Biology Semester 2 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Honors Extensions Appear In Boxes
REMEMBER TO REUSE THE FIRST SEMESTER REVIEW AS THE EOC IS CUMULATIVE
UNIT 6: MOLECULAR GENETICS
Match the following terms to their definitions
__1
Binary Fission
A
the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another through the liquid in
which the bacteria live.
__2
Chromosome
B
the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Individual nucleotide monomers are linked
together to form polymers, or long chains. DNA chains store genetic information,
while RNA chains perform a variety of roles integral to protein synthesis.
__3
DNA Polymerase
C
The same codons are assigned to the same amino acids and to the same START and
STOP signals in the vast majority of genes in animals, plants, and microorganisms
__4
Helicase
D
Before a cell can divide, it must duplicate all of its DNA. In eukaryotes, this occurs
during S phase of the cell cycle.
__5
Ligase
E
When the replication process is complete, two DNA molecules — identical to each
other and identical to the original — have been produced. Each strand of the original
molecule has remained intact as it served as the template for the synthesis of a
complementary strand.
__6
Nucleotides
F
In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures
called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times
around proteins called histones that support its structure.
__7
Protein Synthesis
G
guides the formation of a DNA complementary strand - not an exact copy of itself.
__8
Replication
H
An enzyme that unwinds the DNA helix at the replication fork, to allow the resulting
single strands to be copied.
__9
Semiconservative
I
An enzyme that seals nicks in one strand of double stranded DNA created where the
discontinuous segments of DNA were formed on the lagging strand.
__10 Single-strand Binding
J
Enzyme that matches DNA nucleotides to the template strand of a DNA molecule
Protein
during replication
__11
Template Strand
K
Protein that binds to single-stranded DNA usually near the replication fork to
stabilize the single strands.
__12 Transcription
L
The process in which a parent cell splits into two daughter cells of approximately
equal size. Simple cell division in single-celled prokaryotic organisms.
__13 Transformation
M
The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template. The process whereby RNA is
synthesized from a DNA template.
__14 Translation
N
The ribosome-mediated production of a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is
derived from the codon sequence of an mRNA molecule.
__15 Universal Genetic Code
O
The creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA and various enzymes.
__16 Biotechnology
A
Small RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosome for polymerization into a
polypeptide.
__17 Cell Cycle
B
An RNA molecule transcribed from the DNA of a gene, and from which a protein is
translated.
__18 Cloning
C
The RNA molecules which are essential structural and functional components of
ribosomes, the organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
__19 Codon
D
A chain of linked amino acids; a protein.
__20 Deletion
E
A section of DNA (three nucleotide pairs in length) or RNA (three nucleotides in
length) that codes for a single amino acid.
__21 Genetically Modified
F
The succession of codons determined by reading nucleotides in groups of three from
Organisms
a specific initiation codon (AUG).
__22 Inversion
G
faulty deletions, insertions, or exchanges of nucleotides in the genetic material
__23 Messenger RNA
H
The replacement of a section of a chromosome in the reverse orientation.
__24 Mutation
I
a chromosome abnormality in which part of a single chromosome has been lost.
__25 Oncogenes
J
The replacement of a specific nucleotide pair by a different pair
__26 Phenotype
K
The physical appearance or biochemical characteristic of an organism as a result of
the interaction of its genotype and the environment.
__27 Polypeptide
L
The cycle of cell growth, replication of the genetic material and nuclear and
cytoplasmic division.
Biology Semester 2 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
__28 Promoting Factors
M
An enzyme that drives both the mitotic and meiotic cycles in all eukaryotic organisms.
__29 Proto-oncogenes
N
Mutated and/or overexpressed version of a normal gene that in a dominant fashion
can release the cell from normal restraints on growth and thus convert a cell into a
tumor cell
__30 Reading Frame
O
A gene that, when mutated or otherwise affected, becomes an oncogene that can
release the cell from normal restraints on growth and thus alone or in concert with
other changes, convert a cell into a tumor cell
__31 Ribosomal RNA
P
Genes whose protein product inhibits mitosis. When mutated, the mutant allele
behaves as a recessive; that is, as long as the cell contains one normal allele, tumor
suppression continues.
__32 Substitution
Q
A set of biological techniques developed through basic research and now applied to
research and product development. In particular, the use by industry of recombinant
DNA, cell fusion, and new bioprocessing techniques.
__33 Transfer RNA
R
refer to living organisms, at all levels, where portions of the DNA from one organism
is generally introduced into and made part of the DNA of another organism
__34 Tumor suppressor Genes S
Using specialized DNA technology to produce multiple, exact copies of a single gene
or other segment of DNA to obtain enough material for further study.
35. What evidence supports the concept of the universal genetic code?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
36. What are the steps of replication in the correct sequence?
37. Explain the term semiconservative replication.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
38. List the primary replication enzymes and describe the function of each.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
39. List the steps of protein synthesis in the correct sequence.
40. What is the complementary DNA strand that matches the following template DNA strand?
T
A
C
G
G
A
G
C
C
A
C
T
41. What is the mRNA strand that matches the following template DNA strand?
T
A
C
G
G
A
G
C
C
T
A
C
Biology Semester 2 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Consider the following codon table
42. What is the mRNA strand that matches the following template DNA strand? Follow up with the amino acid sequence that
matches the DNA.
T
A
C
G
G
A
G
C
C
A
C
T
43. Use the codon table on the previous page, what sequence of mRNA would encode the following amino acid sequence?
a. methionine
b. aspartate
c. glycine
d. glycine
44. A mutation that causes failure to control the cell cycle can lead to _______________.
45. A mutation to a _______________ forms an oncogene that changes normal cells into cancerous cells.
46. Genetically modified organisms can be used to produce large quantities of medicine like insulin. This is an example of the use
of _______________ to improve human quality of life.
UNIT 7: EVOLUTION
1. Define the following:
a. Natural selection
b. Fitness
c.
Artificial selection
d. Gene flow
e.
Genetic drift
f.
Homologous structures
g.
Vestigial structures
h. Gene pool
i.
Allele frequency
Biology Semester 2 Course Review
j.
Behavioral isolation
k.
Geographic isolation
l.
Temporal isolation
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
m. Molecular clock
n.
Speciation
o.
Hominid
Honors Extensions
2. List 5 the conditions necessary for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
You are studying a population of 100 guinea pigs. The allele for rough coat (R) is dominant over the allele for smooth
coat (r). There are 36 guinea pigs with smooth coats. Using the Hardy-Weinberg principle. How many guinea pigs have
rough coats (RR)?
4.
What is a molecular clock and how is it used?
5.
Describe the relationship between extinction and speciation.
6.
What is endosymbiosis and what is the evidence that supports it?
7.
What are the 3 hypotheses about the origin of life on earth?
a.
b.
c.
8.
What are the 3 characteristics that all primates share?
a.
b.
c.
9.
Identify 3 basic trends in hominid evolution.
a.
b.
c.
10. What are 3 adaptations that allowed later hominid species to walk upright?
a.
b.
Biology Semester 2 Course Review
c.
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
11. Classify man from Domain to Species
D =
K =
P =
C =
O =
F =
G =
S =
12. Explain how each of the following support the theory of evolution:
a. Fossil record
b. Comparative anatomy
c.
Comparative embryology
d. Biogeography
e.
Molecular biology
UNIT 8: CLASSIFICATION
1. Define the following:
a. Taxonomy
b. Clade
c.
Cladogram
d. Binomial nomenclature
2.
Identify the 3 domains AND identify the major characteristics of each.
a.
b.
c.
3.
List all the levels of Linnaeus’ classification system from largest to smallest.
4.
Which group of organisms are more closely associated: all of the organisms in the same Kingdom, or all the organisms in
the same genus. Explain your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
5.
What are the 6 kingdoms of life as they are now identified AND the major characteristics of each.
Biology Semester 2 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Honors Extensions
1.
In the cladogram above, what is the define characteristic of the clade for sharks?
2.
In the cladogram above, is the crocodile more closely related to the rabbit or the bird?
3.
What derived characteristic do amphibians, rodents, and birds share?
UNIT 9: PLANTS
Honors Extensions
1. Give the major characteristics of each of the 4 major land plant groups and an example of each.
a. Bryophytes __________________________________________________________________
b. Pterophytes _________________________________________________________________
c. Gymnosperms _______________________________________________________________
d. Angiosperms ________________________________________________________________
Identify the following statements as TRUE or FALSE
____ 2. The cuticle helps decrease water loss by slowing evaporation.
____ 3. Stomata can give leaves a fuzzy appearance and can help protect the plant from predators.
____ 4. Water and minerals are transported from the roots by xylem tissue.
____ 5. Most of a plant consists of meristematic tissue.
6a. Draw and label a diagram of the cross section of a dicot root. Use these choice for labeling:
cortex
endodermis
epidermis
phloem
root hair
xylem
Biology Semester 2 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
6b. Compare and contrast dermal tissue and ground tissue _________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Label the diagram of a flower. Use these choices:
anther
filament
ovary
ovule
petal
sepal
stigma
8. What are the 3 main functions of a stem:
a.
b.
c.
9.
Compare and contrast xylem and phloem.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Describe the relationship between stomata and guard cells
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
11. How is a leaf’s structure related to its function?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
12. What is a fruit and how does it form?
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 10: HUMAN BODY
Biology Semester 2 Course Review
1.
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Label the diagram above
Honors Extensions
2. Identify the function of each of the labels in the above diagram
3.
Label the parts of the brain in the diagram above
Honors Extensions
4. Identify the function of each of the labels in the above diagram
Honors Extensions
Biology Semester 2 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
5.
Identify the structures and functions of the diagram above
6.
What are the 3 common serious diseases of the circulatory system?
a.
b.
c.
7.
What is atherosclerosis and how does it affect blood flow through the cardiovascular system?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
8.
What is hypertension and how does it affect blood flow through the cardiovascular system?
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
9.
Name 3 controllable risk factors for heart disease and stroke.
a.
b.
c.
Biology Semester 2 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
10. Name 3 uncontrollable risk factors for heart disease and stroke.
a.
b.
c.
11. What is cholesterol and how can it affect the circulation of blood throughout the circulatory system?
12. Trace the path of sperm from the testes through fertilization.
13. Identify and describe the 3 main phases of the menstrual cycle.
a.
b.
c.
14. Trace the path and development of the egg from fertilization to implantation.
15. Identify the milestones in each of the trimesters of pregnancy.
16. Identify the structures and functions of the labeled reproductive systems 
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
17. Name 3 nonspecific defenses against pathogens.
Biology Semester 2 Course Review
a.
b.
c.
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
18. What are the body’s specific defenses against pathogens and what is their function?
19. What is an antibody?
20. Compare and contrast humoral and cell mediated immunity.
21. What is a vaccine and what is it used for?
22. What is an antibiotic and for types of infections is it useful?
23. How have vaccines and antibiotics changed the patterns of infectious disease?