Reconstruction (PBS Documentary) The Film and More Film Description On a misty April evening in 1865, a jubilant crowd packed the White House lawn to hear President Abraham Lincoln's first speech since the end of the Civil War. They expected a stirring celebration of the Union victory -- but instead got harsh reality. Even with the South defeated, Lincoln warned, the future would be "fraught with great difficulty." He called the task ahead reconstruction -- a word that returned to American headlines nearly a century and a half later, in the aftermath of the war in Iraq. Even as Lincoln spoke, opposing forces were gathering. Some Americans saw Reconstruction as a chance to build a new nation out of the ashes of war and slavery. Others vowed to wage a new war to protect their way of life, and a racial order they believed ordained by God. Lincoln saw the problem with agonizing clarity. Bitter enemies, North and South, had to be reconciled. And four million former slaves had to be brought into the life of a nation that had ignored them for centuries. In some ways, it was harder than winning the war. Three days after delivering his warning, Lincoln was shot dead. Reconstruction would have to go forward without him. Spanning the momentous years from 1863 to 1877, Reconstruction tracks the extraordinary stories of ordinary Americans -- Southern and Northern, white and black -- as they struggle to shape new lives for themselves in a world turned upside down. Reconstruction's remarkable cast of characters includes Tunis Campbell, a daring former minister who staked out an independent colony for blacks in Georgia's Sea Islands -- and declared it off-limits to whites. Frances Butler, the daughter of a Georgia rice baron, struggled to rebuild her family's plantations -- and to negotiate labor contracts with the very men and women her family used to own. Marshall Twitchell, a battle-scarred Civil War veteran from Vermont, rose to power in the wild northwest corner of Louisiana with deadly consequences. John Roy Lynch, a former slave from Mississippi, was elected to Congress, where he challenged whites' deepest beliefs about race and class. The narratives of these and other unknown players are interwoven with the stories of presidents and generals -- Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman -- and others whose lives were caught up in the epochal struggles of the era. "An old social order had been destroyed," says Eric Foner, historian at Columbia University and author of Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution. "Everything was up for grabs." After four bloody years of civil war, North and South would continue to fight over the meaning of freedom, the meaning of citizenship, and the survival of the nation itself. Reconstruction brings to life this turbulent and complex period through original footage shot on location, primarily in the South (Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina), and with the assistance of regional groups and associations -- the First Louisiana Cavalry Regiment, Company E; the Liberty Greys, Civil War re-enactors based in New England; South Carolina's Gullah/Geechee Sea Island Coalition; and the Thirty-Second Georgia Artillery, among others. Reconstruction shows how, in just a few years, a series of stunning events -- the Emancipation Proclamation, the Fourteenth Amendment granting ex-slaves citizenship in 1868, the enfranchisement of blacks the following year -- reversed centuries-old patterns of race relations in America. People who for generations had been the property of others were now free to run their own lives. The whole Southern world was turned upside down. And yet, despite these challenges and terrible racial violence in this period, so much was accomplished. Reconstruction brought public schools to the South for the first time. Black Southerners were elected to local and national offices. And the nation committed itself to equality under the law for all Americans, regardless of race, by passing the Fourteenth Amendment. Reconstruction laid the groundwork for the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s, and the foundation for the American society we live in today. For Further Reading This page presents a general bibliography for Reconstruction. For books and Web sites related to specific topics including sharecroppers, education, black suffrage and political participation, carpetbaggers, and more, please refer to the Further Reading pages accessible from the topical sections of this site. Web sites Library of Congress: African American Odyssey http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/aohome.html The Library of Congress's American Memory Web site includes this special exhibit tracing African American history and the quest for full citizenship. It includes a section on Reconstruction that provides links to original documents. Documenting the American South http://docsouth.unc.edu/ The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill's Documenting the American South archive has collected and published online over 1200 sources on Southern history, literature and culture, including dozens of first-person accounts of the Civil War and Reconstruction. A subject index provides useful access to the collection. America's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/reconstruction/index.html The Digital History Web site, a collaboration between the University of Houston, the Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, and other institutions, presents an online version of Eric Foner and Olivia Mahoney's exhibit on Reconstruction. Africans in America http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/home.html Companion site to a PBS documentary on America's journey through slavery, this site provides ample primary sources, historian interviews and other resources for learning about slavery from first settlement through the Civil War. American Experience:John Brown's Holy War http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/brown/ Learn about the man whose violent crusade against slavery would spark the Civil War. The site features virtual tours of locations in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia that are important to Brown's story, and an exploration of the song, "John Brown's Body." American Experience:The Time of the Lincolns http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lincolns Explore the long-vanished world of Mary Todd and Abraham Lincoln, including arguments for and against slavery, the economic growth of America in the mid-19th century, women's suffrage, the bloody Civil War, and the partisan politics that divided the nation in two. The site features extensive primary sources, a virtual tour of a slave cabin, and the experiences of a Confederate and a Union soldier as they go to war. American Experience:Ulysses S. Grant http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/grant/ On this American Experience site, pay a visit to Grant's frontier childhood, fight Confederate forces at Shiloh, read one of the most popular books of the 19th century -- Grant's Personal Memoirs -- and learn about the Union general who became a U.S. president during the eras of Civil War and Reconstruction. American Experience: Jubilee Singers http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/singers/ This Web site tells the story of a group of young ex-slaves in Reconstruction-era Nashville, Tennessee, who set out on a mission to save their financially troubled school by giving concerts. The site features audio and video clips of the current-day Fisk University Jubilee Singers performing spirituals. Books Anderson, Eric and Moss, Alfred. The Facts of Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of John Hope Franklin. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991. Angell, Stephen Ward. Bishop Henry McNeal Turner and African-American Religion in the South. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992. Ayer, Edward. The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction. Oxford University Press, 1992. Ayers, Edward L. and Willis, John C., eds. The Edge of the South. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991. Ballard, Allen B. One More Day's Journey. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1984. ----. Where I'm Bound. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000. Bedwell, Randall, ed. May I Quote You, General Grant: Observations and Utterances from The North's Great Generals. Nashville: Cumberland Press, 1998. Benfey, Christopher. Degas in New Orleans: Encounters in the Creole World of Kate Chopin and George Washington Cable. New York: Knopf, 1997. Berlin, Ira, Fields, Barbara, Miller, Steven, et al. Slaves No More. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Berlin, Ira, and Rowland, Leslie S. Freedom: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982, 1993. Blight, David. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001. Botume, Elizabeth Hyde. First Days Amongst the Contrabands. Boston: Lee and Shepard Publishers, 1893. Bradley, Mark L. This Astounding Close: The Road to Bennett Place. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000. Brandwin, Pamela. Reconstructing Reconstruction: The Supreme Court and the Production of Historical Truth. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1999. Catton, Bruce. Grant Moves South, 1861-1863. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. 1960. ----. Grant Takes Command, 1863-1865. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1960. ----. U.S. Grant and the American Military Tradition. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1954. Clinton, Catherine. Civil War Stories. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998. Cox, LaWanda. Freedom, Racism, and Reconstruction: Collected Writings of LaWanda Cox. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997. Currie-McDaniel, Ruth. Carpetbagger of Conscience: A Biography of John Emory Bryant. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1987. Dailey, Jane, Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth, and Simon, Bryant, eds. Jumpin' Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights. Trenton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2000. Davies, Ronald L. Good and Faithful: From Slavery to Sharecropping in the Natchez District, 1860-90. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982. Davis, Jack E. Race Against Time: Culture and Separation in Natchez Since 1930. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001. Dennett, John Richard. The South As It Is: 1865-1866. New York: The Viking Press, 1965. Diffley, Kathleen. Where My Heart Is Turning Ever: Civil War Stories and Constitutional Reform,1861-1875. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1992. Drago, Edmund. Hurrah for Hampton: Black Red Shirts in South Carolina during Reconstruction. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1998. Du Bois, W.E.B. Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880. New York: Touchstone, 1995. Eaton, John. Grant, Lincoln, and the Freedmen. Cambridge: University Press, 1907. Eirligh, Everett. Grant Speaks. New York: Warner Books, 2000. Faust, Drew Gilpin. James Henry Hammond and the Old South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982. Fischer, Roger A. The Segregation Struggle in Louisiana 1862-1877. University of Illinois Press, 1974. Fitzgerald, Michael W. The Union League Movement in the Deep South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989. Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. ----. A Short History of Reconstruction. New York: Perennial Library, 1990. Foner, Eric and Mahoney, Olivia America's Reconstruction: People and Politics after the Civil War . New York: Harper Perennial, 1995. Forbes, Ella. African American Women during the Civil War. New York: Garland, 1998. Frankel, Noralee. Freedom's Women: Black Women and Families in Civil War Era Mississippi. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1999. Franklin, John Hope. Reconstruction after the Civil War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. Grant, Ulysses S. Grant: Memoirs and Selected Letters. Washington, DC: The Library of America, 1990. Gutman, Herbert G. Slavery and the Numbers Game. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975. Hakim, Joy. Reconstruction and Reform, 1865-1870. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Harlan, Malvina Shanklin. Some Memories of A Long Life, 1854-1911. Journal of Supreme Court History, v.26, no. 2, 2001. Hermann, Janet Sharp. Joseph E. Davis: Pioneer Patriarch. University Press of Mississippi, 1990. ----. Pursuit of a Dream. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981. Hesseltine, William B. Ulysses S. Grant: Politican. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1967. Hollandsworth, James An Absolute Massacre: the New Orleans Race Riot of July 30, 1866. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001. Holt, Thomas and Glymph, Thavolia. Major Problems in African-American History: Documents and Essays. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Houzeau, Jean-Charles. My Passage at the New Orleans Tribune: A Memoir of the Civil War Era. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984. Hutchinson, A. Code of Mississippi: Being an Analytical Compilation of the Public and General Statutes of the Territory and State with Tabular References to the Local and Private Acts from 1798 to 1848. Price and Fall, 1848. Jaynes, Gerald David. Branches Without Roots. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Kaltman, Al. Cigars, Whiskey and Winning: Leadership Lessons from General Ulysses S. Grant. Paramus: Prentice Hall Press, 1998. Keegan, John. The Mask of Command. New York: Viking, 1987. Lockett Avary, Myrta. Dixie after the War: An Exposition of Social Conditions Existing in the South During the Twelve Years Succeeding the Fall of Richmond. New York: Doubleday, 1906. Murray, Pauli. Proud Shoes. Boston: Beacon Press, 1956. Nelson, Scott Reynolds. Iron Confederacies: Southern Railways, Klan Violence and Reconstruction. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. Nolen, Claude H. African American Southerners in Slavery, Civil War and Reconstruction. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2001. Pearson, Elizabeth Ware. Letters from Port Royal Written at the Time of the Civil War. Boston: W.B. Clarke Company, 1906. Perret, Geoffrey. Ulysses S. Grant: Soldier and President. New York: Random House, 1997. Potts, Bobby. Historic Homes of the Deep South and Delta Country. New Orleans: Express Publishing, 1992. Richardson, Heather Cox. The Death of Reconstruction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001. Ripley, C. Peter. The Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. IV, The United States, 1847-1858. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. Rosengarten, Theodore. Tombee: Portrait of a Cotton Planter. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1987. Schwalm, Leslie. A Hard Fight For We. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997. Schweiniger, Loren. James T. Rapier and Reconstruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978. Shockley, Ann Allen. Afro-American Women Writers. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1988. Simpson, Brooks D. The Reconstruction Presidents. St. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998. Smith, Jean Edward. Grant. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001. Smith, John David. Black Voices from Reconstruction, 1865-1877. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1997. Sterling, Dorothy. We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the 19th Century. New York: W.W. Norton, 1984. Sumners, Cecil L. The Governors of Mississippi. New York: Pelican Publishing Company, 1998. Taylor, Richard. Deconstruction and Reconstruction. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1955. Thomas, Benjamin, ed. Three Years With Grant. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955. Tindall, George Brown. South Carolina Negroes, 1877-1900. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1952. White, Howard A. The Freedmen's Bureau in Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1970. Wilkie, Curtis. Dixie: A Personal Odyssey Through Historic Events That Shaped the Modern South. New York: Scribner, 2001. Wilkins, Roger. Jefferson's Pillow: The Founding Fathers and the Dilemma of Black Patriotism. Boston: Beacon Press, 2001. Willis, John C. Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta after the Civil War. Charlottesville: University Press of Viriginia, 2000. Woodward, C. Vann. The Burden of Southern History. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1993. ----. The Strange Career of Jim Crow: A Commemorative Edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. The Shaping of Southern Culture: Honor, Grace, and War, 1760s1890s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. Zuczek, Richard. State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996. Acknowledgements Consult the further reading page for a list of books and Web sites related to Reconstruction. A number of people appeared on-camera and/or acted as advisors and are listed below. See the complete film credits for more information. On-camera interview subjects Edward L. Ayers, historian David W. Blight, historian Russell Duncan, historian Drew Gilpin Faust, historian Eric Foner, historian James G. Marston, III, descendant of planter Dana D. Nelson, historian Nell Irvin Painter, historian Ted Tunnell, historian Clarence E. Walker, historian Advisors Edward L. Ayers Ira Berlin David W. Blight Eric Foner James O. Horton Leon Litwack Nina Silber Clarence E. Walker Film Credits Reconstruction The Second Civil War Episode One PRODUCED & DIRECTED BY Llewellyn M. Smith TELESCRIPT BY Llewellyn M. Smith STORY BY Elizabeth Deane & Patricia Garcia Rios EDITED BY Randall MacLowry SERIES PRODUCER Elizabeth Deane ORIGINAL CONCEPT DEVELOPED BY Paul Taylor ASSOCIATE PRODUCERS Lillian Baulding Cathleen O'Connell PRODUCTION COORDINATOR Jamila Wignot DIRECTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY Kyle Kibbe CAMERA Tom Fahey Steve McCarthy Boyd Estus MUSIC BY Tom Phillips NARRATOR Dion Graham PRODUCTION MANAGER Susan Chalifoux ART DIRECTOR Katha Seidman ARCHIVAL RESEARCHER Michael Mushlitz BUSINESS MANAGER John Van Hagen PRODUCTION ASSISTANT Liz Richards ASSISTANT CAMERA Jonathan Weaver Jill Tufts Robert Pagliaro FIELD AUDIO Clint Bramesco Steve Bores Eric Darling Darrell Henke Mark Jervis NARRATION RECORD John Jenkins COLORIST & ON-LINE EDITOR Michael H. Amundson SOUND MIX Heart Punch Studio POST PRODUCTION SERVICES OutPost STILL PHOTO ANIMATION Berle Cherney, Visual Productions, Inc. Frank Capria, Kingpin Productions PHOTO RESTORATION Frank Capria, Kingpin Productions Heidi Wormser, Magic Box Studio MUSIC CONSULTANT Rena Kosersky MUSIC MIXER R. Berred Ouellette ADDITIONAL MUSIC "Row Michael Row" by The Moving Hall Star Singers From Been In The Storm So Long Smithsonian Folkways SF 40031 Provided courtesy of Smithsonian Folkways Recordings (c) 1990 Used by permission "Nobody Knows The Trouble I Seen" Sung by Queen Quet Marquetta L. Goodwine ACTORS Abraham Lincoln Richard E. Swanson Tunis Campbell William R. Faulkner VOICES Kate Stone Karen MacDonald Garrison Frazier Edward McCluney O.O. Howard & Thaddeus Stevens William S. LeBow. GAFFERS Gordon Minard John Reynolds Patrick Ruth GRIPS Ned Boggan Jason Bowen Dave Cambria Buzz Canon Geoff Gann Donald Lenear Paul Lowery James Mitchell Pierre O'Halloran Jason Scott Angelo Suasnovar WARDROBE Ann Yoost Brecke Marlanie Vidarre ART DEPARTMENT ASSISTANTS Kristie Allen Sarah Fox Angie Woodard R. Susan Woods Andy Young LOCATIONS 'Bama Belle, Tuscaloosa, AL Benjamin Doom House, Bardstown, KY Birdsville, Millen, GA Cotton Point Plantation, Shreveport, LA Endicott Estate, Needham, MA The Mary Baker Eddy Library for the Betterment of Humanity, Chestnut Hill, MA Evergreen Plantation, Edgard, LA Oak Alley Plantation, Vacherie, LA Oakland Plantation, Natchitoches, LA Ossabaw Island, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Richmond Hill, GA The Paine Estate, Waltham, MA Peabody Institute Library, Town of Danvers, Danvers, MA North Carolina State Capitol Building, State Capitol Foundation, Inc., Raleigh, NC Riverside, The Farnsley-Moreman Landing, Louisville, KY Seabrook Village, Midway, GA Warnell Timber & Land, LP, Groveland, GA SPECIAL THANKS TO Alabama Film Office The Andrew Family Andy Young 'Bama Belle, Tuscaloosa, AL Beau Fort Plantation and the Brittain Family Cane River Creole National Historic Park Jeanne Silver, Costume Shop Danvers Electric Division Jim Davis Dell's Leather Works Diane Brainerd, MIT Theater Shop Dividing Ridge Farm Troy Siegfreid, Emerson College Theater Shop 1st Louisiana Cavalry Regiment, Company E Georgia Department of Natural Resources Green-Meldrim House (St. John's Episcopal Church) Shirley Ford, the Green-Meldrim House, Savannah, GA Wayne Ford, Tuscaloosa County Extension System, Arthur T. Gregorian Rugs Gullah/Geechee Sea Island Coalition Richard Holloway, Fort Jesup State Historic Site Presley Hutchens Verlaine Lane The Liberty Greys Louisiana Film Commission Marika's Antiques James G. Marston III Henry Mintz Jim Kindred, Military Warehouse Jennifer Moss Mary Beth Tarver Nicholas Villamizar, Sounds Good Productions North Carolina State Capitol Ossabaw Island Foundation Peabody Institute Library, Danvers, Massachusetts Lisa Pereira Raymond Beck, Historian & Researcher, North Carolina State Capitol Savannah Film Commission Seabrook Village 68th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Ann and Steve Smith Societé d'Europe Theatre Tuscaloosa: Doug Perry, Jeanette Robertson Third South Carolina Cavalry Thirty-Second Georgia Artillery 28th Massachusetts Regiment Tybee Island Tours University of Alabama Center for Public Television and Radio University of Copenhagen INTERNS Mark Benson Megan Buhr Linda Karlsson Carter Hilary Green Elida Kamine David Medina Jamila Moore Amita Potis Rashmi Singh ARCHIVE MATERIALS Alabama Department of Archives and History America By Air Amistad Research Center at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) - Savannah Branch Brown Brothers Chicago Historical Society Chicago Tribune Civil War Times Claude Thomas Weldon Collection of Joe, Cory and Sky Bauman, Salt Lake City Collection of Lawrence T. Jones Corbis Courtesy of the Atlanta History Center The Dagenhart Family Collection David Grubin Productions Dr. Thomas and Karen Sweeney Collection: General Sweeny's Museum The Penn School Collection. Permission granted by Penn Center Inc., St. Helena Island, SC George S. Whiteley, IV Georgia Division of Archives and History, Office of Secretary of State Georgia Historical Society, Savannah, Georgia Gilder Lehrman Collection Granger Collection Greg French Harold C. Fisher Harper's Weekly Historic New Orleans Collection, Williams Research Center Historical Society of Washington, DC Illinois State Historical Library J. Paul Getty Museum James Bultema John E. Allen John T. Dees, M.D. Library Company of Philadelphia Library of Congress Louisiana State University Library LSU in Shreveport, Noel Memorial Library Madison Bay Company (Leib Image Archives) Massachusetts Historical Society Michael C. Dove Mississippi Department of Archives & History Mrs. Ambrose Lee Mrs. Claude L. Bowers Mrs. Mary Twitchell Museum of the Confederacy National Archives National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution New Hampshire Historical Society New Orleans Public Library, Louisiana Division, Mugnier Collection New Orleans Tribune New York Daily Tribune New York Times New York Tribune New-York Historical Society North Carolina Office of Archives and History, Raleigh North Carolina State Capitol Northwestern State University of LA, Watson Memorial Library, Cammie G. Henry Research Center Patrice Shelton Lassiter, Powerpointe Archives Peter Mull Papers, Duke University, Special Collections Library Philadelphia Inquirer Photographic History Collection, NMAH, Smithsonian Institution Rufus and S. Willard Saxton Papers, Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library Savannah Daily News and Herald Social Media South Carolina Historical Society South Carolina Leader Special Collections & Archives, Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University Spy Pond Productions The Colored American The Legal Georgian The Loyal Georgian The New York Public Library Thomas and Joan Gandy Collection Tom Farish United States Congress University of Georgia, Athens: William Wilson Photographic Archive, Hargrett Collection University of Georgia Libraries, Special Collections Division University of Tennessee, Special Collections Dept. University of Texas at El Paso Library, Special Collections Department University of the South Archives US Army Military History Institute Valentine Museum, Richmond History Center Virginia Historical Society Warshaw Collection, Archives Center, NMAH, Smithsonian Institution Washington County Historical Society West Point Museum Art Collection, United States Military Academy WGBH William A. Albaugh III Collection William Turner Wisconsin Historical Society ADVISORS Edward L. Ayers Ira Berlin David W. Blight Eric Foner James O. Horton Leon Litwack Nina Silber Clarence E. Walker For AMERICAN EXPERIENCE POST PRODUCTION James E. Dunford Gregory Shea SERIES DESIGNER Alison Kennedy ON-LINE EDITOR Mark Steele Spencer Gentry SOUND MIX John Jenkins SERIES THEME Mark Adler BUSINESS MANAGER John Van Hagen PROJECT ADMINISTRATION Nancy Farrell Vanessa Ruiz Helen R. Russell Rebekah Suggs LEGAL Jay Fialkov Maureen Jordan DIRECTOR, NEW MEDIA Maria Daniels PROJECT COORDINATOR, NEW MEDIA Ravi Jain PUBLICITY Daphne B. Noyes Johanna Baker Leslie Sepuka COORDINATING PRODUCER Susan Mottau SERIES EDITOR Sharon Grimberg VICE PRESIDENT, NATIONAL PROGRAMMING Margaret Drain EXECUTIVE PRODUCER Mark Samels American Experience is a production of WGBH Boston, which is solely responsible for its content. (c) 2004 WGBH Educationl Foundation All rights reserved.