Western Sierra 2010-2011
FINALS STUDY GUIDE
General Science
Vocabulary and Concepts
Quantitative –
Qualitative –
Cause and Effect –
Correlation –
Independent Variable –
Dependent Variable –
Controlled Variable –
Baseline –
Control Group –
Placebo –
Trials –
Accuracy –
Precision –
Standard Deviation –
Scatterplot w/ best-fit, equation of the fit, error bars –
Dimensional Analysis –
CHEMISTRY
NAME______________
1
Western Sierra 2010-2011
FINALS STUDY GUIDE
CHEMISTRY
NAME______________
2
Practice Problems
1) Design an experiment to test the hypothesis, “If studying is distributed over a greater span of time, then longterm information retention increases as a logarithmic function.”
2) Explain the difference between results which show a correlation and results which show a cause-and-effect
relationship. Then describe how controlled variables, a baseline, control group, and or placebo could help with
proving cause-and-effect status.
3) Fully analyze the following data:
IV: Inflation Pressure
(PSI)
10
20
30
40
DV: Bounce Height
(m), Trial 1
0.93
1.32
1.73
2.01
DV: Bounce Height
(m), Trial 2
1.01
1.35
1.73
1.98
DV: Bounce Height
(m), Trial 3
0.97
1.29
1.70
2.04
4) Use dimensional analysis to solve the following problems:
a. A branch is 3.6 feet long. How many inches is this?
b. A quarterback has a season running total of 589 yards. How many miles is this?
c. A table measures 16,000 cm2. How many m2 is it?
d. A piece of aluminum has a specific heat of .897 J/(g *K) and a mass of 10 grams. If the temperature rises
by 10 degrees Kelvin, how many Joules of energy must have been added?
5) Create a scatterplot for the data below. Scale and label the axis appropriately. Add a best-fit line or curve with
error bars, and find the equation of that shape to the best of your math abilities.
Guitar Volume
V (dB) SPL (Pa)
100
2
90
1.95
80
1.9
70
1.85
60
1.78
50
1.7
40
.6
30
1.48
10
1
0
0
Western Sierra 2010-2011
FINALS STUDY GUIDE
CHEMISTRY
Atomic Theory
Vocabulary and Concepts
Sub-Atomic Particles –
Electron –
Proton –
Neutron –
Atomic Number –
Atomic Mass Atomic Theory –
Democritus –
Dalton –
Thompsen –
Milkin –
Chadwick –
Rutherford –
Bohr –
Avagadro –
Bread-pudding Model –
Electron Orbital Model –
Electron Cloud Model (aka Probability Distribution Model) –
Nuclear Reaction –
Radioactive Decay –
Half-life –
Alpha, Beta, Gamma Radiation –
Isotope –
Fusion, Fission –
NAME______________
3
Western Sierra 2010-2011
FINALS STUDY GUIDE
CHEMISTRY
NAME______________
4
Practice Problems
1) Describe the work and significance of that work for each scientist who advanced our understanding of the
Atomic Model. (Democritus, Dalton, Milken, Rutherford, Bohr, Chadwick)
2) Give an example of a chemical, physical and nuclear reaction and briefly compare and contrast what is
happening to the atoms or molecules during each.
3) Identify the atomic mass of an element which has 15 protons and, 15 neutrons 90% of the time, 16 neutrons 8%
of the time, and 17 neutrons 2% of the time. Remember to use a weighted average, not a straight average.
4) Cs-56 undergoes Beta decay, and then undergoes Alpha decay. How does the atom end up? At each step of the
way, track how many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus.
5) An early human would have accumulated about 100. g of radioactive C-14 during its life time. The fossil is found
today to have 3.13 g of C-14. The half-life of C-14 is 5730 years. How old is the fossil?
6) I have .5 kg of sodium chloride (NaCl). How many mols is this? How many molecules is this?
7) Write an example of a balanced nuclear reaction for fusion and for fission.
8) Explain why gamma radiation is considered more dangerous than alpha or beta particles.
Electron Orbitals
Vocabulary and Concepts
Orbital (S,P,D,F) –
Inner Shell, Valence Shell –
Period –
Group (include group names)–
Region (Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids, and Halogens, properties of) –
Ionization number –
Pauli –
Aufbau –
Hund –
Electronegativity (include trends)–
Atom radius (include trends) –
Spectroscopy, Emission and absorption lines –
Western Sierra 2010-2011
FINALS STUDY GUIDE
CHEMISTRY
NAME______________
5
Practice Problems
1) Define Pauli’s Exclusion Principle and Hund’s Rule, and create the Aufbau Diagram.
2) Use the periodic table and the Aufbau diagram to create an e- map, diagram, and Lewis Dot Diagram of calcium
(Ca). Use Hund’s Rule to determine how Ca might ionize.
3) Create an outline of the periodic table, and label each of the groups.
4) What are properties that metals have but non-metals don’t. Identify the metals, nonmetals, and semi-metals on
a sketch of the periodic table.
5) Explain and diagram how an atom’s electrons can create a certain wavelength of light.
6) Identify the trends across the period table for electronegativity, atomic radii, and ionization energy. (The third
part is best represented by a fairly detailed line graph)
D
B
E
A
C
7) The group labeled A in the diagram above is called:
a) Halogens
b) Noble Gases
c) Metals
d) Alkaline Metals
e) None of the above
8) The location labeled B in the diagram above has the electron map:
a) 1s2 2s2 3s2 p b) 1s2 p2 2s p6 d1
c) 1s2 2s2 p2 3s2 p2
d) 1s2 2s2 p1
e) None of the above
9) The location labeled B in the diagram above is in the:
a) Halogens
b) Metals
c) Non-metals d) Boron Group
e) None of the above
10) The location labeled C in the diagram above is:
a) a Transition Metal b) in Period 2 c) an Alkali Metal
d) not Conductive
e) None of the above
11) The element in position A in the diagram above normally has:
a) 11 protons and 23 electrons b) 12 protons and 11 neutrons c) 11 protons and 12 neutrons
d) 23 protons and 1 neutrons e) None of the above
12) 6) The element in position E in the diagram above normally has:
a) 2 valence electrons
b) 9 valence electrons
c) 10 valence electrons
d) 7 valence electrons
e) None of the above
13) 7) The element in position B has the orbital diagram:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Western Sierra 2010-2011
FINALS STUDY GUIDE
CHEMISTRY
NAME______________
Electronegativity and Bonds
Vocabulary and Concepts
Element vs. Molecule–
Substance vs. Compound vs. Mixture –
Homogeneous, Heterogeneous Chemical Bond –
Nonpolar Covalent Bond –
Polar Covalent Bond –
Ionic Bond –
Metallic Bond –
VSEPR Theory –
Bond and non-bonding e- pairs –
Lewis Dot Diagram –
Stick Diagram –
Intermolecular Forces (Van derWaals, Dipole Interaction, Hydrogen Bonding) –
Practice Problems
1) What kinds of intermolecular forces are there, how do they work, and how are the relevant to our daily lives?
2) Explain why organic chemistry is most often associated with covalent bonds while inorganic chemistry is most
often associated with ionic bonds.
3) Create a Lewis Dot Diagram and identify the VSEPR shape for the following molecules:
a. CO2
b. H2O
c. NPO4
d. N2
e. CH4
4) Evaluate which type of bond is formed in the following molecules or substances:
a. NaCl
b. Cl2
c. HCl
d. Na
6
Western Sierra 2010-2011
FINALS STUDY GUIDE
Inorganic Chemistry
Vocabulary and Concepts
Law of Conservation of Mass, Stochiometry –
Chemical Reaction –
Single Substitution –
Redox Electrochemical potential (voltage) –
Anode, Cathode, Electrolyte –
Double Substitution –
Neutralization –
Precipitation –
Synthesis –
Photosynthesis –
Decomposition –
Respiration –
Combustion –
Percent Yield –
CHEMISTRY
NAME______________
7
Western Sierra 2010-2011
FINALS STUDY GUIDE
CHEMISTRY
NAME______________
8
Practice Problems
Balance and categorize the following reactions. If the reaction is a redox, determine what voltage would be associated
with it. Also, assuming you have 1 mol of the first reactant, unlimited amounts of the other reactants, and 50% yield,
what masses of each product will you end up with?
1)
_Mg_ O_ + _P_  _Mg_P_ + _O_
2)
_Na_OH_ + _ H_(SO4)_  _Na_(SO4)_ + _H_O
3)
_Al_P_ + _Ca_ _Al _+ _Ca_P_
4)
_(NH4)_Cl_ + _F_ _(NH4)_F_ + _Cl_
5)
_C2H6 + _O_  _C_O_ + _H_O_
6) Design a battery by writing the half reactions and full reaction for it. Using the table of electrochemical potentials in
your book, determine what voltage it will produce.
Western Sierra 2010-2011
FINALS STUDY GUIDE
CHEMISTRY
NAME______________
Organic Chemistry
Vocabulary and Concepts
Organic vs. Inorganic –
Monomer, Polymer –
Organic Compounds Carbohydrate –
Proteins –
Ribonucleic Acids –
Lipids –
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons –
Isomers (trans, cis, stereo) –
**All alkane, bonding, functional group, and IUPAC naming conventions in your Guide to O-Chem packet**
9
Western Sierra 2010-2011
FINALS STUDY GUIDE
CHEMISTRY
NAME______________
Practice Problems
Complete the table by filling in the missing two areas with a IUPAC name, sketch, and formula.
Name
Sketch
Formula
1) 2-Amine 1,3-Cyclopentene
2)
3)
4) 1-Methyl 3-Heptynanone
5) 2,2-Dimethyl 1-Propanoic Acid
F H
H
| |
|
H—C —C=C — C—H
|
| |
H H-C-H H
|
H
C6H6O(OH)5 (aka Glucose)
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