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Intro to Statistics Chapter 1 Review
1. What is Statistics?
a. The science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and
interpreting¸ data in order to make decisions
2. Define the following in your own words:
a. Population
Is the collection of ALL outcomes, responses, and
measurements, or count
b. Sample
A portion of the population
c. Parameter
The numerical description of a Population
d. Statistics
The numerical description of a sample
e. Descriptive statistics
The description of the results of the data
f. Inferential statistics
The inferences/conclusion you make on the study
based on the descriptive statistic.
g. Categorical
Data that are labels, nonnumerical entries
h. Quantitative
Data that consists of counts or numerical
measurements
i. Census
A count or measurement of the ENTIRE population
In problems 3-5 determine whether the data is a population or a
sample.
3. The hair color of every third customer that walks into the
shopping center.
Sample
4. The age of every student in the Seneca Valley High School.
Population
5. A survey of 24 of a company’s 200 employees.
Sample
In problems 6-7, identify the population and the sample.
6. A survey of 118 men in the United States found that more
than 38% are beginning to show signs of baldness.
Population: Men in the U.S
Sample: 118 Men in the U.S
7. A survey of 752 city bus drivers found that 72% of people
leave their trash on the floor of the bus.
Population: City bus drivers
Sample: 752 City bus drivers
In problems 8-9, determine whether the value is a parameter or a
statistic.
8. The 2006 team payroll of the New York Mets was
$101,084,963.
Parameter it is a population, it’s the New York Mets
team
9. In a survey of 752 adults in the Unites States, 42% think there
should be a law that prohibits people from talking on cell
phones in public places.
Statistic it is a sample of adults
In problems 10-11 circle the descriptive statistic and make an
inference based on what you read.
10.
A study of 146 credit cards found that the average late
fee is $27.46
That late fees are expensive.
11.
A survey of 1205 physicians found that about 60%
considered leaving the practice of medicine because they
were discouraged over the state of the U.S health care.
That health care is a big deciding factor on becoming
and staying a doctor due to its changes.
In problems 12-14 classify the data as Categorical or quantitative.
12.
The number of students in a classroom.
Quantitative – it is a number that can be counted
13.
The Social Security numbers of employees at a
corporation.
Categorical – it labels someone for the gov’t
14.
The ages of a sample of 350 employees of a software
company.
Quantitative – it is a number
15.
What are the 4 levels of measurement? State examples
or how you know which one to pick.
1.) Nominal – labels; red, Mr. Smith
2.) Ordinal – Can be put in order but there is no
mathematical difference; Movie ratings
3.) Interval – Can be put in order and there is a
mathematical difference; can go below zero; Dates
4.) Ratio – Can be put in order and there is
mathematical difference but zero represents none
can’t go below zero; Height
In problems 16-19, classify the data set by its level of
measurement.
16.
17.
18.
19.
The stages of development of an infant
Ordinal
The number of cows in a field
Ratio
A list of college majors.
Nominal
The daily low temperatures for a week in July
Interval
20.
What are the 6 steps in designing a statistical study?
1.) Figure out population
2.) Figure out how your going to collect data
3.) Collect the data
4.) Describe the data by using descriptive statistic
5.) Interpret the data by using inferential statistic
6.) State possible errors.
21.
What are the 4 types of methods of data collection?
State examples or how you know which one to use at a
specific time.
1.) Observational: only observe do not associate
with people
2.) Experiment: have a control and treatment group
3.) Simulation: use when experiment would be
expensive and dangerous.
4.) Survey: ask people questions
In problems 22-25, decide which method of data collection you
would use to gather data for each study.
22.
A study on the effect of calcium intake on women with
Osteoporosis.
Experiment
23.
The political party affiliation of people living in Jackson
Township.
Survey
24.
A study of the mannerisms of high school students
when taking an exam.
Observation
25.
A study of how second-hand smoke affects pregnancy.
Simulation
26.
What are the 3 Key elements of a well designed
experiment? Give a brief explanation of each.
1.) Control influential factors: be sure 2 things
aren’t happening at once. Watch for the
placebo effect
2.) Randomization: randomly assign people to
groups
3.) Replacement: make sure a lot of people are
involved
27.
What is the placebo effect?
People will be given a water pill and believe that it
is actual medication and cure their problems.
28.
What are the 5 sampling techniques? Give example or
brief explanation on when to use each one.
1.) Simple Random Sample: people are chosen at
random using a random number generator
2.) Stratified: put people in group based on
characteristics take a few people from each
group
3.) Cluster: people are automatically put into
groups/clusters pick 1 or 2 clusters.
4.) Systematic: every 5th person
5.) Convenience: At the convenience of the
researcher (Ms. Halliday using her own students
in a study. This is never a good idea, as it
presents much bias!)
In problems 29-32, identify the sampling technique used in each
collection.
Study: Students from the Senior High were asked whether or not
they plan to go to college.
29.
Students are ordered by ID numbers, and then every
20th student is questioned.
Systematic
30.
Students are separated by family income level, then 50
students from each group of selected.
Stratified
31.
Students are labeled by a number, and selected using a
random number generator.
Random Sample
32.
Five streets are randomly selected in a plan, and then
every household located on each of those five streets are
questioned.
Cluster