Top 10 Battles of World War II
World War II was the bloodiest conflict in human history. The world was in a
state of “total war.” Motivated by the threat of global tyranny, the Allies
eventually prevailed, but this victory was marked by battles won and lost. This
list looks at ten battles that decisively changed the course of the war. Battles
are ranked based on what was at stake, and the effect they had on the war as
a whole.
10
The Battle of France
After the German conquest of Poland in September 1939, Hitler turned his
attention to the west. His ultimate goal was to invade the Soviet Union, but he
knew the defeat of the Western European nations was a necessity to avoid a
two-front war. The first step was to invade the Low Countries (The
Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium) and France. Hypothetically,
Germany could then conquer Britain, re-deploy to the East, and fight a onefront war against the Russians.
The German Army was actually outnumbered by the Allies. However, the
numbers game didn’t matter because the German plan was so effective. Once
the Germans invaded the Low Countries, the French Army, and British
Expeditionary Force (BEF) moved north to face the Germans head-on. This
allowed German Army Group A to cut through the Allied defenses in the
Ardennes and advance towards the English Channel, effectively trapping
them with their backs against the sea. A new offensive was launched against
Paris, France fell, and the BEF was evacuated at Dunkirk. The country was
divided into German occupation zones and Vichy France. Germany was then
free to focus on knocking Britain out of the war.
9
Operation Overlord
By the summer of 1944, the Red Army was at Germany’s doorstep. There is
no doubt that the Russians could have singlehandedly defeated Nazi
Germany (hence this ranking at number 9), but Stalin had been putting
pressure on the West to open a second front in an attempt to divert German
resources and bring a quicker end to the war. The American Air Forces and
British Royal Air Force (RAF) had been waging a strategic bombing campaign
since 1942. The Allies controlled the Mediterranean theater, and invaded Italy
in 1943. However, it was strategically necessary to launch a full-scale invasion
of France to destroy the main force of the German Army in Northern Europe.
Operation Overlord commenced with the Normandy landings in June of 1944.
By August, there were more than 3 million Allied troops in France. Paris was
liberated on 25 August, and the German Army had been pushed back
completely, and retreated across the River Seine by 30 August. Germany was
forced to reinforce the Western Front with resources from the Eastern and
Italian Fronts. The result was a decisive Allied strategic victory. By
September, Western Allied forces were approaching the German border. Nazi
Germany would surrender less than a year later. More importantly, Western
Europe was not to be controlled by communist Russia, which had immense
postwar political implications.
8
Battle of Guadalcanal
Up until August 1942, the Allies had been on the defensive in the Pacific
Theatre. The offensive capability of the Japanese had been reduced following
the naval battles of Coral Sea and Midway. However, Japan was still on the
offensive and was planning invasions of Fiji, New Caledonia, and Samoa. By
August 1942, the Imperial Japanese Navy was in the process of constructing
a series of bases in the Solomon Islands that would provide a staging area for
these planned invasions and offer protection of their major base at Rabaul.
The Allies saw this as a major threat to Australia. The Japanese were in the
process of constructing an airfield on Guadalcanal that could increase
Japanese air cover for their naval forces advancing in the South Pacific. The
Allies planned to invade the Solomon Islands in an effort to deny the use of
the islands by the Japanese. This would also be the starting point for an
Island hopping campaign aimed at retaking the Philippines and eventually
invading the Japanese mainland.
On 7 August, 11,000 Marines of the 1st Marine Division under the command
of Major General Alexander Vandergrift landed on Guadalcanal. The only
resistance the Marines faced was the jungle itself. On 8 August, they
successfully secured the Japanese airfield, which the Marines named
“Henderson Field.” The American Navy planned to withdraw from the area on
9 August after Japanese aircraft attacked the fleet during the initial landings.
During the night of 8 August, the Japanese Navy surprised the Allied warships
and sank one Australian and three American cruisers. The Navy could not
afford to lose another carrier, so they left the Marines without unloading
needed equipment and supplies. The Marines formed a perimeter around
Henderson Field and small contingent of American aircraft, known as the
“Cactus Air Force,” stationed there. The Japanese landed thousands of troops
throughout the month and continually attacked the Marines in an attempt to
recapture the airfield. Finally, in February of 1943 the Japanese withdrew their
forces from the Island. The victory at Guadalcanal was an important military
and psychological victory for the Allies. After the campaign, Allied personnel
regarded the Japanese military with less fear than previously. Japanese
general Torashiro Kawabe even said, “As for the turning point, when the
positive action ceased or even became negative, it was, I feel, at
Guadalcanal.”
7
Battle of Leyte Gulf
In June 1944 the Americans had breached Japan’s inner defensive ring and
had bases that could be used by B-29 Superfortresses to bomb the Japanese
home islands. The next step was to cut Japanese supply lines by invading the
Philippines or Formosa (Taiwan). The Allies didn’t have the manpower to take
Formosa, and General Douglas Macarthur had championed an invasion of the
Philippines ever since 1942 when he famously pronounced, “I shall return.”
The Japanese response was to attack the American landing force that was
attempting to take the Philippine island of Leyte. The Japanese Northern
Force would try to lure the American forces away from Leyte. The Southern
Force and the powerful Center Force would then attack the landing area.
The Northern Force successfully diverted the US 3rd fleet under the command
of Admiral William Halsey. The Japanese Southern Force was intercepted and
destroyed by the 7th Fleet Support Force; a substantial fleet of six battleships,
four heavy cruisers, and four light cruisers. Halsey’s decision to take all of the
available strength of the 3rd Fleet northwards left the northern landing area
guarded by 7th Fleet’s slow escort carriers and small destroyers. The
Japanese Center Force of four battleships, six heavy cruisers, two light
cruisers, and eleven destroyers caught the American ships by surprise. The
American destroyers, “small boys,” were ordered to attack. The destroyers’
suicidal attacks on the Center Force convinced the Japanese that they were in
fact being attacked by Halsey’s 3rd fleet. The Japanese withdrew after losing
four carriers, three battleships, eight cruisers, and twelve destroyers. The
Battle of Leyte Gulf was the largest naval battle in history and basically
resulted in the destruction of the Imperial Japanese Navy. For the remainder
of the war, the Japanese could only rely on land forces and Kamikaze attacks.
Their supply of oil and other important war materials from Southeast Asia had
been cut.
6
Battle of Moscow
Hitler’s objective in invading the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) was
always Moscow. This capital city was considered to be extremely important
militarily and politically. The original Axis plan was to capture Moscow within
four months after the start of the invasion of the USSR. The Axis wished to
take the capital before the onset of winter. Autumn rains and stiffened
resistance slowed the Germans, but by December they were less than 19
miles from Moscow. The exhausted Red Army was saved by a terrible
Russian winter, and fresh troops from Siberia, trained for winter warfare.
Temperatures dropped as low as 50 below zero. German troops had no winter
clothing, and the Panzers were not designed to operate in such low
temperatures. On 5 December 1941 the Russians counterattacked and
pushed the German army back.
For the first time, the Germans retreated on a large scale. Operation
Barbarossa had failed. Hitler now faced a war of attrition, something he was
bound to lose. The Germans sustained around 400,000 casualties. More
importantly, Hitler took personal charge of the military and set most
experienced German officers against him. Hitler’s distrust of his senior officers
reduced the German advantage of superior military leadership. The Soviets
did launch offensive the following spring, but this did little more than set the
stage for the Battle of Stalingrad, a battle which they would win.
5
Battle of Kursk
The Battle of Kursk took place after the Battle of Stalingrad, and was the final
offensive the Germans were able to launch in the east. The Germans
envisioned breaking through the northern and southern flanks to encircle the
Soviet forces. However, the Soviets knew Hitler’s intentions and constructed a
series of defensives. The Germans delayed the attack to wait for new Tiger
and Panther tanks, giving the Red Army even more time to dig in and gather
forces for a counterattack. To give some perspective, the defensive networks
around Kursk were 10 times deeper than the Maginot Line. The main German
attack began on 5 July. Due to the depth of the Russian defenses, the
German blitzkrieg was stopped. This was the first time a blitzkrieg offensive
had been defeated before it could break through enemy defenses and into its
strategic depths. After the failed attack, the Red Army counterattacked. The
Germans would be on the defensive for the rest of the war in the east.
The war in Europe would last for two more years, but the time the Battle of
Kursk was over, the Americans and British were on the verge of invading Italy,
the Red Army was on the offensive, and the Allies were producing more war
materials than the Germans. At Kursk alone, the Germans lost 720 tanks, 680
aircraft, and sustained 170,000 casualties. The battle was the largest tank
battle in history, and the Germans paid dearly. By the end of 1943, they were
being pushed back across a broad front in the East, and faced the possibility
of a second front in the west. After three years of war, the Allies finally had the
strategic advantage.
4
Battle of Midway
After Pearl Harbor and the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Japanese hoped to
eliminate the United States as a strategic power in the Pacific Theatre. They
chose to occupy Midway Atoll to extend their defensive perimeter, and to lure
the American aircraft carriers into a fight. Luckily for the Americans, they had
broken the Japanese code and knew roughly where, when, and in what
strength the Japanese would appear. The Japanese, on the other hand, had
no real knowledge of the American’s strength or location. They thought they
would be up against two American carriers, since the USS Yorktown was
severely damaged at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The Yorktown was repaired
in only 72 hours, and was able to join the carriers Enterprise and Hornet for
the battle. They faced four Japanese carriers, but had an airfield on Midway,
so the field was basically even. It was only a matter of which side discovered
the other first.
American B-17s from Midway found the Japanese, under the command of
Admiral Nagumo, on June 3, but failed to hit any targets. On 4 June the initial
attack was launched on Midway. Most American planes operating from
Midway were destroyed, but Nagumo chose to attack Midway again. They had
detected a single American carrier, and decided to arm the planes with antiship weapons, which would take 45 minutes. This wouldn’t matter because
the American aircraft that would deliver the crushing blow were already on
their way. A low flying American torpedo plane squadron was completely
destroyed by the Japanese air patrol, but this opened the door for the SBD
Dauntless dive bombers. Four Japanese carriers were sunk, and most of the
veteran pilots aboard were killed. By the time the Japanese replaced their
three carriers, the US had commissioned two dozen. Midway paved the way
for the landings at Guadalcanal, and gave the Allies the strategic initiative to
be on the offensive for the rest of the war in the Pacific.
3
Operation Barbarossa
The Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union began on 22 June 1941 and ended with
the Battle of Moscow (this specific battle was listed at number five due to its
importance). The total operation involved 8.9 million combatants, over 18,000
tanks, 45,000 aircraft, and some 50,000 artillery pieces on both sides
combined. Like Operation Overlord, Operation Barbarossa actually consisted
of several decisive battles, but the numbers involved, and the fact that the
Soviet Union was plunged into war, places it a number three on this list. When
Germany invaded, the Red Army was caught completely off guard. A nonaggression pact was signed before the German and Soviet invasion of
Poland. Both countries invaded and occupied Poland, but Hitler had always
seen Russia as a source of agriculture, slave labor, oil, and other raw
materials. Even before the Nazis concluded their conquest of the Balkans,
they began to mass over 4.5 million Axis troops near the Soviet border. Three
Army groups were formed; each assigned to capture specific regions and
cities. Army Group North would attack through the Baltic States and take
Leningrad. Army Group Center was tasked with taking Moscow, and Army
Group South was to attack the agricultural heartland of the Ukraine and move
eastward toward the oil-rich Caucasus. The Red Army, although numerically
superior to the Germans, was dispersed, unprepared, and suffered from poor
leadership.
The Germans swiftly advanced across the entire front. Key battles took place
at Smolensk, Uman, and Kiev. Panzer armies were able to encircle and
capture three million Soviet soldiers by the time they reached Moscow. By
December, they had surrounded Leningrad in the north, reached the outskirts
of Moscow in the center, and occupied the entire Ukraine in the south. They
held 500,000 square miles of Soviet territory with over 75 million people. The
Soviets held at Moscow, but not before 800,000 troops were killed, 3,000,000
wounded, and over 3,000,000 captured. 20,000 Soviet tanks and 21,000
aircraft were destroyed. The Germans casualties included 250,000 killed,
500,000 wounded, 2,000 aircraft destroyed, and 2,700 tanks lost. The Soviet
Union would lose 14% of its population in the war: almost 24 million people.
2
Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad was the Midway of the Eastern Front. The battle was
a disaster for Germany, and made victory in the East virtually impossible.
After the Red Army had prevailed at Moscow, the Eastern Front had stabilized
in line running from Leningrad to Rostov near the Black Sea. Hitler was
confident he could defeat the Red Army when the weather was no longer an
issue. The capture of Stalingrad was important because it was a vital
transportation route between the Caspian Sea and northern Russia, and was
the gateway to the oil-rich Caucasus region. Its capture would also be an
ideological victory due to the fact that Stalingrad bore the name of Joseph
Stalin. The battle began with the Luftwaffe reducing the city to rubble and
rendering the River Volga, vitally important for bringing supplies into the city,
unusable. By the end of August, the Germans had reached Stalingrad.
The Soviets tried to keep their front lines as close to the Germans as possible.
This “hugging” tactic in an urban environment negated the German doctrine
which relied on close cooperation between infantry, tanks, engineers, artillery,
and aircraft. German infantry units were forced to fight on their own, or risk
taking casualties from their own supporting fire. The Soviets were able to hold
onto the city until winter. At certain points in the battle, the Germans held 90%
of the city, but the Red Army counterattacked in November and were able to
encircle 300,000 Axis troops. The Germans sustained 841,000 casualties, and
would only launch one more offensive at Kursk, which would end up being
another disastrous defeat.
1
Battle of Britain
If the United Kingdom was knocked out in the war, Hitler could have focused
all of Germany’s military might on the Soviet Union. The Americans and
Soviets would have to fight the Axis alone, and the British Isles could not have
been used as a staging point for Operation Overlord. For these reasons, The
Battle of Britain is without a doubt the most important battle of the Second
World War. The British Expeditionary Force was, for the most part,
successfully evacuated at Dunkirk following the Battle of France. However,
most of their equipment was left in France. At the beginning of the Battle of
Britain the only fully equipped division in England was Canadian. If Germany
achieved air supremacy over the skies of Britain, they could have launched
Operation Sea Lion (the invasion of the British Isles). The Royal Navy would
have been ineffective in stopping the invasion without air cover.
The initial Luftwaffe strategy was to destroy Royal Air Force bases. This
worked quite well until the strategy changed to bombing towns and cities. This
gave the RAF a chance to replace its lost aircraft. Radar was essential.
Without it, the RAF would have to keep planes in the air at all times. They
lacked the resources to do this. Radar allowed fighters to wait on the ground
and coordinate attacks on the German bomber formations. By October of
1940, the Luftwaffe was running low on aircrews and aircraft. German air
supremacy was not achieved, and Hitler postponed Sea Lion indefinitely. The
end of the Battle allowed Britain to rebuild its military and establish itself as an
Allied stronghold. Winston Churchill summed the battle with the words, “Never
in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.”