Name ____________________________________________ Period ___________ Date ___________________
Chapter 10 – DNA
DNA
 Holds our ________________________ information
 Like a ________________________
 Important for ________________________ to occur
 Biologists had to discover the ________________________ nature of DNA to
determine that it is ______________________________ for our genetic information
Griffith and Transformation
 Transformation: when a strain of ________________________ is
________________________ by a gene or genes from ________________________ bacteria
 Experiment
 Inject mice with bacteria S.pneumoniae
 Smooth colonies = ________________________ (disease causing)
 Rough colonies = ________________________ bacteria
 If the ________________________ colonies were killed with __________________ & mixed
with harmless bacteria, the harmless bacteria get ________________________ into
virulent bacteria
 Some factor of the harmless bacteria was transformed to become
________________________
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Avery and DNA
 Wanted to repeat ________________________ experiment
 Treated heat killed virulent bacteria with ________________________
 Used two enzymes that destroyed ________________________, and ____________
 Another enzyme destroyed ______________________ __________ (nucleic acids)
 Results: bacteria treated with DNA destroying enzyme did _______________
transform harmless bacteria into virulent bacteria
 It must be the _________________ that stores the genetic information from one
________________________ to the next
Hershey-Chase
 Bacteriophage: a ________________________ that infects ________________________ ONLY
 Scientists wanted to see what gets ________________________ into a bacteria to
cause ________________________
 Used a ________________________ marker DNA and protein
 After infection, the bacteria that had radioactive marker on DNA showed that
it is the ______________ that is inserted into the bacteria
 Results: ________________________ ________________________ of the bacteriophage was
______________ and not protein
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DNA Structure
 Rosalind Franklin
 Scientist that worked with _______________ ________________________
 Used _________________ on a portion of DNA and the results showed an X
pattern
 Watson & Crick
 Scientists that were able to figure out what Rosalind’s X-ray
________________________ meant
 Result: DNA has a _____________________ ___________________ pattern where
the nitrogenous bases face each other in the middle
 DNA has a double helix pattern
 The ________________________ of the ladder are the _____________________ and
________________________
 ____________________ of the ladder are the _____________________________
________________________ paired up
 The bond between two nitrogenous bases is a
________________________ bond
DNA Structure
 Backbone of DNA is the ___________________ and ________________________
 Nitrogenous ____________________ stick out of side to form latter rungs
 These bases are repeated in a ________________________ that form our
genetic code
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 Monomer of DNA is a ________________________
 ___________________________ group
 5-carbon ______________________
 ____________________________ base
 4 Nitrogenous bases in DNA
 ________________________
 ________________________
 ________________________
 ________________________
 Chargaff’s Rule
 Scientist that discovered a peculiar _________________ between the 4 bases
 Same percentage of ________________________ as Thymine
 Same percentage of Guanine as ________________________
 Adenine binds to ________________________
 ________________________ binds to Cytosine
DNA Replication
 Process by which DNA is ________________________ in a cell before division
 Each strand of DNA is needed to be a ________________________ for a new strand of
DNA to be produced
 Since you can use one strand to make the other side, they are said to be
______________________________
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 Step 1: DNA molecules separates into two strands with help from enzyme
named ________________________
 Breaks ________________________ bonds between bases
 Creates a ________________________ _________________
 Step 2: Enzyme named _________________ ________________________ adds new
________________________ to other side of template strand
 This forms new ________________________ bonds
 Step 3: Once the DNA is ________________________, the DNA polymerase
________________________
How Replication Occurs
 ________________________ help make new strands of DNA
 ________________________ “unzips” the DNA, ________________________ the base
pairs
 _____________ ________________________ adds new bases to pair up with the
template
 This enzyme also ________________________ to make sure everything
matches
 What would be the matching bases to the part of DNA shown below?
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Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes
 Eukaryotes
 Long ____________ shaped chromosomes
 Replication starts in certain ________________________ on the chromosome
 Try to be as effective and time ________________________
 Prokaryotes
 ________________________ chromosome
 Replication begins in _____________ place
 Ends once the DNA polymerase meets its ________________________ point
 Very ________________
Protein Synthesis
 Two parts process to make a ______________________ from a segment of ___________
 Part one: Transcription
 __________  ___________
 Part two: Translation
 __________  ________________________
RNA
 Made of ________________________
 ___________________ differences between DNA & RNA
 ________________________
 DNA = _______________________________ sugar
 RNA = ________________________ sugar
 RNA is ________________________ stranded
 RNA uses ________________________ instead of Thymine to bond with
Adenine
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 Three types of RNA
 mRNA
 ________________________ RNA
 rRNA
 ________________________ RNA
 tRNA
 ________________________ RNA
 Messenger RNA
 This is a copy of _________________________________ strand of DNA
 Eventually will code for a ________________________ to be made
 Ribosomal RNA
 RNA found in ________________________ (organelles in the cell)
 Transfer RNA
 Help produce a protein from ________________________
 Brings _____________________ _______________ (monomer of protein) to
ribosome to bond them together and make a whole protein
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Transcription
 Taking DNA and making an ___________ copy
 Step 1: __________ ________________________ binds to a ________________________ and
unwinds the strands
 Step 2: RNA polymerase _____________ free RNA ________________________ that are
complimentary to DNA strands
 Once this is made it is called ________________________
 Step 3: RNA polymerase reaches a ________________________ signal and releases
RNA Editing
 Pre-mRNA is a ____________________ ____________________ to the final copy of mRNA
 Some parts of pre-mRNA are not needed to make a certain protein
 These unnecessary parts are called ________________________
 Introns get ______________ ____________ of pre-mRNA
 Before leaving the nucleus, mRNA needs to get a ________________________ and
________________________ to finalize the RNA strand
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The Genetic Code
 Proteins are made of ___________________ _______________
 There are _______ amino acids
 In order to make a protein from a strand of mRNA, the mRNA is read in a _____
letter sequence called ________________________
 Each three letter codon represents an amino acid
 DNA = AGCGTGCCAATT
 RNA =
 Amino acids =
 Each three letter codon represents an amino acid
 DNA = TACCGTCCGGTCATC
 RNA =
 Amino acids =
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Translation
 Taking mRNA and making a ________________________
 Occurs in the ________________________ on a ________________________
 Step 1: Two ribosomal subunits bind to _________________ and a ________________
molecule. The tRNA molecule matches to the ________________________ of the
mRNA sequence
 The first amino acid is always ________________________
 If mRNA = AUG, then tRNA = __________
 The tRNA has the ________________________
 Step 2-3: As tRNA brings new ___________________ ____________ to the ribosome,
past ones break off leaving just amino acids bonded to each other
 Step 4: This continues until a ________________ _____________________ is met
 Step 5: ribosomal units break down and the amino acid strand goes through
________________________ ________________________
The Human Genome
 The entire ________________________ sequence of a human
 _________ ________________________ base pairs in our 23 chromosomes
 We now need to learn what each of these sequences _______________ for
 This will help with ________________ diseases and _________________________ of others
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