Name _______________________________ Date ______________
DNA Study Guide
1)
What does DNA stand for?
________________________________
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
2) What makes up the ‘sides’ of the DNA molecule?
Sugars and Acids, (Phosphates and -----)
________________________________
3) What makes up the ‘rungs’ of the DNA molecule?
________________________________
Nitrogen bases that are ‘paired’/ BASE PAIRS or NUCLEOTIDES
4) What is the shape of the DNA molecule?
________________________________
Double Helix
5) What are nitrogen bases?
________________________________
________________________________
A, (Adenine)
G, (Guanine)
T, (Thynine)
C, (Cytosine)
6) What nitrogen bases can bond with each other?
_______________
A with T
C_________________
with G
7) Be familiar with completing the DNA molecule if given one side of the molecule…
a. ATCGTTCCCC
________________________________
TCGCAAGGGG
b. GGGATTCAA
________________________________
CCCTAAGTT
8) Know your ‘NUMBERS’…
4
a. ______________How
many KINDS of nitrogen bases are there?
BILLIONS
b. ______________How
many nitrogen bases, (base pairs), are there in a DNA molecule?
30,000
c. ______________How
many human genes are there?
46
d. ______________How
many chromosomes do humans have in body cells?
23
e. ______________How
many chromosomes do humans have in sex cells?
9) What is a gene?
a. What are other ways to define a gene?
A small piece of DNA
A part of a chromosome
Genetic materials that code for specific traits
Genetic material that determines which proteins will be assembled by the ribosomes.
b. What do genes determine? (think traits AND proteins)
Genes are an arrangement of nitrogen bases that contain the instructions for
___________________________________________________________
assembling proteins. Once made, these proteins are responsible for specific
traits.
10) What is a mutation? (Think characteristics AND DNA code)
A
change in the DNA code
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
An error in the swquence of nitrogen bases
Radiation, Chemicals, Natural Sequencing Error
11) What can cause a mutation?
A change in traits
__________________________________________________________________
Radiation, Chemicals, Natural Sequencing Error
12) Understand DNA synthesis…
During Interphase
a. ___________________________________When
does DNA replicate?
In the nucleus of the cell
b. ___________________________________Where
is DNA replicated?
13) Understand how proteins are made…
a.
b.
c.
d.
RIBOSOMES
___________________________Where
in the cell is a protein made?
RNA
___________________________What
molecules carry the the DNA code?
RIBOSOMES
___________________________What
organelles make the proteins?
AMINO ACIDS
___________________________What
are proteins made up of?
14) How does RNA ‘help’ to make proteins?
It ‘reads’ the DNA code and carries it to the ribosome
_____________________________________________________________________
15) Know the differences between DNA and RNA
a. The differences in function:
A template that contains the genetic instructions for making proteins
i. DNA: _______________________________________________________
It
‘reads’ the DNA code and carries it to the ribosomes to make
ii. RNA: _______________________________________________________
proteins
b. The differences in structure:
Made up of A,T,C, G
i. DNA: _______________________________________________________
Contains A, C, G, U, (uracil), it is a single stranded structure, has a
ii. RNA: _______________________________________________________
ribose sugar
c. The differences in their names:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
i. DNA: _______________________________________________________
Ribonucleic Acid
ii. RNA: _______________________________________________________
16) What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins?
a. Fraternal:
Two different egg and sperm
i. Egg and Sperm:_________________________________________________
Different DNA, their DNA is no more similar than two NON-TWIN siblings
ii. DNA:_________________________________________________________
b. Identical:
One egg and sperm that separates while dividing
i. Egg and Sperm:_________________________________________________
Identical DNA
ii. DNA:_________________________________________________________
17) What is the difference between cloning and breeding?
An organism that is produced from identical DNA as the ‘parent’
a. Cloning: ________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Organisms that are ‘crossed’ because of their desired traits with the
b. Breeding: _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
hope to obtain offspring with the same/similar traits
18) Know the correct order of transferring information in a cell….DNA to RNA to PROTEINS
19) Understand the processes that are involved during the synthesis phase of the cell…
Replication…Transcription…Translation
20) General DNA facts…
a. What is ‘the genetic code’
It is the sequence of nitrogen basis that determine the SPECIFIC
________________________________________________________________________
traits of an organism
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
b. What is DNA ULTIMATELY responsible for?
DNA is responsible for carrying the genes which ULTIMATELY instruct the
________________________________________________________________________
ribosomes which proteins to make for the organism.
________________________________________________________________________
21) If there is 22% of Adenine in a DNA molecule…
How much Thymine? __22%______
How much Cytosine? __28%_______
How much Guanine? __28%_______
22) If there is 28% of Guanine in a DNA molecule…
How much Thymine? ___22%______
How much Cytosine? __28%_______
How much Adenine? __22%________
23) Identify the structures below:
1.
____C____ Nucleus
2.
____E____ Amino Acid
3.
____A____ DNA
4.
____D____ Anticodon
5.
6.
7.
8.
____F____ Ribosome
___H_____ tRNA
___G_____ polypeptide, (protein)
___B_____ mRNA
g
.
1.
.
e
.
h
.
d
.
a.
f
.
b
.
c
.