Precipitation of
Wettest Month
BIO14 =
Precipitation of
Driest Month
BIO15 =
Precipitation
Seasonality
(Coefficient of
Variation)
BIO17 =
Precipitation of
Driest Quarter
BIO 18 =
Precipitation of
warmest quarter
Elevation
Training gain (variable
omitted)
Guadua Guadua Geo
(g-)
(g+)
(-b)
Geo
(+b)
Training gain (only
variable)
Guadua Guadua
(g-)
(g+)
Geo
(-b)
Geo
(+b)
Test gain (variable
omitted)
Guadua Guadua
(g-)
(g+)
Geo
(-b)
Geo
(+b)
Test gain (only variable)
Guadua Guadua Geo
(g-)
(g+)
(-b)
Geo
(+b)
2.03
2.04
3.33
3.40
0.20
0.20
1.33
1.33
1.63
1.56
3.36
3.42
0.14
0.14
1.40
1.40
1.94
1.95
3.32
3.39
0.52
0.52
1.61
1.61
1.47
1.41
3.38
3.43
0.48
0.48
1.63
1.63
2.00
2.01
3.34
3.40
0.60
0.60
1.75
1.75
1.55
1.54
3.39
3.44
0.65
0.65
1.83
1.83
2.03
2.04
3.33
3.39
0.51
0.51
0.95
0.95
1.64
1.57
3.39
3.43
0.49
0.49
1.00
1.00
2.01
2.02
3.33
3.40
0.03
0.03
1.44
1.44
1.60
1.52
3.39
3.44
-0.02
-0.02
1.50
1.50
2.01
2.02
3.33
3.40
0.23
0.23
1.37
1.37
1.59
1.55
3.39
3.44
0.20
0.20
1.43
1.43
2.03
2.04
3.34
3.40
0.30
0.30
1.73
1.73
1.63
1.54
3.39
3.44
0.33
0.33
1.92
1.92
2.03
2.04
3.32
3.39
0.23
0.23
1.69
1.69
1.63
1.55
3.38
3.43
0.21
0.21
1.76
1.76
2.00
2.02
3.34
3.40
0.54
0.54
1.90
1.90
1.58
1.56
3.40
3.44
0.55
0.55
2.01
2.01
2.00
2.01
3.34
3.40
0.37
0.37
0.79
0.79
1.54
1.48
3.40
3.44
0.38
0.38
0.84
0.84
Geological
province
(polygon)
Distance to
roughness >25
m
Distance to
roughness >50
m
Roughness
Subsoil
reference bulk
density
Subsoil CEC
(cation
exchange
content)
Subsoil gravel
Subsoil Organic
Carbon
Subsoil pH
Subsoil silt
Topsoil organic
carbon
Distance to
geoglyph/bamb
oo forest*
1.95
1.97
3.32
3.40
1.15
1.15
2.01
2.01
1.56
1.46
3.38
3.44
1.23
1.23
2.04
2.04
1.86
1.88
3.28
3.37
0.32
0.32
0.51
0.51
1.42
1.37
3.35
3.40
0.30
0.30
0.52
0.52
1.97
1.99
3.33
3.40
0.28
0.28
0.71
0.71
1.58
1.54
3.38
3.43
0.25
0.25
0.73
0.73
2.03
2.04
3.33
3.39
0.11
0.11
0.14
0.14
1.64
1.59
3.38
3.42
0.12
0.12
0.15
0.15
2.01
2.02
3.34
3.40
0.12
0.12
1.12
1.12
1.56
1.51
3.39
3.44
0.13
0.13
1.64
1.64
2.03
2.04
3.32
3.39
0.43
0.43
1.13
1.13
1.62
1.58
3.38
3.43
0.41
0.41
1.46
1.46
2.02
2.03
3.34
3.40
0.12
0.12
1.36
1.36
1.76
1.71
3.39
3.43
-0.07
-0.07
1.74
1.74
2.03
2.04
3.34
3.40
0.08
0.08
1.47
1.47
1.64
1.56
3.39
3.44
0.04
0.04
1.97
1.97
2.03
2.04
3.34
3.40
0.06
0.06
0.72
0.72
1.65
1.59
3.39
3.44
0.07
0.07
1.16
1.16
2.03
2.04
3.33
3.40
0.26
0.26
1.42
1.42
1.62
1.55
3.38
3.43
0.30
0.30
1.91
1.91
2.02
2.03
3.34
3.40
0.06
0.06
1.97
1.97
1.61
1.57
3.40
3.44
0.05
0.05
2.70
2.70
2.03
3.34
0.59
2.21
1.64
3.39
0.59
2.23
Table S3 AUC values, which evaluate model fit, with higher values indicating better-fit models for MaxEnt models of Guadua and
geoglyphs. AUC values with (variable omitted) is the AUC value of the model when the variable is excluded, and (only variable) is
the AUC value when the variable is used as a single predictor.*(g−) models are those with the ‘distance to nearest geoglyph’ predictor
variable omitted, and (g+) models are those with the ‘distance to nearest geoglyph’ variable included. (b−) models are those omitting
the ‘distance to bamboo’ predictor, and (b+) models are those including ‘distance to bamboo’.
Variable name
BIO3 = Isothermality (BIO2/BIO7) (* 100)
AUC (variable omitted)
Guadua
Guadua
(g-)
(g+)
AUC (only variable)
Guadua
Guadua
(g-)
(g+)
Geo(-b)
Geo(+b)
Geo(-b)
Geo(+b)
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.68
0.68
0.90
0.90
BIO4 = Temperature Seasonality (standard deviation *100)
0.91
0.91
0.99
0.99
0.78
0.78
0.93
0.93
BIO6 = Min Temperature of Coldest Month
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.82
0.82
0.94
0.94
BIO9 = Mean Temperature of Driest Quarter
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.78
0.78
0.87
0.87
BIO13 = Precipitation of Wettest Month
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.58
0.58
0.92
0.92
BIO14 = Precipitation of Driest Month
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.69
0.69
0.91
0.91
BIO15 = Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation)
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.74
0.74
0.94
0.94
BIO17 = Precipitation of Driest Quarter
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.69
0.69
0.94
0.94
BIO 18 = Precipitation of warmest quarter
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.79
0.79
0.94
0.94
Elevation
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.69
0.69
0.84
0.84
Geological province (polygon)
0.92
0.91
0.99
0.99
0.89
0.89
0.94
0.94
Distance to roughness >25 m
0.91
0.91
0.99
0.99
0.71
0.71
0.76
0.76
Distance to roughness >50 m
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.70
0.70
0.82
0.82
Roughness
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.64
0.64
0.64
0.64
Subsoil reference bulk density
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.63
0.63
0.93
0.93
Subsoil CEC (cation exchange content)
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.73
0.73
0.92
0.92
Subsoil gravel
0.93
0.93
0.99
0.99
0.65
0.65
0.87
0.87
Subsoil Organic Carbon
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.66
0.66
0.91
0.91
Subsoil pH
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.52
0.52
0.89
0.89
Subsoil silt
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.71
0.71
0.93
0.93
Topsoil organic carbon
0.92
0.92
0.99
0.99
0.58
0.58
0.96
0.96
Distance to geoglyph/bamboo forest*
0.92
0.99
0.80
0.96