Beckmeyer 1
Kelsey Beckmeyer
Antonin Bernard Thompson Mikeš
European Policy and Practice towards Ethnic Minorities
20 November 2015
Tiny Maisons
Integration is “indispensable to Republican citizenship” and is the foundation of the
French nation.1 The French preconception that the Roma are incapable of integration is
exemplified in the forced evictions and reparations of the last five years. The Roma in France
have been systematically denied adequate housing and thereby prevented from integrating
nationally. Ironically, this preconception disqualifies the Roma from having the opportunity to
demonstration whether or not they are in fact incapable of integrating in France. The clashing
conceptions of Roma identity and French identity maintain this cyclical relationship and keep the
Roma outside of even the margins of society.
Even though the Roma are European Union citizens and are thereby protected by EU law,
they experience little support while living in a non-originating member state, “as EU law allows
a member country to expel people who are deemed a burden on its social system.”2 France has
perpetually taken advantage of this clause, justifying its mass expulsion by citing the illegal and
unsanitary living conditions of many Roma. However, the underlying motive, as I will argue, is
the French belief that the Roma cannot integrate into French society. However, the inability to
integrate is predicated on the Roma’s lack of access adequate housing, or even housing which is
recognized as legitimate by the French.
Characterizing housing as a vital component for integration, I explore whether the French
and the Roma may be able to work together to meet this vital criteria of integration through
implementing an innovative model of tiny houses. In order to determine this, I must discuss the
historical context of the nomadic Roma culture, and their complicated relationship establishing
residency in EU member states. This lifestyle model will then be compared to the accepted
conception of residency for French integration and the subsequent forced evictions of the Roma.
1
Rogers Brubaker, "Introduction." In Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1992), 1-17.
2 Henry Astier, "France's Unwanted Roma," http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25419423, (February 13, 2014).
Beckmeyer 2
From there I will discuss the Roma right to adequate housing based on international and EU law.
Finally, I will end with a recommendation for tiny housing as a potential solution for both the
French and the Roma on the one hand to provide and on the other to access adequate,
appropriate, and accepted housing.
Historically, the Roma have been categorized as nomadic people who never settle in one
nation and therefore do not belong anywhere. This mobility is seen as both risky and abnormal,
complicating the ability of the Roma to establish any formal settlements and integrate into
mainstream society. However, it is often forgotten that the cause of this mobility is integrally
intertwined with systemic persecution and prejudice which has pushed the Roma from place to
place.3 According to ethnologist Martin Olivera, the Roma “live in increasingly precarious living
conditions that prevent them for integrating locally…They are being maintained in a nomadic
way of life they have not chosen.”4
A consequence of this forced nomadism is the inability to establish any form of official
housing or residency which has resulted in the EU and member states to view the Roma as
“unwanted foreigners” who do not meet “the cultural and social criteria of the legitimate
community.”5 Without housing, the Roma are further hindered from national integration as they
cannot enroll in school, obtain health insurance, or even hold a steady job.6
Without the ability to obtain “legitimate” housing, the Roma settle where they can,
typically in illegal slums outside of large cities. This life on the margins is not the only factor
separating the Roma. Their preference “to live in clusters of their own family, not individually,
in a type of communal living” is also seen as abnormal and a sign of their inability to integrate.7
Integration and, more importantly, assimilation is a key component for gaining not only
citizenship, but recognition as a potential citizen in France. The paradox with the Roma lies in
the fact that France is not “a classical country of immigration, but it is a classical country,
perhaps the classical country, of assimilation.”8 France does not have the historical, cultural or
3
Karolina Grygierowska,"When a Home is not a House: The Destruction of Romani Personal Property as a Human Rights
Violation," Emory International Law Review 28, no. 1 (2014): 557-595.
4 Astier, “France’s Unwanted Roma.”
5 Sergio Carrera, “Shifting Responsibilities for EU Roma Citizens. The 2010 French affair on Roma evictions and expulsions
continued,” CEPS Paper in Liberty and Security in Europe, no. 55 (June 2013): 1-23.
6 EU Agency on Fundamental Human Rights, Housing Conditions of Roma and Travellers, France, (2009): 1-69.
7 Andrew J. Smith, “The Politics of Roma Expulsions in France and the European Union” master’s thesis, University of North
Carolina, (2014): 39.
8 Rogers Brubaker, "Conclusion" In Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1992), 179-189.
Beckmeyer 3
political experience with integrating and assimilating migrants – especially those who do not
outwardly express a desire to assimilate into the French nation. Therefore, the presence of the
Roma contradicts the “certain idea of France” that has contributed to constructing not only the
nation-state, but the nationally identity of France as well9.
As the classical country for assimilation, differences among people in France are not
characterized by cultural identity or ethnicity; rather, differences are designated by the mode of
living.10 In the case of the Roma, caravans are not considered housing. Instead they are seen as
vehicles, which require movement every three month and therefore cannot be a type of
permanent housing acceptable to establish residency.11
In France, residency and accepted housing is vital to the republic model of national
integration. Brubaker states that national assimilation in France happens through the educational
system, which is the foundational component of integration.12 The French view the educational
system as means by which to instill “the virtues of the nation.”13 Without access to schooling, the
Roma can never achieve exposure to these virtues which would lead to their integration and then
assimilation into the French nation.
Isolated, illegitimate housing and subsequent hurdles to education are not the only
reasons the Roma cannot integrate in France. Negative French preconceptions about the Roma
also impact even the most concerted efforts to belong. In France, 66% of people maintain an
unfavorable view of the Roma. This number includes people from both sides of the political
spectrum, which does not bode well for the Roma finding political allies in France.14 In 2013, the
Interior Minister in France, Manuel Valls, reiterated this view when he stated that the Roma
would never integrate into French society because ‘their way of life [is] ‘extremely different
from’ [the French].”15 One report indicated that “77 percent of the French population support
Vall’s assessment.”16
9
Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, 182.
EU Agency on Fundamental Human Rights, Housing Conditions of Roma and Travellers, 2.
11 Grygierowska,"When a Home is not a House: The Destruction of Romani Personal Property as a Human Rights Violation,”
578-579.
12 Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, 11.
13 Anthony Birch, “National Integration,” Nationalism and National Integration, (London: Unwin Hyman Ltd, 1989) 36-51.
14 Pew Research Center, "Chapter 4: Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews." Pew Research Centers Global Attitudes Project, (2014),
http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/.
15 "Brussels Threatens France over Roma Policy," The Local, http://www.thelocal.fr/20130925/Brussels-France-valls-romaevictions-human-rights, (September 25, 2013).
16 Smith, “The Politics of Roma Expulsions in France and the European Union,” 31.
10
Beckmeyer 4
It is unsurprising then that since 2010 France has generated some of the world’s the
highest rates of forceful eviction and repatriation of the Roma. In 2014, 14,449 individuals were
forcefully evicted and nearly 11,000 Romanian nationals were deported back to their country of
origin, which was “more than any other migrant group” in the country.17 From July to September
2015, “4,767 people were forcibly evicted by the authorities” in France.18
Systematic evictions have become “an active component of public policy”19 ever since
Nicolas Sarkozy, the former President of the Republic of France, announced the launch of a
concerted effort “of forced eviction of so-called unlawful camps and mass expulsions from
France” in 2010.20 Both municipality mayors and landowners have come out in support of
forceful evictions. According to the European Roma Rights Centre:
The Mayor of Limeil-Brévannes … launched a petition to the population of the
municipality requesting the evacuation of a Roma slums installed near a new
neighborhood. The petition is entitled ‘To the Prefecture evacuates the Roma
settlement, I defend my quality of life.’21
In another area, a leaflet was distributed which read:
Insecurity, burglary, antisocial behavior detrimental to the tranquility of the
neighborhood. We are committed to halting the extension of the
halting/sedentary area for Travellers in Croix Léonardoux street and its
surroundings. We are committed to fight against the creation of new zones of
lawlessness.22
French mayor, Paul Renaudat, even insinuated that he would kill himself should the Roma
continue to occupy his village, stating, “The next caravan that turns up on communal land, I will
disappear … There have been others who made sacrifices so the Republic could move forward
and I am ready to do the same.23
Astier, “France’s Unwanted Roma.”
"Census of Forced Evictions in Living Areas Occupied by Roma (or Persons Identifying Themselves as Such) in France,"
European Roma Rights Centre, http://www.errc.org/cms/upload/file/france-census-of-forced-evictions-3rd-quarter-15-october2015.pdf, (October 15, 2015).
19 Djordje Jovanović, Tara Bedard, and Robert Kushen. Standards Do Not Apply: Inadequate Housing in Romani Communities,
(Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 2010), 14.
20 COHRE v France, Complaint No 63/2010, (June 28, 2011).
21 "Census of Forced Evictions in Living Areas Occupied by Roma (or Persons Identifying Themselves as Such) in France."
22 "Census of Forced Evictions in Living Areas Occupied by Roma (or Persons Identifying Themselves as Such) in France,"
23 "Police Evacuate France's Oldest Shanty Town," The Local, http://www.thelocal.fr/20150827/police-bring-down-francesoldest-shanty-town, (August 27, 2015).
17
18
Beckmeyer 5
France has justified these mass forced evictions claiming they are in the best interest of
the people staying there. The shanty towns are unsanitary, lack access to water and are a burden
to the community. However, many of the illegal camps are in such poor condition because “of
France's inability or unwillingness to meet its obligation to respect the right to housing of an
adequate standard.”24 A report compiled by Romeurope further explains the paradox of these
evictions, finding that:
Some evictions take place after a legal decision at the request of the landowner.
But the Préfectures do not always respect the time allowed for leaving the site.
Prefects can also clear a site without getting an eviction order if they decree that
the occupation of the site is a threat to public order or a health risk (sometimes
caused by the authorities themselves leaving rubbish to accumulate so that the site
genuinely becomes unhealthy). In other cases, the police do not take the trouble of
following any procedure and chase families out quite illegally, or intimidate and
harass them so that they leave their homes.25
Although these evictions may appear to have followed proper procedure, the legality
comes into question based on the human right to housing established in international, European,
and French law. The Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, Thomas Hammarberg,
and UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Adequate Housing, Miloon Kothari, have both
condemned forced evictions. Complaints have arisen at the international level that such evictions
“have been carried out in violation of human rights standards especially as regards the right to
adequate housing and privacy, procedural guarantees and remedies.”26
The UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities
mirrored this finding, stating:
…the practice of forced eviction constitutes a gross violation of a broad range of
human rights, in particular the right to adequate housing, the right to remain, the
right to freedom of movement, the right to privacy, the right to property, the right
to an adequate standard of living, the right to security of the home, the right to
security of the person, the right to security of tenure and the right to equality of
treatment.27
International law has set a minimum standard for the elimination of racial discrimination
and the right to adequate housing. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
24
COHRE v France
"Report 2007-2008." Romeurope, http://www.romeurope.org/IMG/pdf/romeurope-report-2007-20081.pdf, (September 1,
2008): 16.
26 ECSR, FEANTSA v France, Complaint No 39/2006, (December 5, 2007).
27 Jovanović, The Standards Do Not Apply, 34.
25
Beckmeyer 6
of Racial Discrimination and Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights both require states to ensure the right to housing.28 The latter also established “an
adequate standard of living;” however, neither standard is legally binding.29 Additionally, the
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has established protections against forced
evictions as they “may also result in violations of civil and political rights.”30
In order for France’s actions to be deemed illegal; however, the laws of the European
Union must also establish a right to housing and protection from forced evictions. Over the last
fifteen years, the EU has taken measures to address discrimination against the Roma and
improve their integration into mainstream Europe including their right to housing and movement
within the EU. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union includes two directives,
which France recognizes as law. Directive 2000/43/EC Article 3(1)(h) implements equal
treatment between people irrespective of racial or ethnic origin including access to housing and
Directive 2004/113/EC implements equal treatment between men and women in the access to
and supply of goods and services, which also includes housing.31 Furthermore, Article 8 of the
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union recognizes “the right to respect for a
home … and the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions.”32 Therefore evictions and denying
access to property violate this right.
Finally, Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights “obliges authorities to
respect the home.” However, the Roma still face obstacles to even obtaining authorization to stay
on the land they settle. They are forced to illegally occupy land and are therefore at an increased
risk of eviction.33
Despite all of the laws and protections set up on an international and EU level, the Roma
are still not spared these forced evictions in France. Even with the Besson Act that set aside
provisions for so called Travellers, and establish an obligation of municipalities to develop
28
See UN General Assembly, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, United
Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, (21 December 1965); UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 993, (16 December 1966).
29 UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
30 UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 7: The right to adequate housing
(Art.11.1): forced evictions, E/1998/22, (20 May 1997).
31 See Council of the European Union, Council Directive 2000/43/EC Of 29 June 2000 Implementing The Principle Of Equal
Treatment Between Persons Irrespective Of Racial Or Ethnic Origin; Council of the European Union, Council Directive
2004/113/EC Of 13 December 2004 Implementing The Principle Of Equal Treatment Between Men And Women In The Access
To And Supply Of Goods And Services.
32 Alastair Mowbray, "Article 8 Right to Respect for Private and Family Life," Cases, Materials, and Commentary on the
European Convention on Human Rights, (2012), 488-597.
33 Mowbray, Cases, Materials, and Commentary on the European Convention on Human Rights.
Beckmeyer 7
“halting sites” there is a lapse legal protection.34 Travellers, in relation to French law and society,
are a group of French citizens with a “travelling lifestyle” whereas the Roma are categorized
nomadic outsiders without French nationality and left out of the protections provided in the
Besson Act.35
The ability of the EU to enforce laws upon member states is a contested notion. Although
France has been cited by the EU court system for the forced eviction of the Roma in 2010, no
concrete changes have occurred. Rather, evictions have continued at a higher rate. So then, does
the state have an actual, legally enforceable, “duty to ensure that no one is left homeless or made
vulnerable to other human rights violations because of an eviction?”36 For the Roma in France,
no, this obligation does not exist.
In France, access to housing, and an enforceable right to housing depend on obtaining
residency. Without that physical address, the obligations of the state do not apply. Roma who are
EU citizens have the right to stay in France for three month based on the Freedom of Movement
Directive.37 To legally stay beyond these three months, individuals must have proof of
employment, medical insurance and sufficient incomes all of which are predicated by a legal
address. Without those, they can be deemed “an unreasonable burden” and be expelled from
France.38
Is there a workable alternative for the Roma living in France, whose only current option
is to live in unrecognized and illegitimate slum communities which are under constant threat of
eviction? Perhaps. However, gaining legitimate residency not only depends on the housing, but
also on the ability of the French to truly embrace their model of color-blind national
integration.39
The solution I propose is tiny houses and villages. A new phenomenon, tiny houses and
villages have emerged across the United States, and recently in France, as an alternative for those
“uninterested, unwilling or unable to participate in traditional housing markets.”40 These houses
34
Reception and Accommodation of Travellers Act (No. 2000-614 of 5 July 2000).
EU Agency on Fundamental Human Rights, Housing Conditions of Roma and Travellers – France, (2009): 1-69.
36 Amnesty International, "Human Rights Here, Roma Rights Now: A Wake-up Call to the European Union,"
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/EUR01/002/2013/en/, (April 1, 2013).
37 Grygierowska,"When a Home is not a House: The Destruction of Romani Personal Property as a Human Rights Violation,”
578-579.
38 Astier, “France’s Unwanted Roma.”
39 Erik Bleich, “The French Model: Color-Blind Integration,” Color Lines: Affirmative Action, Immigration, And Civil Rights
Options For America, (June 2001), 270-296.
40 Catherine Ariel Mingoya, “Building Together: Tiny House Villages for the Homeless: A Comparative Case Study” Master’s
Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, (2015) 3.
35
Beckmeyer 8
have traditionally been developed to meet the needs of the growing homeless population in the
United States. There are villages in cities both large and small that have successfully housed
chronically homeless individuals and families. Most importantly, they have provided a physical
address for people who did not or could not obtain one before.
Constructing tiny houses ranges from $200USD to $18,000USD (€186.25 to €16,762.90)
per unit, depending on the materials and amenities included.41 In the second quarter of 2015, the
average cost of construction in France was €1,614 per meter squared.42 Therefore, a modest
dwelling of 30 square meters could cost €48,420. France could build three high end tiny homes
for the price of one moderate apartment. At such a low cost, the risk of experimenting with tiny
houses for the Roma is minimal, especially when considering the resources required to evict 300
Roma per day.43
Dignity Village, a tiny house village in Portland, Oregon, has been in operation for ten
years. Residents pay a low monthly rent of $35USD and volunteer in the village for at least ten
hours in order to maintain the property. The investment into the living space not only develops a
sense of ownership, but also a sense of what its namesake claims – dignity.44 For those unable to
pay the monthly rent cost, eviction is the last option. More often, increased volunteer hours
function as a means to “pay” rent. For many Roma, this model would allow them to live in a
clean, legal, and affordable community.
There may be a question of whether tiny houses are actually considered legitimate in
France, as legitimacy of the housing and the housing lifestyle is vital. With the current
acceptance of tiny housing among niche groups in France, it can be argued that tiny housing is
indeed recognized as a legitimate alternative to traditional housing styles. From blogs to
Facebook groups to luxury tiny house hotels, France has embraced the concept of tiny houses for
mainstream society.45 That this housing is considered acceptable and legal for the mainstream
illustrates its legitimacy as housing for any purpose.
Mingoya, “Building Together: Tiny House Villages for the Homeless: A Comparative Case Study,” 13-69.
"Cost-of-construction Index – Second Quarter of 2015," Insee: National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies,
http://www.insee.fr/en/themes/info-rapide.asp?id=102, (2015).
43 Marion Candau, "France Evicts 300 Roma per Week," EurActiv, http://www.euractiv.com/sections/social-europe-jobs/franceevicts-300-roma-week-311839, (February 5, 2015).
44 Mingoya, “Building Together: Tiny House Villages for the Homeless: A Comparative Case Study,” 69-72.
45 See Kent Griswold, "French Tiny House Site," Tiny House Blog, //tinyhouseblog.com/announcement/french-tiny-house-site/,
(September 29, 2015); "Tiny House France," Tiny House France, http://tinyhousefr.fr/; "Tiny Houses Come to France,"
FrenchEntre, https://www.frenchentree.com/france-forum/topic/tiny-houses-come-to-france/; "Bienvenue La Tiny House," La
Tiny House, http://www.latinyhouse.com/; "Tiny House France," Tiny House France,
https://www.facebook.com/tinyhousefrance.
41
42
Beckmeyer 9
Tiny houses would allow France to meet the minimum standards for adequate housing, an
obligation at which they are currently failing, as well as meet the established human right to
housing. Furthermore, this model may finally provide a possibility for Roma integration into
French society. This would not only benefit the Roma, who currently live in unsanitary and
unstable conditions, but it would provide a benefit to maintaining the French model and ideals of
color-blind integration, whether positive or negative.
Should the French develop tiny house villages, improving upon the slums and shanty
towns, only to see the Roma leave or behave in a way that deems legal eviction necessary, there
would still be no risk involved. For one, the French will have proved themselves correct and
perhaps the Roma are actually incapable of integrating into French society. They may then have
justification to evict Roma; however, those evictions may be legal and not condemned by the
European and international community. Secondly, the space left unoccupied by a Roma can be
used for any population seeking affordable, communal housing – even new Roma migrants
coming to France. Either way, the French will have provided a humane solution to their current
predicament.
Beckmeyer 10
Bibliography
"Bienvenue La Tiny House," La Tiny House. Accessed November 15, 2015.
http://www.latinyhouse.com/.
"Brussels Threatens France over Roma Policy," The Local, September 25, 2013, Accessed
November 11, 2015. http://www.thelocal.fr/20130925/Brussels-France-valls-romaevictions-human-rights.
"Census of Forced Evictions in Living Areas Occupied by Roma (or Persons Identifying
Themselves as Such) in France," European Roma Rights Centre, October 15, 2015.
Accessed November 12 2015. http://www.errc.org/cms/upload/file/france-census-offorced-evictions-3rd-quarter-15-october-2015.pdf.
"Cost-of-construction Index – Second Quarter of 2015," Insee: National Institute of Statistics and
Economic Studies, 2015. Accessed November 15, 2015.
http://www.insee.fr/en/themes/info-rapide.asp?id=102.
"Police Evacuate France's Oldest Shanty Town," The Local, August 27, 2015, Accessed
November 11, 2015. http://www.thelocal.fr/20150827/police-bring-down-frances-oldestshanty-town.
"Report 2007-2008." Romeurope, September 1, 2008. Accessed November 12, 2015.
http://www.romeurope.org/IMG/pdf/romeurope-report-2007-20081.pdf.
"Tiny House France," Tiny House France. Accessed November 16, 2015. http://tinyhousefr.fr/.
"Tiny House France," Tiny House France. Accessed November 16, 2015.
https://www.facebook.com/tinyhousefrance.
"Tiny Houses Come to France," FrenchEntre. Accessed November 16, 2015.
https://www.frenchentree.com/france-forum/topic/tiny-houses-come-to-france/.
Amnesty International, "Human Rights Here, Roma Rights Now: A Wake-up Call to the
European Union," Amnesty International, April 1, 2013. Accessed November 11, 2015.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/EUR01/002/2013/en/.
Astier, Henry. "France's Unwanted Roma," BBC News, February 13, 2014, Accessed November
12, 2015. http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-25419423.
Birch, Anthony, “National Integration,” In Nationalism and National Integration, 36-51,
London: Unwin Hyman Ltd, 1989.
Bleich, Erik. “The French Model: Color-Blind Integration,” Color Lines: Affirmative Action,
Immigration, and Civil Rights Options for America, edited by, John D. Skrentny,
Chicago: University of Chicago Press (2001). 270-296.
Beckmeyer 11
Brubaker, Rogers, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany, Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1992.
Candau, Marion. "France Evicts 300 Roma per Week," EurActiv, February 5, 2015, Accessed
November 13, 2015. http://www.euractiv.com/sections/social-europe-jobs/france-evicts300-roma-week-311839.
Carrera, Sergio. “Shifting Responsibilities for EU Roma Citizens. The 2010 French affair on
Roma evictions and expulsions continued,” CEPS Paper in Liberty and Security in
Europe, no. 55 (June 2013): 1-23.
COHRE v France, Complaint No 63/2010, (June 28, 2011).
Council of the European Union, Council Directive 2000/43/EC Of 29 June 2000 Implementing
The Principle Of Equal Treatment Between Persons Irrespective Of Racial Or Ethnic
Origin.
Council of the European Union, Council Directive 2004/113/EC Of 13 December 2004
Implementing The Principle Of Equal Treatment Between Men And Women In The
Access To And Supply Of Goods And Services.
ECSR, FEANTSA v France, Complaint No 39/2006, December 5, 2007.
EU Agency on Fundamental Human Rights, Housing Conditions of Roma and Travellers,
France, 2009. Accessed November 11, 2015.
Griswold, Kent, "French Tiny House Site," Tiny House Blog, September 29, 2015,
tinyhouseblog.com/announcement/french-tiny-house-site/.
Grygierowska, Karolina. "When a Home is not a House: The Destruction of Romani Personal
Property as a Human Rights Violation," Emory International Law Review volume 28, no.
1 (2014): 557-595.
Jovanović, Djordje, Tara Bedard, and Robert Kushen. Standards Do Not Apply: Inadequate
Housing in Romani Communities, Budapest: European Roma Rights Centre, 2010.
Accessed November 14, 2015.
Mingoya, Catherine Ariel, “Building Together: Tiny House Villages for the Homeless: A
Comparative Case Study” Master’s Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015.
Mowbray, Alastair. "Article 8 Right to Respect for Private and Family Life," Cases, Materials,
and Commentary on the European Convention on Human Rights, 2012. Accessed
November 11, 2015.
Beckmeyer 12
Pew Research Center, "Chapter 4: Views of Roma, Muslims, Jews." Pew Research Centers
Global Attitudes Project, 2014. Accessed November 13, 2015.
http://www.pewglobal.org/2014/05/12/chapter-4-views-of-roma-muslims-jews/.
Reception and Accommodation of Travellers Act (No. 2000-614 of 5 July 2000).
Smith, Andrew J., “The Politics of Roma Expulsions in France and the European Union”
Master’s Thesis, University of North Carolina, 2014.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), General Comment No. 7:
The right to adequate housing (Art.11.1): forced evictions, E/1998/22, 20 May 1997.
UN General Assembly, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, 21 December 1965.
UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, United
Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 993, 16 December 1966.
Beckmeyer 13
Multiculturalism in W. Europe and N. American
Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University
ESSAY ASSESSMENT FORM
Student’s
name:
Name of
assessor:
Claire Slingsby
Date:
24-112015
Please refer to the field research handout if you have any questions
Excellent
Good
Average
Poor
Not
acceptable
Comments
1) Introduction
a) Does the introduction
have a clear thesis
statement or hypothesis?
x
b) Is this sustained in the
report?
x
2) Methods
a) Is the methodology clearly
explained?
x
b) Is the methodology
integrated into the report?
x
c) Was the methodology
clearly executed?
x
3) Data Usage
a) Is there enough data to
support the hypothesis?
x
b) Has the source material
been well integrated into the
report?
x
Maybe you could write that you
are doing a literature research
Beckmeyer 14
c) Is the data well
documented?
x
4) Representation/
Reflections
a) Do these connect to your
hypothesis?
x
You didn’t do any fieldwork.
b) Is the fieldwork
experience well-integrated?
5) Interpretation
a) Is the data synthesized
well?
x
b) Is the report sufficiently
critical?
c) Have you combined this
report with the information
you learned in class?
x
d) What is the significance of
your report?
x
x
Maybe you could elaborate
more on concepts such as
for example ‘assimilation’ and
‘integration’.
7) Expression/Presentation
a) Are the style, grammar
and general use of English
adequate?
x
b) Is the report professionally
presented?
x
8) Closing
Remarks/Referencing
a) Is the thesis re-stated?
b) Were your conclusions
summed up?
x
x
Personally I think it’d be
more professional if you had
headings (introduction,
policy suggestion,
conclusion etc.). Now it’s a
long piece of text not giving the
reader a break.
Beckmeyer 15
c) Are your sources properly
acknowledged? Remember,
fieldwork is documented!
Field Report grade:
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