Cornell Notes
Topic/Objective:
Name:
Modern Genetics
Class/Period: Science
Date:
Essential Question: Identify
Questions:
the applications and importance of genetics in our modern world.
Notes: Genetically Modified Foods
1. Genetically modified foods are made from crop plants that have been
__________________ in the lab to produce desired traits.
2. Desired traits might include pest ________________ or improved nutritional
content.
3. Genetic engineering involves inserting a __________ from one organism into the
DNA of another organism. The inserted genes can come from a
______________, animal, bacterium, fungus, or virus.
4. ______% to ______% of processed foods have genetically modified ingredients.
These foods include many breakfast ________________, snack foods, and
sodas.
5. Two benefits include increased pest and _________________ resistance and
increased food _________________.
6. Two risks include introducing ____________________ and toxins and accidental
crosses between genetically and non-genetically modified foods.
7. Many scientists agree that the current genetically modified crops are
____________ to eat.
8. A major issue, though, is that genetically modified foods are not
________________ as such in the United States.
Selective Breeding
1. Selective breeding is the process of ____________________ which parent plants
or animals to use.
2. The ________________ is simple: Choose the _________ animals (or plants)
and breed them together (P generation). Choose the best from their
______________________ (F1 generation). Continue this process (F2, then F3,
etc.) until you have the “_______________” animal or plant.
3. If you selectively breed a plant for a ______________ like disease resistance,
then you can get the maximum harvest. More corn grown on each plant means
more _______________.
4. Selective breeding is really selecting certain ________________ to allow to be
passed down.
5. A problem with selectively breeding is that over time you _________________
the variety of alleles that individuals have and that are available for passing on.
6. Sometimes those lost alleles gave an _______________________ to the animal
(or plant).
7. Many of the health problems of purebred dogs come from the _______________
number of alleles available in the breed. _______________ have more alleles to
choose from and usually have fewer health problems.
Questions:
Compare and
contrast twins
to clones.
Notes: Cloning Pets
1. A clone is an organism that is an exact ____________ copy of another organism.
2. The most famous clone was a _________ named Dolly, born in Scotland in 1996.
3. Dolly ____________ when she was only 7 years old, after developing arthritis
and a lung disease. Scientists aren’t sure if her bad health came from being a
________________.
4. The process of cloning works like this: A fully grown __________ is taken from an
female animal's ovary. Then, the egg’s genetic material is taken out and
___________________ with the genetic material from the animal that is being
cloned. Next, the two cells are shocked, causing the egg to start to
_________________ and form an embryo. Finally, after a few days, the embryo
is put into a ____________________ (substitute) where it continues to develop
before being born
5. In 2002, the first cloned _________ was born. The cat was named CC (carbon
copy). CC and Rainbow (the cat she was cloned from) have the same
__________, but differ in calico pattern, personality and weight.
6. Researchers are trying to clone _________________ animals like mammoths by
using DNA from specimens from museums or found frozen in glaciers.
7. Clones can never be an exact copy because the _______________________
also affects your DNA. Identical twins are like clones because they have the
same DNA, but are unique with their own experiences.
Twins
1. In 2002, there were 125,134 twin babies born in the ______________________.
2. The difference between _______________________and identical twins comes
from the way the egg is fertilized when a woman becomes pregnant. In fraternal
twins, __________ different eggs are fertilized. With identical twins, __________
fertilized egg splits (divides) into two.
3. Fraternal twins often don’t look alike and can even be different _____________.
4. Identical twins usually look almost exactly ____________ and share the same
genes.
5. _____________________ twins are twins whose bodies are connected.
6. Conjoined twins begin as a single fertilized egg which doesn’t divide
_____________________, or may divide and later _____________ back
together.
7. Conjoined twins may ________________: vital organs like the heart, organ
systems like the _________________ system, a large segment of their body, like
all of the lower body, and part of the brain and skull
8. Sometimes, the conjoined twins can be separated by _________________.
Sometimes they cannot.
Genetic Disorders
1. Genetic disorders are caused by changes or ____________________ in the
information in genes. this is called gene ___________________.
2. It is ________________ to have some gene mutations. Most of the time, cells
can _______________ these mutations. Other times mutations can cause
illnesses
Questions:
Notes: Genetic Disorders (continued)
3. If a gene mutation exists in an egg or sperm cell, the mutated gene can be
_______________ from parent to child causing a _______________.
4. There are several types of gene disorders which can be caused by:
 a single _________________ gene (from one parent). An example is
achondroplasia (a type of dwarfism).
 two ____________________ genes (one from each parent). An example is
cystic fibrosis (a lung disorder).
 a single recessive _________________________ gene in guys. (Remember,
guys are XY, so they don’t have 2nd X-chromosome gene to mask the
abnormal gene.) An example is color blindness.
 too many or too few ________________________. An example is Down’s
syndrome, which is associated with mental retardation, caused by an extra
chromosome number 21.
Gene Therapy
1. People concerned that they might carry certain gene ___________________ can
have genetic testing done.
2. Gene therapy is a technique for correcting ____________________ genes
responsible for disorders.
3. Gene therapy is a new field of _________________ research. Gene therapy tries
to deliver copies of __________________ genes to cells with damaged or
missing genes so that the "good" genes will ______________________.
4. Some risks and limitations are: Scientists haven't yet ________________ what
every gene in the human body does. There are major ________________
putting normal genes into the ______________ cells
When a gene is added to _________, it could be put in the _____________
place, which could potentially cause cancer or other damage
5. There are concerns that people might try _____________________ genes to
make smarter or more athletic children (known as “designer babies”). No one
knows what the long-term effects are.
6. For people who have genetic ___________________, gene therapy holds the
hope for better, healthier lives.
Radiation Therapy
1. Radiation therapy is one form of treatment for people who have ____________.
2. Cancer is a disease that causes normal cells in the body to grow
____________________________. If left untreated, these cells can grow
throughout the body, making the person very sick.
3. Radiation therapy ___________ cancer cells and keeps them from growing and
______________________.
4. Cancer can be treated with _____________________ therapy alone or in
combination with chemotherapy or surgery.
5. Radiation therapy can be given in _________ ways. _______________ radiation
- a person receives radiation directed to the outside of the body. A large
machine is positioned to deliver the exact __________________ of radiation
necessary to kill the cancer cells.
Questions:
Notes: Radiation Therapy (continued)
____________________ radiation - a person receives radiation therapy that places
the radiation inside the body. This is done by putting radioactive material directly in
the _________________.
6. A _______________ of radiation is damage to normal cells as well. Weekend
breaks during radiation treatment give normal cells a chance to
_____________________ and for new, healthy cells to grow.
DNA Profiling
1. Every cell in every living thing has DNA. DNA is a ______________________
that contains all the information about that living thing.
2. The ________________________ of DNA was discovered in ___________ by
the British scientist Francis Crick and the American scientist James Watson.
3. Genes are sections of connected DNA molecules, and are like tiny pieces of a
___________________________.
4. No two organisms (except ______________ and identical ____________) have
the same DNA.
5. DNA is located in __________ of your cells, including your blood, saliva, hair
follicles, and skin.
6. Since no one else has a DNA __________________ exactly like yours, DNA
evidence can be collected from a crime scene and then be linked to a suspect. If
the two sets of DNA (crime scene and suspect) are ____________________,
chances are that they are from the same person. This is called DNA
___________________.
7. DNA evidence is also helping show that some wrongly accused and convicted
people are ___________________. Since 1992, at least 78 convictions were
reversed (including 10 death penalty cases). Most of these people were
convicted ________________ DNA profiling was available.
Human Genome Project
1. All our genes together are known as our "_______________________________."
2. In early 2003, researchers succeeded in mapping out the locations of the genes on
all 23 pairs of _____________________ chromosomes.
3. Except for mature ___________ ________________ cells, all human cells contain
a complete genome.
4. The human genome is estimated to contain 20,000-25,000 __________________.
5. By studying human genes, scientists can learn more about __________________
disorders and get a better idea of how humans have _________________ over
time.
Summary: Modern genetics is important because