MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY – chapter 5 vocabulary (Thieman)
aerobic conditions
cocci
microbes
affinity chromatography
competent cells
microbial diagnostics
AIDS (acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome)
DNA-based vaccines
microorganisms
domains
MMR
DPT vaccine
OPV
electroporation
pathogen
anaerobes
expression vector
peptidoglycan
anaerobic conditions
fusion protein
plasma cells
antibiotic
glycolysis
PulseNet
antibody-mediated
immunity
Gram stain
rennin
H1NI (swine flu)
reporter gene
H5NI (avian flu)
retroviruses
hepatis B
SARS (severe acute
respiratory syndrome)
alcohol (ethanol)
fermentation
antigen
antimicrobial drug
Archaea
ATP adenosine triphosphate
attenuated vaccines
B lymphocytes (B cells)
bacilli
Bacteria
batch processes
biofuel
bioluminescence
bioprospecting
bioterrorism
bioweapons
HIV (human
immunodeficiency virus)
HIV-1 (human
immunodeficiency virus-1)
HPV (human
papillomavirus)
Human Microbiome Project
inactivated (killed) vaccines
influenza
Kingdom Fungi
lactic acid fermentation
macrophage
malaria
CDC (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention)
metagenomics
cellulose
MGP (microbial genome
project)
chymosin
subtilisin
subunit vaccines
synthetic biology
synthetic genome
T lymphocytes (T cells)
TB (tuberculosis)
thermophile
thermostable enzyme
type L (insulin dependent)
diabetes mellitus
vaccination
vaccines
WHO (World Health
Organization)
yeast
Look up these words in the glossary and write a definition. Please read over how
they are used in the text! You should know the other textbook boldfaced words…
peptidoglycan
Gram stain
batch processes
thermostable enzyme
thermophile
bioprospecting
competent cells
electroporation
fusion protein
expression vector
affinity chromatography
bioluminescence
reporter gene
renin
chymosin
glycolysis
anaerobes
lactic acid fermentation
alcohol (ethanol) fermentation
type L (insulin dependent)
diabetes mellitus
Structure in bacterial cell walls consisting of specialized sugars and short,
interconnected polypeptides
Technique for staining the bacterial cell wall that can be used to divide
bacteria into different categories, gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria
Growing microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast and other living cells such as
mammalian cells in large quantities for the purpose of isolating useful products
in a batch
An enzyme that is capable of withstanding high temperatures and is isolated
from thermophiles. For example, Taq DNA polymerase is a thermostable
enzyme
Organism with high optimal growth temperature. For example, bacteria that
live in hot springs are thermophiles
Endeavors to capitalize on indigenous knowledge of natural resources.
However, bioprospecting may also describe the search for previously unknown
compounds in organisms that have never been used in traditional medicine.
Bacterial cells that have been chemically treated to be able to take in DNA
(transformation) from their surrounding environment; to be “competent” is to
accept DNA
A process for transforming bacteria with DNA that uses electrical shock to
move DNA into cells; can also be used to introduce DNA into animal and plant
cells
A “hybrid” recombinant protein consisting of a protein from a gene of interest
connected (fused) to another, well-known protein that serves as a tag for
isolating recombinant proteins
DNA vector such as a plasmid that can be used to produce (express) proteins in
a cell
A separation technique, based on the unique match between a molecule and
its column-bound chemical counterpart (like antigen/antibody), that involves
passing proteins or other substances in solution over a medium that will bind
to (“have an affinity for”) specific components of the solution. It is used to
isolate fusion proteins from a mixture of bacterial cell proteins.
The release of light by living organisms
Genes (such as the lux genes) that can be used to track or monitor (report on)
expression of other genes
Protein-degrading enzyme derived from the stomach of milk-producing
animals such as cows and goats; used in cheese production
Recombinant form of rennin
the catabolism of carbohydrates, as glucose and glycogen, by enzymes, with
the release of energy and the production of lactic or pyruvic acid.
Organisms that do not require oxygen for their metabolism
A metabolic process that produces small amounts of ATP from glucose in the
absence of oxygen and also creates lactic acid
Enzymatic breakdown of carbohydrates (sugars) in the absence of oxygen:
products include ATP, CO2, and ethanol (alcohol) as waste products; important
type of microbial metabolism used for the production of certain types of
alcohol-containing beverages
Disease caused by a lack of the pancreatic hormone insulin, which is required
for carbohydrate metabolism. Creates elevated blood sugar levels
antibiotic
antimicrobial drug
pathogen
vaccination
DPT vaccine
MMR
OPV
antigen
antibody-mediated immunity
B lymphocytes (B cells)
T lymphocytes (T cells)
plasma cells
macrophage
vaccines
subunit vaccines
attenuated vaccines
inactivated (killed) vaccines
DNA-based vaccines
hepatis B
retroviruses
influenza
WHO (World Health
Organization)
(hyperglycemia)
A substance produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other
microorganisms; commonly used to treat bacterial infections in humans, pets,
and farm animals
Chemicals that inhibit or destroy microorganisms
Disease-causing organisms
The process of administering a vaccine to provide an organism with immunity
to an infectious microorganism
Childhood vaccine designed to provide immune protection against bacterial
toxins diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (contains killed Bordetella pertussis
cells). Microbes producing these toxins cause upper respiratory infections,
whooping cough, and tetanus (muscle spasm and paralysis).
Measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles) vaccine designed to provide
immune protection against common childhood diseases
an oral vaccine (containing live but weakened poliovirus) that is given to
provide immunity to poliomyelitis
Molecule unique to specific surfaces that can stimulate antibody response;
substances that trigger antibody production when introduced into the body
Portion of the immune system dedicated to producing antibodies that combat
foreign materials; also known as humoral immunity
White bold cells (leukocytes) that develop in the bone marrow and can mature
into antibody-producing cells called plasma cells
Play essential roles in helping b cells recognize and respond to antigens
Antibody-producing cells that develop from B lymphocytes after B cells are
exposed to foreign materials (antigens)
Term literally means big eaters; macrophages are phagocytic white blood cells
that engulf and destroy dead cells and foreign materials such as bacteria
A preparation of a microorganism or its components that is used to stimulate
the production of antibodies (antibody-mediated immunity) in an organism
Vaccine created from components of a pathogen such as viral proteins or lipid
molecules
Vaccine consisting of weakened, live microorganisms
Vaccine consisting of killed microorganisms
This experimental vaccine carries a gene that encodes a protein responsible for
an immune reaction against the pathogen of interest, which may be directly
injected IM; Molecular medicine A vaccine in which a simple injection of a
gene evokes the desired immune response to the protein encoded by the gene
a form of hepatitis caused by a DNA virus (hepatitis B virus, or HBV) that
persists in the blood, characterized by a long incubation period: usually
transmitted by sexual contact or by injection or ingestion of infected blood or
other bodily fluids.
Viruses that contain an RNA genome and use reverse transcriptase to copy
RNA into DNA during the replication cycle in host cells
caused by a large number of viruses that belong to the influenza family of
viruses. Influenza kills approximately 500,000 to 1 million people worldwide
each year. Because flu viruses mutate so rapidly, no one-size-fits-all vaccine
protects against all strains.
WHO is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United
Nations system. It is responsible for providing leadership on global health
matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards,
articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to
countries and monitoring and assessing health trends.
H5NI (avian flu)
H1NI (swine flu)
TB (tuberculosis)
malaria
MGP (microbial genome
project)
Metagenomics
Human Microbiome Project
synthetic genome
synthetic biology
biofuel
microbial diagnostics
CDC (Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention)
PulseNet
SARS (severe acute respiratory
syndrome)
An influenza A virus subtype that occurs mainly in birds, is highly contagious
among birds, and can be deadly to them. Although H5N1 virus does not
usually infect people, since November 2003 nearly 400 cases of human
infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses have been
reported by more than a dozen countries in Asia, Africa, the Pacific, Europe,
and the Near East. Most of these cases have occurred from direct or close
contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces; however, a few cases
of human-to-human spread of H5N1 virus have occurred.
H1N1 is a new virus first detected in humans in 2009. It spread quickly around
the world. During the 2010-2010 flu season, the H1N1 virus has not caused
widespread infections.
Disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which grows
slowly and can exist in a human for several years before the individual
develops TB
Caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium faciparum and transmitted by
insects. Worldwide, Plasmodium strains are developing resistance to the most
commonly used antimalarial drugs.
US Department of Energy program to map and sequence genomes of a broad
range of microorganisms
The sequencing of genomes for entire communities of microbes in
environmental samples of water, air, and soils from oceans throughout the
world, glaciers, mines—virtually every corner of the globe
Project designed to identify the genomes of all microorganisms (bacterial,
yeast, viral) living in or on the human body
The use of manmade DNA sequences for creating modified cells or organisms
The use of manmade DNA sequences for creating modified cells or organisms
A product of biological organisms that can substitute or enhance existing fuels
Methods for identifying microbes for different purposes such as clinical
diagnosis of bacteria infections, detecting microbes causing food outbreaks,
and detecting bioweapons; many of these techniques are based on molecular
analysis of DNA
a federal agency that conducts and supports health promotion, prevention and
preparedness activities in the United States with the goal of improving overall
public health. Established in 1946 and based in Atlanta, GA
Partnership of bacterial DNA fingerprinting laboratories, developed by the US
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the US Department of
Agriculture, designed to provide rapid analysis of contaminated food, with the
purpose of identifying contaminating microbes and preventing outbreaks of
food-borne disease
Severe form of pneumonia caused by the SARS virus; can lead to death due to
respiratory failure