Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy and Action Plan
Updated
28 September 2012
FOREWORD
It is an honour to present the Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy (GCCRS) and Action Plan.
The South African government ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in August 1997 and acceded to
the Kyoto Protocol in July 2002. South Africa is currently finalizing the White Paper on the National Climate Change Response Strategy
(NCCRS). The GCCRS and Action Plan has been aligned to the NCCRS in terms of mitigation and adaptation focus areas and the Green
Strategic Programme for Gauteng. The GCCRS and Action Plan also takes its lead from the Gauteng provincial policies and strategies, namely,
the Gauteng Employment Growth and Development Strategy (GEGDS), the Gauteng Integrated Energy Strategy (GIES) and relevant provincial
and municipal policies and strategies.
Gauteng province is the economic hub of South Africa and hence a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is therefore
important that the province contributes to the reduction of GHG emissions and also adapts to the effects of climate change. Since addressing
climate change is one of the platforms that contributes to sustainable development, the development of the GCCRS and Action Plan has adopted
a two-pronged approach. Firstly, the proposed mitigation interventions are designed to ameliorate the concentration of GHG emissions into the
atmosphere. Secondly, the implementation of mitigation measures will require adaptation actions that integrate climate change responses with
socio-economic development.
The GCCRS and Action Plan has developed practical actions that address sustainable energy supply, transportation, industrial and agricultural
activities, and urban development and infrastructure that build on the economic gains and development trajectory in Gauteng province. The
implementation of climate change interventions also introduces opportunities to augment our research and education capacity and develop new
ideas for socio-economic development. This is the basis for Gauteng to become a globally competitive city-region as outlined in the Vision 2055.
In conclusion, I would like to extend my appreciation to the Head of Department, Ms. Simangele Sekgobela and the GDARD staff for the
successful completion of this strategy. A special thanks goes to the project team at the University of Johannesburg for the assistance in
developing the strategy.
……………………………………..
Ms. Nandi Mayathula-Khoza
MEC: Gauteng Department of Agriculture & Rural Development (GDARD)
Page | 1
CONTENTS
Foreword
Contents
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Executive Summary
1
2
3
4
1.
Introduction
7
2.
Governance
9
2.1
2.2
2.3
Strategic Leadership
Financial Mechanisms
Regulatory Reform
9
10
11
3.
Strategic Focus and Approach
12
4.
Gauteng Climate Change Mitigation Strategy and Action Plan
14
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
15
23
30
36
47
50
4
6.
7.
Industry, Commerce and Mining
Transport
Energy supply
Residential and public buildings
Waste Management
Agriculture, Natural Resources and Other land-uses
Gauteng Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan
55
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
55
58
59
62
64
65
Water
Agriculture and food security
Urban Development and Infrastructure
Natural Resources and Biodiversity
Health
Disaster Risk Management
Cross Cutting Issues
68
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
68
70
72
74
Governance
Research
Public Awareness, Education and Training
Monitoring and Evaluation
Way Forward
78
Acknowledgements
79
Page | 2
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ARC
CDM
CIDB
CNG
CSIR
DBSA
DEA
DEFRA
DM
DiMP
DoH
DoT
DST
Dti
DWA
EnerKey
FEDHASA
FET
GCCRS
GCRO
GDARD
GDED
GDF
GDID
GDLG&H
GDP
GDR&T
GEDA
GHG
GIES
GIS
HOD
HSRC
IDC
LFG
MEC
MOE
MRC
MTEF
M&V
NCCRS
NCPC
NYDA
PPP
PASASA
R&D
SA
SABS
SANS
SAPOA
SAWS
SESSA
SeTAR
SME
SWH
UCT
UJ
Wits
-
Agricultural Research Council
Clean Development Mechanism
Construction Industry Development Board
Compressed Natural Gas
Council for Science and Industrial Research
Development Bank of Southern Africa
Department of Environmental Affairs
(United Kingdom) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
District Municipality
Disaster Mitigation for Sustainable Livelihoods Programme (UCT)
Department of Health
Department of Transport
Department of Science and Technology
Department of Trade and Industry
Department of Water Affairs
Energy as a Key element for Climate Protection
Federated Hospitality Association of South Africa
Further Education and Training (College)
Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy
Gauteng City Region Observatory
Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
Gauteng Department of Economic Development
Gauteng Department of Finance
Gauteng Department of Infrastructure Development
Gauteng Department of Local Government and Housing
Gross Domestic Product
Gauteng Department of Roads and Transport
Gauteng Economic Development Agency
Greenhouse Gas
Gauteng Integrated Energy Strategy
Geographic Information System
Head of Department
Human Sciences Research Council
Industrial Development Corporation
Land Fill Gas
Member of the Executive Committee
Municipal Owned Enterprise
Medical Research Council
Medium Term Expenditure Framework
Monitoring and Verification
National Climate Change Response Strategy
National Clean Production Centre
National Youth Development Agency
Public-Private Partnership
Paraffin Safety Association of Southern Africa
Research and Development
South Africa
South African Bureau of Standards
South African National Standards
South African Property Owners Association
South African Weather Services
Sustainable Energy Society of South Africa
Sustainable energy Technology and Research (Centre)
Small and Medium Enterprises
Solar Water Heaters
University of Cape Town
University of Johannesburg
University of Witwatersrand
Page | 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In response to the threats posed by climate change and as mandated by the Gauteng Provincial Government (GPG), the Department of
Agriculture & Rural Development has developed the Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy (GCCRS) and Action Plan. The strategy
addresses the problem of climate change in two ways.
Firstly, Gauteng acknowledges that human activities have contributed a great deal in the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the
atmosphere, and that climate change is already evident through the change of weather patterns over the years. This calls for a need to reduce
the amount of GHGs released into the atmosphere, through mitigation actions. Gauteng province is the economic hub of South Africa and the
economy is based on fossil-fuel energy sources and it is vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability and change. Climate change poses a risk
of undermining the sustainable development initiatives in South Africa and Gauteng Province.
Secondly, the need to adapt to the impacts of climate change by means of assessing the vulnerability of the Gauteng Province to climate
change and subsequently developing adaptation actions is now universally recognised. This is in view of the fact that GHGs have long lifetimes
in the atmosphere and their accumulated impacts on local environment require an appropriate response.
The Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy (GCCRS) and Action Plan takes its lead from the National Climate Change Response
Strategy (NCCRS) (DEA, 2011) and the mitigation and adaptation focus areas are adopted and adapted from the NCCRS. The GCCRS and
Action Plan has incorporated various long-term planning and development frameworks and policies, that is, the Medium Term Strategic
Framework (MTSF) for 2009-2014, New Growth Path (dti, 2011), the National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan 2011-2014
(DEA, 2011) and other national policies. There were several stakeholder workshops that were convened to identify the intervention areas for the
GCCRS and Action Plan.
The GCCRS and Action Plan further builds on commitments in various policies and strategies developed by the GPG to date, such as, the
Gauteng Employment, Growth and Development Strategy (GDED, 2011), the Gauteng Integrated Energy Strategy (GDLG&H, 2010), and
relevant provincial and municipal documents. The GCCRS and Action Plan has
aligned to the Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng (GDED,
2011), which is recognized as the over-arching document that will guide, coordinate and prioritise the shift to a green economy in Gauteng. The
Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng covers 9 sectors, that is, air quality, climate change, economic development, energy, food security, land
use, transport, water and sanitation and waste.
Since climate change is cross-cutting, the response interventions address energy, transport, and waste in terms of mitigation. On adaptation,
climate change response is addressing water, food security, spatial planning and land-use, and natural resource and biodiversity management.
The GCCRS mitigation and adaptation actions promote development activities to move towards a low carbon (green) economy.
Climate change response is one of the areas that contribute to overall sustainable development. In this regard, climate change response
requires strong political commitments and administrative actions to effect the bold decisions that will be necessary to implement both
mitigation and adaptation interventions that are founded in research and development (R&D).
Climate change is an inter-disciplinary and cross-cutting issue, which requires multi-disciplinary action from all stakeholders – national
government, provincial departments, municipalities, industry, civil society, the education and training sector and research organizations - in order
to achieve results. A high level coordinating committee composed of Heads of Departments (HoDs) of Gauteng Departments of Economic
Development, Agriculture and Rural Development, Local Government and Housing, Roads and Transport, and Infrastructure Development has
been established. A green economy programme management office (PMO) that acts as the secretariat has been established in the Department of
Economic Development. Municipalities will play a key role in implementing the green economy. It is important that municipal 5-year Integrated
Development Plans (IDPs) for the 2011-2016 term have to prioritise commitments towards the green economy and climate protection. Financial
resources are imperative in order to achieve the desired results of the green economy programme and climate change response.
The GCCRS and Action Plan has focussed on climate change responses that have strong contributions to either mitigation or adaptation, as
distinct from implementation of plans that are part of “business-as-usual” sustainable development imperatives. The result has been selective
prioritisation of directly implementable actions, with emphasis on those leading to significant greenhouse gas reductions. Accordingly, many
strongly valued interventions introduced at the various stakeholder workshops that are of a more developmental nature will not be found among
the listed priorities.
The GCCRS actions include research on climate change, to ensure that the scientific knowledge of this phenomenon is well developed and
understood, and that appropriate interventions are implemented. The mitigation actions follow the information requirements that are outlined in
the Greenhouse gas inventory for South Africa: 2000 (DEA, 2009) and the results from the EnerKey research programme at the University of
Johannesburg which focuses on energy and climate protection for Gauteng province. The proposed adaptation interventions are to ensure the
protection of society and ecosystems against the unavoidable impacts of climate change that are already taking place. Climate change mitigation
and adaptation interventions need to be addressed in the context of the political, economic and social realities of Gauteng and South Africa.
The following provides a summary of the interventions in the GCCRS and Action Plan.
Mitigation interventions:
Page | 4
Economic sector
Intervention
Industry, commerce and
mining
Transport
Energy supply






Residential and Public
Buildings


Waste Management

Energy efficiency
Cleaner production initiatives
Compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel for vehicles
Mass transit system (buses and rail) development
Inter-provincial railway services for people and goods
Renewable energy, e.g. solar (for electricity), biofuel-toenergy (for vehicle fuel)
Energy efficiency in all buildings
Clean and safe domestic energy appliances for lowincome households
Reduction, Recycling and Reuse of waste material
Agriculture, Natural Resources
and Other land uses


Agricultural practices that reduce methane emissions
Protection of biodiversity
Adaptation interventions:
Economic sector
Intervention
Water
Agriculture and food security


Urban development and
infrastructure

Efficient and secure water demand management
Climate resilient agriculture and agro-processing in
Gauteng
Food gardens in residential areas for subsistence
consumption
Enforce land-use planning and spatial development

Densification of housing development
Natural resources and
biodiversity


Conservation of natural resources and biodiversity areas
Conservation corridors

Related adaptation areas:
Issue
Health
Disaster management
Action
 Monitor human health risk and vulnerability from climate
change
 Disaster risk planning and reduction
Cross-cutting issues:
Issue
Action
Governance
Monitoring and evaluation


Public Awareness, Education
and Training
Research and Development
(R&D)






Inter-organizational and governance cooperation
Develop a Gauteng GHG inventory structure and monitor
emissions
Conduct energy modelling and monitoring for Gauteng
Public awareness campaigns on climate change
Establish an energy science and demonstration centre
Gauteng Climate Protection website (GDARD)
Incorporate climate change as a subject in school and
tertiary education curriculum
Partnerships between provincial and municipal government
and research organizations to conduct on-going research in
climate change and interventions
To begin the process of implementing green economy and climate protection activities, the following actions have been identified. These
actions are to be implemented by provincial and/or municipal government in sectors that it has the captive market and it is important that
government leads by example. This is in line with the R300 billion infrastructure development programme that national government wants to
implement to push-start further economic development in South Africa. These are:

Residential buildings: construction of energy efficient low-cost housing that is furnished with basic equipment for cooking and heating. The
government is currently implementing a massive programme of low-cost housing construction which are not energy efficient (GDLG&H and
municipalities).

Energy efficiency in public buildings, street lighting and public areas: installation of energy efficiency equipment in all provincial and municipal
buildings and facilities (GDID and municipalities).

Biowaste-to-energy for transport vehicles: Utilise biogenic gases from Gauteng waste landfill sites and waste water treatment plants for fuel
for public sector motor vehicles. The long-term objective is waste management in Gauteng, where untreated waste will not be disposed in
landfills. Waste streams deposited into managed landfills in South Africa (and Gauteng) comprise waste from households, commercial
businesses, institutions, industry and from clearing of gardens and park (GDARD, GDR&T, GDED and municipalities).
Page | 5

Develop a Gauteng GHG inventory structure: a harmonized framework for the GHG emission inventory that complies with international
guidelines and national policies (GDARD).

Establish Conservation Corridors (GDARD and municipalities).
The above-mentioned interventions present opportunities for the creation of new manufacturing industries and SMEs, and requisite service
sectors.
Page | 6
1. Introduction
South Africa ratified the UNFCCC in August 1997 and acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in July 2002. The UNFCCC is an international
environmental treaty produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) (or “Earth Summit”), held in Rio de
Janeiro in 1992. The objective of the treaty is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent
dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The parties to the convention have met annually in Conferences of the Parties
(COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change. South Africa acknowledges that addressing climate change issues is an integral part of
achieving sustainable development (Figure 1).
Figure 1: GCCRS and Action Plan links to international, regional and national commitments on climate change (Source: R Taviv, GDARD, 2011).
In response to the threats posed by climate change and as mandated by the Gauteng Provincial Government (GPG), the Department of
Agriculture & Rural Development has developed the Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy (GCCRS) and Action Plan. The strategy
addresses the problem of climate change in two ways.
Firstly, Gauteng acknowledges that human activities have contributed a great deal in the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the
atmosphere, and that climate change is already evident through the change of weather patterns over the years. This calls for a need to reduce
the amount of GHGs released into the atmosphere, through mitigation actions. Gauteng province is the economic hub of South Africa and the
province is a major contributor and victim of global climate change given that it has a fossil-fuel based energy-intensive economy and is also
highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate variability and change. Hence, climate change poses a risk of undermining the sustainable
development initiatives in Gauteng and South Africa. Progress in managing GHG emissions has been slow (Figure 2).
Figure 2: LTMS for South Africa: National GHG emissions peak, plateau and decline targets (DEA, 2011)
Gauteng has set targets for reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions (Table 1).
Page | 7
Table 1: Interim Gauteng Minimum Targets
Action
2014
Overall provincial energy efficiency against business as usual 7%
scenario – Electricity
2025 2055
15%
Electricity and other fuels
8%
18%
Transport energy efficiency
7%
15%
Residential energy efficiency – Electricity
13%
37%
8%
17%
10%
15%
8%
15%
Commercial energy efficiency – Electricity
13%
25%
Government energy efficiency – Electricity
13%
25%
7%
16%
47%
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions reduction (against business as 13%
usual scenario)
27%
49%
Carbon dioxide emissions reduction required to meet LTMS
27%
73%
16%
83%
Other
Industry energy efficiency – Electricity
Other
Renewable energy consumption (electricity only)
13%
Renewable energy generation required to achieve LTMS carbon 7%
reductions
Electrification targets (proclaimed stands)
100%
Efficient water heaters installations: Mid-hi income
20%
95%
20%
50%
20%
80%
Low income (solar water heaters)
Free Basic Alternative Energy Access in informal households
80%
Source: GIES, 2010
Secondly, the need to adapt to the impacts of climate change, by means of assessing the vulnerability of the Gauteng Province to climate
change and subsequently developing adaptation actions is now universally recognised. This is in view of the fact that GHGs have long lifetimes
in the atmosphere and their accumulated impacts on local environment require an appropriate response.
Developing the GCCRS and Action Plan was an iterative process emanating from the following:
 The Gauteng Climate Change Response Status Quo Report, encompassing the following: a desktop research study; the EnerKey Climate
Protection (Mitigation) Workshops, held 2 and 3 November 2010 (organized by EnerKey Research Programme of UJ-University of Stuttgart);
the Gauteng Climate Change Adaptation Workshop, held 27 January 2011 (organized by GDARD and UJ)

The Gauteng Province Consultation Workshop on the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS) Green Paper, held 4 February
2011 (organized by DEA)

The Gauteng Department of Economic Development (GDED) Green Strategic Programme – Local and Provincial Government Workshops,
held 17 February 2011 and 20 May 2011 (organized by GDED and GCRO)

The Gauteng Climate Change Response Indaba, held 15 March 2011 (organized by GDARD and UJ)

Communications and interactions with various personnel from the Gauteng provincial and municipal governments and other stakeholders,
inter alia, PMC and PSC meetings

Internal UJ climate change response project team workshops/meetings.
The GCCRS and Action Plan has adopted and adapted the mitigation and adaptation focus areas the NCCRS (DEA, 2011).
Climate change response is one of the areas that contribute to overall sustainable development. In this regard, climate change response
requires strong political commitments and administrative actions to effect the bold decisions that will be necessary to implement both
mitigation and adaptation interventions that are founded in research and development (R&D). Some of the proposed interventions already exist in
current strategies and plans and these require regulation, implementation, monitoring.
The GCCRS Action Plan outlined herein addresses key actions that need to be implemented for climate change mitigation and adaptation.
The plan requires support through an appropriate investment plan, research, and periodic monitoring and reporting to ensure that progress is
being achieved and challenges are addressed accordingly.
Page | 8
2.
2.1
Governance
Strategic Leadership
GDARD is the provincial department that has the mandate for the administration and coordinating the natural environment as per Section 24 and
Schedules 4 and 5 of the South African Constitution (Act 108 of 1996), that is, environment, agriculture, nature conservation (excluding national
parks and national botanical gardens), pollution control, soil conservation, animal control and diseases, abattoirs and veterinary services
(excluding regulation of the profession). As climate change is a natural occurring phenomenon, GDARD has the responsibility of monitoring,
coordinating and promoting awareness on the risks of climate change through coordinating with other provincial departments, municipalities and
civil society.
Climate change is an inter-disciplinary and cross-cutting issue, which will require multi-disciplinary action from all stakeholders – national
government, provincial departments, municipalities, industry, civil society, the education and training sector, and research organizations - in order
to achieve an optimally beneficial outcome. The provincial departments and municipalities and other stakeholders in Gauteng have a direct and
indirect responsibility to implement climate change response actions. Climate change response will require strong political commitments,
financial investments and administrative actions to effect the bold decisions that will be necessary. Human and financial resources are
necessary to achieve the desired outcome of climate change response.
Green economy development and climate protection are closely interlinked. The Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng (GDED, 2011) has
been developed to consolidate all the actions that must be undertaken in the province. An interdepartmental coordinating committee has been
established and comprises the Heads of Departments (HoDs) (Figure 3). A green economy technical committee has been established comprising
of the Green Economy Programme Management Office (PMO) (Figure 4) that has 5 key focus areas: energy office (regulatory); clean
development mechanism office; strategy and regulatory office; projects management office; and resource mobilization office. The PMO is the
secretariat of the interdepartmental coordinating committee.
As climate change response interventions will take place in the municipal space, it is recommended that the mayors of the municipalities
adhere to the principle of the Gauteng City Region (GCR) which they established in 2006. A city region facilitates close collaboration amongst
municipalities on strategic issues. The targets of a City Region include improved cooperation and alignment in transport infrastructure,
sustainable human settlements, environmental management, tourism promotion, and safety and security.
DED
DLG&H
•GEPMO custodian
•Leads development of green technologies sector
•identifying and initialising economic opportunities
•Lead resource mobilisation drive
•drives municipal role players ito alignment
•leads implementation of energy mix
•leads drive to implement green building standards and standardization
of green by-laws
DARD
•Leads climate change mitigation and environmental sector,
•leads promotion and implementation of sustainable development
practices
DID
•Leads implementation of required green infrastructure
•Leads implementation of energy efficiency programmes for GPG
buildings and social housing
DRT
•leads implementation of required transport infrastructure
configurations
•leads implementation of sustainable mobility programmes
Figure 3: Gauteng interdepartmental coordination for implementing the Green Economy (Source: GDED, 2011)
Page | 9
Figure 4: Green Economy Programme Management Office (Source: GDED, 2011)
2.2
Financial Mechanisms
Climate change response requires finance for research, education and skills development, communication and awareness-building, technology
development and deployment, and scaled implementation. This also entails identifying a new financial regime that incentivizes climate change
response and green economy development.
The following identifies and proposes some possible funding mechanisms for climate change response. This is not an exhaustive list and
some of the concepts require further investigation:
a. Municipal revenue sources
Municipal governments generate a large share of revenue from the sale of electricity, that is, they buy from Eskom and on-sell to municipal
communities. This revenue contributes to the provision of municipal services. It is recommended that the Gauteng provincial government together
with the National Treasury, begin to investigate the ‘decoupling’ of revenue generation from coal-powered electricity consumption as part of
climate change response and green economy development and identify other sources of revenue generation.
b. Green bonds
Institutions that finance residential housing and/or other types of developments, e.g. offices and office parks, industrial parks, will need to
incorporate climate change response into bond applications. This will entail collaboration between government and financial institutions. New
buildings should incorporate energy saving measures to firstly, qualify for a bond, and secondly, there should be an incentive applied. There
should be an incentive to retrofit existing buildings. The EnerKey Research Project of the University of Johannesburg has developed the EnerKey
Advisor Tool which evaluates energy use in existing buildings. It is recommended that this tool is introduced in all buildings and facilities and
certificates, e.g. the EnerKey Performance Certificate, can be awarded to guide selection of appropriate remedial measures. The green bonds
should consider not only low carbon issues, but sustainability measures. Other incentives can be applied to water demand management, e.g. onsite recycling, rainwater harvesting, and so on.
c. Increase subsidy for low-income housing to include electricity from renewables
The current subsidy for low-income housing development should incorporate the SANS 204 standards, as well as providing basic energy
equipment, e.g. SWH, solar panels, water harvesting equipment. Free Basic Electricity grants for low income households use fossil-fuel electricity
and are unsustainable in the long-term. If free basic alternative electricity is provided as an investment in renewable technology equipment in a
subsidised house, it can be installed at the equivalent cost of the Free Basic Electricity grant with longer lasting benefits and savings. Introducing
renewable energy technology in the development of low income houses will create economies of scale and result in the reduction of prices due to
increased demand.
d. Increased budget for air pollution and GHG emissions monitoring
GDARD and municipalities should collaborate in conducting GHG inventories and measure air pollution and GHG emissions in the province. The
gathering and collating of this information should follow the IPCC guidelines outlined in the Greenhouse gas inventory for South Africa: 2000
(DEA, 2009).
e. Other financial mechanisms
Financial mechanisms that are currently being considered for implementation or are already being implemented are:

REFIT/REBID - undergoing a review of its regulations - Progress?

Carbon Tax – A carbon tax is being prepared to price carbon dioxide emissions so that the external costs resulting from such emissions start
to be incorporated into production costs and consumer prices. This will create incentives for changes in behaviour and encourage the uptake
of cleaner-energy technologies, energy-efficiency measures, and research and development of low-carbon options. The proposed carbon tax
will include:
Page | 10
o
Phased approach to the implementation of the carbon tax where the first phase of the carbon tax is likely to be effective from late 2014
to 2019 followed by Phase 2 extending from 2020 to 2025 during which the tax free thresholds will be reduced. Follow up phases will
be explored at a later stage.
o
Percentage tax free thresholds based on actual emissions, below which the tax will not be payable.
o
Additional relief for process emissions (due to technical or structural limitations for emissions reduction in certain sectors.
o
Due consideration will be given to the risk of carbon leakage and competitiveness concerns. Additional relief will be provided for
emissions intensive and trade intensive sectors.
o
Due to practical difficulties, emissions from the agricultural and waste sectors will be exempted during the first phase. This complete
exemption will be reviewed during the second phase.
o
Offsets could be used by firms to reduce their carbon tax liability up to a limit; variable offset limits are proposed based on the
mitigation potential of the sector.
o
During the first phase, a carbon tax starting at R120.00 per tonne of CO2e increasing by 10 percent per annum.
(Source: National Treasury, 2012 Budget Review).

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) - Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an instrument that allows UNFCCC Annex 1 Parties to
invest in projects that reduce GHG emissions and contribute to sustainable development in Non-Annex 1 countries. These projects are
geared to reduce GHG emissions and generate credits called Certified Emissions Reductions (CERs). South Africa benefitted negligibly from
CDM projects. As of April 2011, there were only twenty projects approved. The slow uptake of CDM projects in South Africa is attributed to a
number of barriers - technological, financial, institutional, legislative and lack of skills (i.e. in terms of CDM developers). There are
opportunities for CDM project development in industrial energy efficiency, green buildings, renewable energy and waste management
projects. There are uncertainties of whether the CDM process will continue to issue new contracts after the Kyoto Protocols expire at the end
of 2012 in the absence of any new protocol by the IPCC.
f. Organizations providing funding
There are also a number of agencies both locally and internationally that provide funding for climate change response and project
implementation. The following should be considered:

Some national government departments such as DEA, DWA, DST, DoE

Some international agencies are European Union, DEFRA, GEF, UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank

Development banks/institutions, e.g. DBSA, IDC

Private sector banks and ‘venture capital’ organizations.
g. Increase research funding
It has been noted that climate change science is still evolving and hence, there should be an increase in research funding to Universities and
research organizations. Furthermore, implementing agencies should have a budget line for “research” that allows the application and refinement
of the research.
2.3
Regulatory Reform
Climate change response and green economy development will necessitate regulatory reform and development of new standards. These are
articulated in the various actions of mitigation and adaptation response in the GCCRS and Action Plan document.
Page | 11
3. Strategic Focus and Approach
The Gauteng Climate Change Response Strategy (GCCRS) and Action Plan takes its lead from the National Climate Change Response Strategy
(DEA, 2011) and its mitigation and adaptation focus areas are adopted and adapted from the NCCRS. The GCCRS and Action Plan has
incorporated various long-term planning and development frameworks and policies, that is, the Medium Term Strategic Framework (MTSF) for
2009-2014, New Growth Path (dti, 2011), the National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan 2011-2014 (DEA, 2011) and other
national policies.
The GCCRS and Action Plan further builds on commitments in various policies and strategies developed by the GPG to date, such as, the
Gauteng Employment, Growth and Development Strategy (GDED, 2011), the Gauteng Integrated Energy Strategy (GIES) (GDLG&H, 2010), and
relevant provincial and municipal documents. The GCCRS and Action Plan has aligned to the Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng (GDED,
2011), which is recognized as the over-arching document that will guide, coordinate and prioritise the shift to a green economy in Gauteng. The
Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng covers 9 sectors, that is, air quality, climate change, economic development, energy, food security, land
use, transport, water and sanitation and waste.
South Africa and Gauteng’s development trajectory is founded on sustainable development principles (Figure 5). Climate change is one of
several platforms that support sustainable development. Due to the complex interconnectivity and interdependency of climate change risks and
impacts on various sectors, it is acknowledged that climate change mitigation and adaptation response in low- to middle-income countries such
as South Africa will be based on the local sustainable development framework that incorporates political, social and economic issues, rather than
just specific environmental measures (Laukkonen et al., 2009).
The GCCRS and Action Plan recognizes the need to prioritise climate change responses distinct from implementation of plans that are part of
“business-as-usual” sustainable development imperatives. The projected risk areas are: high GHG emissions; increasing temperatures;
increasing evaporation rates; variable rainy rain season to include autumn and winter; and more frequent extreme weather events and floods; and
these have strong contributions to either mitigation or adaptation. The focus on climate change, per se, is to ensure that this developing
phenomenon is adequately researched and understood in the evolving science and knowledge systems, so that proper interventions are
implemented to address the impacts and other multiplier effects. Climate change mitigation and adaptation interventions have to be addressed in
the context of the political economic and social realities of Gauteng and South Africa.
Figure 5: GCCRS Framework (Source: Adapted
from Green Economy Strategy for Gauteng [GEGDS, 2011] and R Taviv (GDARD, 2011])
The proposed mitigation interventions are bounded by the need to measure and to ameliorate the concentration of GHG in the atmosphere,
and their impact on climate. Climate change mitigation response will require adaptive measures with regard to economic activities and human
behaviour. In developing countries, climate change by itself will not be a primary motivator for adaptation action. Within the framework of
addressing basic needs and livelihoods, there is need for innovative thinking and adopting measures that address and integrate climate change
responses with socio-economic development. For example, defective housing development (informal settlements) and use of defective energy
appliances will continue if housing development is not keeping pace with population growth and the rising number of people in the low income
group; or that economic growth is not keeping pace with the increasing labour market so that people can buy houses in zoned areas.
The overall aim of climate change response is to contribute to the multi-lateral international action to limit average global temperature increase
to below 2°. To achieve this, Gauteng and South Africa should aim to leapfrog from energy intensive and extractive economy to a sustainable low
carbon economy. The identified climate change response interventions should be mainstreamed in the provincial departmental plans and
municipal Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) (i.e. annual and five-year strategic plans).
Page | 12
The proposed actions for the mitigation and adaptation interventions are structured as follows. For each section, the broad objectives of the
sector in a climate change context are given, followed by a table of actions for each sector. For each action, the tables detail what is to be
achieved; why it is needed as a mitigation or adaptation measure; how the actions are to be achieved, and finally the agents/organizations who
will implement various actions. The climate change response interventions have been categorized as follows:
No.
Category Description
Abbreviation
1.
Regulatory Reform
RR
2.
Resource Mobilisation
RM
3.
Research and Development
R&D
4.
Capacity Building
5.
Public Awareness and Education
PA+Ed
6.
Partnership Building and Collaboration
PB+C
7.
Data Collection, Research, and Monitoring &
Evaluation
8.
Infrastructure Development, Roll-out and Upgrade
9.
Socio-economic and Market Interventions
Number of
actions per
category –
to be
finalized
CB
D+R+M&E
Inf D
SE+M Int
Source: Adopted from the Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng (GDED, 2011).
The measures selected are presented as positive actions that will make significant contributions to greenhouse gas mitigations. Many ideas
and possibilities were proposed and discussed during various stakeholder engagements and the actions contained herein have been prioritised
from the list of contributions. Actions which are desirable for a range of other developmental or social reasons but have low GHG mitigation
potential have been assigned a lower priority in favour of actions that directly address climate protection.
Page | 13
4.
Gauteng Climate Change Mitigation Strategy and Action Plan
The inventory of energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions for Gauteng (Figure 6) provides a starting point for prioritising greenhouse gas
mitigation measures. This inventory was based primarily on energy-related emissions. A further inventory of emissions from non-energy sources
needs to be developed and compiled. The non-energy mitigation interventions - and these fall within the mandate of GDARD - are in industrial
processes and product use , waste management, agriculture and natural resources and land-use, and actions are proposed herein to address
these.
The following mitigation interventions have been identified to “push-start” a coordinated and scaled process of climate change mitigation in
the short- to medium-term in Gauteng. It is recommended that GDARD will take the lead and collaborate with GDLG&H, GDR&T, GDID,
GDR&T and municipalities in monitoring air pollution and GHG emissions reduction, and setting the standards, methodology and reporting.
Figure 6: A regional energy and CO2 emission balance for Gauteng for the year 2007.
(Source: Tomaschek et al., 2011)
4.1
Industry, Commerce and Mining
Objectives

Promote and monitor the implementation of mitigation and energy efficiency interventions in the industrial, commercial and mining sectors.

Monitor air pollution and GHG emissions reduction targets from industrial, commercial and mining sectors as stipulated in the GIES1
(2010): 13% CO₂ reduction by 2014; 27% CO₂ reduction by 2025 and 49% CO₂ reduction by 2050; and GDARD has to set targets for nonenergy GHG emissions.
Overview
According to the EnerKey Research Programme2, industrial sectors in Gauteng consume 48.7% of electricity and emit 53.7% of CO₂, whilst
commercial sectors in Gauteng consume 9% respectively and emit 12.6% of carbon dioxide (CO₂) (Year 2007) respectively (Tomaschek et al.,
2011). Emissions from mining activities and manufacturing processes – process emissions in the manufacturing of mineral products, metal
production and cement – comprising CO₂, nitrous oxide, methane and perfluorocarbons have not been captured and this is an area for further
investigation.
1
2
Ref. GIES (2010) – These carbon targets are derived using LEAP from the efficiency and renewable energy targets.
The EnerKey Research Programme is a collaborative applied research programme between the University of Johannesburg and Stuttgart University
(Germany) in energy development and climate protection in Gauteng.
Page | 15
4.1.1
Energy efficiency retrofitting of industrial, commercial and mining operations3
What?
Implement energy efficiency
measures in existing and future
industrial, commercial and mining
operations and buildings through
monitoring, regulation, incentives
and technology demonstration.
Identify and acknowledge already
implemented energy efficiency
projects.
Why?
Gauteng is the economic and industrial
powerhouse of South Africa. Existing
industry and commercial buildings
represent a large investment and need to
be upgraded to modern energy efficiency
standards if the overall provincial energy
demand and GHG emissions are to be
curtailed.
Retrofitting in this sector will create
economic activity within the green
economic sector.
How?
Category
Role of Government:
 Promote and regulate the conducting of
RR
regular energy audits in the industrial,
commercial and mining sectors to monitor
and verify energy use, e.g. use the EnerKey
Advisor Tool and building Green Star
certification.
 Conduct periodic province-wide energy
D+R+M&E
audits to verify whether GIES (2010) targets
are being met.
 Promote and incentivise cleaner production
InF D
technologies in manufacturing industries.
 Promote and regulate new building standards
RR
that require all buildings (existing and new) to
incorporate energy efficiency measures.
 Create a Gauteng Energy Information
PA+Ed,
Centre as knowledge clearing house for
InF D
commerce, industry and communities.
Role of industry, commerce & mining:
 Commission routine energy audits.
D+R+M&E
 Retrofit insulation and solar shielding of
InF D
buildings.
3
It should be acknowledged that some industrial, commercial and mining companies have taken the lead in retrofitting or are in the process of retrofitting their
operations and this can serve as case studies for lessons learnt and best practices.
Page | 16
4.1.1
Energy efficiency retrofitting of industrial, commercial and mining operations3
What?
Why?
How?
Category
 Retrofit to enhance use of daylight.
 Procure energy efficient office equipment,
e.g. computers, photocopiers.
 Implement cleaner production technologies.
Who? – GDARD; Gauteng Energy Office; GDED; municipalities; industrial, commercial and mining companies; Eskom; electricity MOEs;
SANEDI; dti; NCPC; NHBRC; Universities; SESSA.
4.1.2
Combined heat and power promotion
What?
Combined Heat and Power
(CHP), also known as
cogeneration, is a
simultaneous production of
electricity and heat from a
single fuel source such as
natural coal, gas or biogas.
CHP systems can achieve
system energy efficiencies of
up to 80% if both heat and
electrical power are required in
an industrial operation.
Promote, incentivise and
create regulatory frameworks
Why?
CHP systems offer considerable
environmental benefits when compared to
traditionally purchased electricity and onsitegenerated thermal energy. CHP is a form of
distributed generation in which less fuel is
combusted. By capturing and utilising heat
that is normally wasted, it offers a number of
environmental and economic benefits:
 Overall reduced emissions of all air
pollutants
 Reduced GHG emissions
 Reduced grid congestion and avoided
distribution losses
 Increased reliability and power quality
How?
Category
 Create a regulatory framework that will
facilitate the implementation of cogeneration
plants.
RR
 Cooperate with NERSA to create regulations
RR
of trading CHP-generated electricity into the
national grid.
 Provide financial incentives to promote
InF D
installation of cogeneration plants.
Page | 17
4.1.2
Combined heat and power promotion
What?
for increased installation of
CHP plants in Gauteng
industries.
Why?
 Lower energy costs.
How?
 Survey the potential and create a database
or cogeneration opportunities across the
Gauteng industrial sector.
Category
R&D
Who? – GDARD; NERSA; GDED; GEDA; Gauteng Energy Office; Electricity MOEs; industrial, commercial and mining companies; Eskom;
SANEDI.
4.1.3
Energy efficient lighting
What?
Why?
Enhance use of day-lighting
where appropriate.
Retrofit energy efficient lighting
technologies.
Implement smart controls to
automate light use.
Incentivise setting up of local
production facilities for energy
efficient lighting products.
Phase out inefficient lighting
technologies.
Day-lighting avoids the use of electricity or
other fossil fuel lighting.
Older commercial and industrial building
stock was not designed with energy cost of
lighting as a design criterion.
Energy efficient lighting technologies produce
the same functional service for lower overall
GHG emissions and environmental cost.
Positive actions are required to phase out old
technologies that are cheaper to purchase,
but have higher lifetime monetary and energy
costs.
How?
Role of government:
 Regulate and promote implementation of
new building standards that require all
buildings to incorporate energy efficiency
lighting, and regulate phasing out of older
inefficient technologies.
 Promote establishment of energy efficient
lighting manufacturing industries as a
contribution to the green economy.
 Implement energy efficient lighting and smart
Category
RR
SE+M Int
InF D
controls in all government owned or rented
properties.
 Finance and install automated lighting control
devices in offices, corridors and public
spaces of all government buildings and
institutions (administrative buildings,
Page | 18
4.1.3
Energy efficient lighting
What?
Why?
How?
hospitals, clinics, schools and universities).
 Provide information and demonstration
Category
PA+Ed
exhibits through the Gauteng Energy
Information Centre.
Role of industry, commerce and mining:
 Install energy efficient lighting technologies in
interior and public spaces, including street
lighting.
 Install automated lighting control devices in
offices, corridors and public spaces.
InF D
 Install smart metering devices to measure
energy consumption.
 Renovate building facades to capture natural
lighting from the sun.
 Design, manufacture and market innovative
SE+M Int
energy efficient lighting and smart control
products.
 Implement user information campaigns to
PA+Ed
modify user behaviour of manually controlled
lighting and appliances.
Who? – Who? – GDARD; GDED; GEDA; Gauteng Energy Office; Electricity MOES; industrial, commercial and mining companies; Eskom;
SANEDI (Working for Energy programme).
Page | 19
4.1.4
Energy efficient transformers and motors
What?
Why?
How?
Check and correct power factor
on all large three phase
electrical supplies.
Retrofit energy efficient and
appropriately sized
transformers and motors when
renewing or upgrading
machinery.
Conduct audits of technologies
and energy consumption of
existing stock of electric motors.
Install automated power factor
optimisation control equipment.
Phase in medium voltage drives
for heavy and high power
applications.
Provide information and
demonstration calculations
through the Gauteng Energy
Information Centre on energy
efficient transformer and electric
motor applications.
Create and distribute a
template to calculate whether
replacing existing electric
motors is justified on a
(remaining) life cycle cost
Electric motors use and transformer losses
represent a large fraction of the electricity
consumption in the industry and commerce
(including air conditioning machinery, lifts
etc.).
Improved designs for optimized energy use
have placed energy efficient motors and
transformers on the market. Innovative smart
technologies can be used to optimise motor,
transformer and uninterruptible power supply
performance.
Switching to energy efficient and
appropriately sized motors can save South
Africa significant electricity consumption and
consequent reduction of CO2 emissions.
Industry and commerce can benefit through
improvement of quality of energy supply and
life-cycle reduction of costs.
Role of government:
 Set standards and regulations for
implementing energy efficient electric
transformers and electric motors for the
following:
o New installations or of equipment
packages that contain electric motors;
o Major modifications to existing facilities or
processes
 Offer tax incentives for replacing old
inefficient transformers and electric motors
with new efficient ones.
 GDARD collaborates with NCPC, Gauteng
Innovation Centre and SANEDI and provide
information and demonstration calculations,
through the Gauteng Energy Centre to
support appropriate replacement of inefficient
technologies and motivate for more
expensive new technologies on a life-cycle
benefit basis.
Role of industry, commerce and mining:
 Audit stock of age, technology and energy
consumption of existing transformers and
motors to identify opportunities for energy
optimisation.
Category
RR
SE+M Int
InF D,
PB+C,
PA+Ed
D+R+M&E
Page | 20
4.1.4
Energy efficient transformers and motors
What?
Why?
basis.
How?
 Evaluate the life-cycle economic benefits of
Category
D+R+M&E
replacing over- or under-sized motors, or
motors requiring rewinding.
 Take advantage of government subsidies
SE+M Int
and rebates to upgrade inefficient equipment.
Who? – GDARD; GDED; GEDA; Gauteng Energy Office; Electricity MOEs; industrial, commercial and mining companies; Eskom; SANEDI
(Working for Energy programme); dti.
4.1.5
Smart energy controls
What?
Why?
Introduce or enhance smart
energy controls at several
levels:
 Commercial buildings – air
conditioning, office
machinery, lifts, water
pumping and heating,
lighting, mechanical shading,
security access and
systems.
 Industrial operations,
including manufacturing
machinery, material flow
control and distribution
logistics.
 Power optimization and time
of use load control.
Smart energy controls use digital technology
to manage integrated systems such as
buildings, equipment and appliances. Smart
energy controls are designed to include
various functions, inter alia: load adjustments;
decentralization of power generation; mitigate
natural or man-made disruptions; and price
signalling in real-time.
The introduction of smart energy controls on
an urban scale will require the development of
a “smart grid” – this entails overlaying the
existing electrical grid with a digital electricity
information network.
The use of smart energy controls allows
optimal use of energy and of infrastructure.
These efficiencies result in overall increased
benefit to green house gas emissions ratios,
How?
Role of government:
 Promote research and development in smart
grid technology development.
 Promote and regulate the adoption and
adaptation of smart grid technologies.
 Promote and regulate the establishment of
requisite manufacturing industries.
 Provide information and demonstration
exhibits of smart energy controls through the
Gauteng Energy Information Centre/Gauteng
Innovation Centre.
 Implement smart energy controls in
government owned or rented buildings.
Category
R&D
RR,
PA+Ed
RR,
SE+M Int
PA+Ed
InF D
Page | 21
4.1.5
Smart energy controls
What?
 Power phase adjustment





and optimization.
Integration of bulk supply
with stand-by and
emergency generation
capacity.
Control of UPS
(uninterruptible power
supplies) and essential
functions, and non-critical
loads.
City-wide smart control of
bulk and distributed energy
supply.
Dynamic optimisation of
urban transportation flow.
Dynamic optimisation of city
utilities (power, bulk water
and sewage pumping).
Why?
thus promoting economic efficiency and
climate protection.
How?
 Install smart metering devices and public
Category
InF D
display consoles to monitor energy
consumption.
Role of commerce and industry:
 Install smart metering devices for timecontrol of air conditioning, lighting and
switchable building systems and
components.
 Install smart energy controls for load
InF D
InF D
adjustments and phase optimization, within
and between building clusters.
 Cooperate with city government and utilities
PB+C
in planning time of use management of
power schemes.
 Allow integration into city-wide smart energy
InF D
control systems of building control, backup
and emergency energy supply equipment.
 Set up local manufacturing, import,
SE+M Int
installation and servicing of smart energy
control enterprises.
Who? – GDARD; GDED; GEDA; Gauteng Energy Office; Electricity MOEs; municipalities; ICT industries; industrial, commercial and mining
companies; Eskom; dti; DST; Universities; CSIR.
Page | 22
4.1.6
Cleaner production processes in industries
What?
Introduce and promote cleaner
production processes in the
manufacture of cement,
chemical products and metal
production in Gauteng.
Why?
Cleaner production processes result in
optimised resource use, waste minimization
and ultimately reduction of GHG emissions.
How?
 GDARD to liaise with NCPC and identify 3
companies in industry, commerce and mining
in Gauteng to implement cleaner production
initiatives.
 Develop regulations for cleaner production
support.
 Roll-out and support identified initiatives.
Category
PB+C,
InF D
RR
InF D
Who? – GDARD; NCPC; Universities; industry associations and respective companies.
4.2
Transport 4
Objectives

Monitor GHG and pollutant emissions from all modes of vehicular transport.

Promote, regulate and monitor implementation of energy efficiency interventions in the transport sector.
Overview
The transport sector is the second highest consumer of energy in Gauteng, responsible for 268 PJ or 33% of energy use (i.e. liquid fuels),
while emitting 16 million tonnes or 17% of the total CO₂ emissions equivalent (Year 2007) (Tomaschek et al., 2011).
4
GDR&T is developing a Green Transport Strategy for Gauteng. The actions proposed herein will need to be eventually assessed and aligned
with the Gauteng Green Transport Strategy.
Page | 23
4.2.1 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) alternative fuel
What?
 Switch public sector vehicles
(waste collection, public
transport, city service
vehicles and ambulances) to
CNG.
Why?
CNG use in automobiles reduces GHG
emissions compared to use of petroleum
fuels.
CNG reduces local pollution emissions.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) use in cars,
taxis and buses is now common globally as
there is proven technology.
The government can lead by example by
using this green fuel.
How?
 Construct CNG filling stations at strategic
Category
InF D
locations within metro areas
 Specify CNG powered vehicles for all new
acquisitions of public sector vehicles
 Promote private sector CNG supply chains
through PPP.
 Convert existing public sector vehicles to
CNG engines when engine replacements are
required.
RR,
SE+M Int
SE+M Int
SE+M Int
Who? - GDR&T; Provincial departments; Municipalities and MOEs; GP Energy office (GDLG&H); GDARD; Energy (liquid fuels) industry;
Transport industry, including manufacturers.
4.2.2 Expand public transport
What?
Why?
How?
Category
Expand and improve existing
public transport modes and
facilities in Gauteng (intra-town
and inter-town). These include
the extension of the Bus Rapid
Transit (BRT) system (known
as Rea Vaya in City of
Johannesburg) to other
municipalities; the Gautrain;
metro rail system; urban bus
systems; and the mini-bus taxi
Expanding public transport modes and
facilities and ensuring that they are safe and
efficient is necessary to encourage a shift
from private vehicles.
Public transport can reduce GHG emissions
due to the reduced number of vehicles on the
roads and the inherent efficiencies of bulk
transport compared to single occupancy
private cars.
Providing public transport to areas that are
 Conduct a public transport assessment using
R&D
GIS analysis and transport optimization
models to improve, locate and develop public
transport facilities in relation to residential,
work, shopping and recreational areas.
 Provide concise and precise information on
routes, timetables and tariffs for integrated
transportation.
RR
Page | 24
4.2.2 Expand public transport
What?
industry.
Why?
How?
currently not serviced will reduce dependence  Ensure public safety for commuters.
on private cars for essential journeys.
Category
PA+Ed
Who? - GDR&T; GDLG&H and Municipalities; GDARD; Universities; CSIR; HSRC; public transport operators; the commuting public.
4.2.3 Integration of Gauteng public transport
What?
Why?
The public transport system in
Gauteng comprises buses,
taxis trains and car-taxis.
These different modes of
transport operate
independently from one
another as there is no intermodal feeder system that will
allow the smooth transition
between the different modes of
public transport.
Integrate the Gautrain,
metrorail, metrobus, mini-bus
The development and introduction of an
efficient public transport system requires
integration, coordination and regulation in
order to enhance its attractiveness, efficiency
and effectiveness. Such an integrated public
transport system can have multiplier effects
among them: reduced costs of public
transport systems due to higher utilization
factors; improved urban air quality; increased
productivity through reduction of time spent in
traffic; reduction in vehicle accidents;
reduction in vehicle GHG emissions.
How?
 Create inter-nodal coordination committees
to devise systems for integrating public
transport systems.
 Introduce regulations to promote and allow
Category
PB+C,
R&D
RR
intermodal and inter-city transport
coordination.
 Introduce regulations and financial systems
RR
for the integration of public transport system
with intermodal feeder system and better
transport economy involving trains, buses
and taxis.
Page | 25
4.2.3 Integration of Gauteng public transport
What?
taxis and car-taxis. Introduce
unified ticketing system to
allow inter-modal transfers.
Provide affordable and safe
parking areas to promote Park
& Ride as an adjunct to public
transportation.
Why?
How?
 Conduct the physical planning to optimise
intermodal transportation systems to ensure
minimization of total cost, energy use and
GHG emissions in Gauteng metropolitan and
district municipalities.
Category
R&D,
InF D
Who? - GDR&T; GDLG&H and Municipalities; GDARD; Universities; CSIR; HSRC; Public transport operators (Metrobus, Metro-rail, Taxi
associations).
4.2.4 Restrict inner city and town vehicle access
What?
Restrict vehicle access to inner
city areas on certain days.
Introduce tolls for vehicle
access to inner city areas.
Create Park & Ride car parks
and transport into the city
centre to encourage use of
public transport.
Why?
The restriction of private vehicles into the
inner city centers by prohibition or tariffs will
compel behavioural change to public
transport.
There is need to control traffic flow into the
inner city to reduce congestion and gridlock;
for environmental benefits such as reduction
of GHG and vehicle emissions
How?
 Re-design roads to ensure no or limited
Category
 Increase inner city parking fees.
R&D,
RR,
InF D
RR
 Restrict the construction of vehicle parking
RR
vehicle access into the inner city.
areas in the inner city.
 Design and construct pedestrian
thoroughfares in the inner-city.
 Allow only public transport and service
vehicles to select precincts of the inner city.
 Implement a permit system for private
R&D,
InF D
RR,
InF D
RR
vehicles to access only certain areas of the
inner city.
Page | 26
4.2.4 Restrict inner city and town vehicle access
What?
Why?
How?
Category
 Introduce fully secure Park & Ride facilities
RR,
InF D,
SE+M Int
PB+C
Who? - GDR&T; GDLG&H and Municipalities; GDARD; CSIR; Universities; HSRC; public transport operators; property developers; SAPS
and Metro Police
on the fringes of the inner city areas and in
feeder suburbs.
4.2.5
Design for public mobility
What?
An integrated public transport
system, across the
municipalities that facilitates
mobility of all citizens.
The design of mobility
infrastructure has been
rebalanced to reflect the needs
of the majority of users, rather
than the needs of the
motorized minority.
Infrastructure is in place in
residential and commercial
spaces that facilities safe and
convenient non-motorised
mobility (pedestrians and
cycling).
Why?
How?
The current road network rehabilitation and
 Regulate and implement further preferential
expansion programme in Gauteng is designed
bus and taxi lanes in municipalities, such as
for and encouraging continued and increasing
the Rea Vaya bus lanes.
private vehicle use which will result in the
increase of GHG.
 Create financial policies allowing for
Adapting to climate change will place
integrated regional transportation ticketing
restrictions on use of carbon based fuels.
across municipal boundaries and allowing for
Public mobility needs to be planned for such a
mode switching between various modes
lower carbon future, with less reliance on
(trains, buses).
private vehicles as the major urban transport
modality.
 Promote the uptake of public transport
The development of roads and highways is
systems though increasing frequency,
leading to a loss of the natural habitat within
reliability and safety of existing public
Gauteng and natural resources act as carbon
transport networks.
sinks.
 Establish pedestrian thoroughfares,
especially in inner-city areas, and restrict
vehicular access to allow only public
transport.
Category
RR,
InF D
RR,
InF D
PA+Ed,
InF D,
PB+C
RR,
InF D
Page | 27
4.2.5
Design for public mobility
What?
Why?
How?
 Promote and conduct research into social
Category
R&D
behavioural barriers, market development of
public and private transport and incentives to
shift from private to public transport modes.
Who? - GDR&T; GDLG&H; Municipalities; Universities; CSIR; HSRC; GDARD; SAPS and Metro Police
4.2.6 Smart controls for transportation and logistics
What?
Smart controls for
transportation and logistics are
integrated digital
communications systems that
monitor movement and
destination in real time in order
to improve transportation
efficiency and effectiveness.
Smart controls of traffic
systems capture information
on, perform optimization
calculations and provide
information on traffic densities,
traffic jams, best routes, and
number and location of vacant
Why?
Smart controls in transportation and logistics
ensure efficiency in fuel consumption and
thereby reduction in GHG emissions,
optimization of capital resources, reduced
congestion, speed control and increased
safety.
How?
 Promote research and development of smart
Category
R&D
controls technology.
 Promote and regulate the adoption and
adaptation of smart controls technology.
 Create PPP to assist Gauteng Government
and Municipalities to be early adopters of
smart controls in the transportation sector.
 Promote and regulate the establishment of
requisite manufacturing industries.
RR,
PA+Ed
SE+M
Int
RR,
SE+M
Int
Page | 28
4.2.6 Smart controls for transportation and logistics
What?
parking spaces.
Smart vehicle technologies
monitor and report to a central
control office information on
location, fuel efficiency, poor
driving, speeding, vehicle load
and vehicle condition.
Smart logistics systems can
monitor fleet characteristics to
optimise loads, routes
destinations and scheduling of
vehicles and drivers.
Why?
How?
 Support training courses on smart
Category
CB
transportation and logistics systems
Who? - GDR&T; GDLG&H and Municipalities; GDARD; GDED; CSIR; Universities; public transport & freight operators; vehicle manufacturing
industry; ICT industries.
4.2.7 Inter-city and inter-provincial railway services
What?
Refurbish existing rolling stock
and procure new rolling stock
for the inter-city and regional
railways.
Refurbish railway stations and
waiting rooms.
Ensure safety on trains, at
stations and precincts.
Why?
How?
The percentage of Gauteng passenger trips
 Introduce more effective public protection
by rail has reduced over the years, due to
systems throughout the passenger rail
many factors. The public perception is that rail
system.
travel is unsafe and unreliable. As an
 Refurbish and maintain the existing rolling
extensive network of railway tracks already
stock.
exists, heavy rail transport can be one of the
 Refurbish and maintain the signaling and
most GHG efficient forms of transport.
scheduling systems.
Optimising this mode of transport would
contribute greatly to the restoration of
Category
RR,
PB+C
InF D,
SE+M Int
InF D,
SE+M Int
Page | 29
4.2.7 Inter-city and inter-provincial railway services
What?
Integrate passenger train
tickets with other transport
modes to allow inter-nodal
transfers on a single ticket.
Restore efficiency, reliability
and cost effectiveness of long
distance rail freight system.
Refurbish the signaling and
control systems.
Why?
efficiency of inner city life and business,
reduction of GHG, encourage a model switch
away from vehicular traffic, and increased
quality of life for urban commuters.
Similar reasons apply to benefits of inter-city
and inter-provincial rail transport.
Transport of bulk goods over medium to long
distances by rail is more cost effective and
GHG efficient than by road.
How?
 Refurbish and maintain the stations and
precincts.
 Ensure effective ticketing to ensure revenue
InF D,
SE+M Int
SE+M Int
collection.
 Acquire new rolling stock.
InF D
 Conduct inter-nodal planning to ensure
R&D
effective feeder services to stations.
 Investigate and promote the resumption of
inter-provincial and inter-city rail transport
(also link to sub-sections 4.2.2. and 4.2.3) to
ferry goods and passengers.
Who? – DoT & Transnet; GDR&T; GDLG&H and Municipalities; GDARD; SAPS and Metro Police
4.3
Category
R&D,
PB+C
Energy supply
Objective

Promote the development and implementation of renewable energy supply technologies.

Monitor GHG emissions for the entire Gauteng energy supply chain.
Overview
GHG emissions from the energy supply chain for Gauteng are primarily from the energy producing industries - electricity producers and
petroleum refineries (including emissions from the coal or gas to liquid fuels processes); air pollution from household fuel use for energy; and
fugitive emissions from combustion of solid fuels, oil and natural gas; and fugitive emissions from the storage of coal and coal wastes. More
than 107 million tons CO2 equivalent is emitted annually from energy use in Gauteng (Tomaschek et al, 2011).
Page | 30
Energy supply takes place via large centralised national systems such as the Eskom power grid, Transnet gas pipelines or the national liquid
fuels distribution system, hence planning and decision-making is done at the national level (GIES, 2010). Gauteng imports the bulk of its
electricity from power stations located in Mpumalanga (Kendal, Grootvlei and Matla) and the Free State (Lethabo). In Gauteng, there are two
municipal power stations in Tshwane and the privately owned power station at Kelvin, Johannesburg that generate and supply electricity. Liquid
fuel and gas are imported into the province via the national supply and distribution system.
4.3.1
Solar energy
What?
Generate electricity from solar
concentrating power stations.
Generate electricity from
photovoltaic power stations.
Generate on-site small scale
electricity installations using
photovoltaic panels.
Capture solar energy for direct
thermal applications.
Why?
How?
Solar energy technologies are essentially
 Promote the development of a “Solar
zero-carbon emitting during operational
Industry Development Programme” with the
phases. Deriving thermal and electrical power
Department of Trade and Industry (dti)
by solar supply technologies will substitute for
(similar to the Motor Industry Development
power generated by fossil fuel sources,
Plan -MIDP) to stimulate both solar power
thereby reducing overall GHG emissions.
plants/parks and a solar technology
manufacturing industry – either in or outside
Solar concentrating, photovoltaic and solar
Gauteng.
thermal installations are all proven
technologies, with available commercial
 Introduce regulations to acquire a defined
supply chains. There is the possibility for
amount of Gauteng’s electricity supply from
partial or complete manufacture in Gauteng or
solar renewable technologies.
South Africa as part of the GREEN economy.
 Promulgate building regulations to require all
new buildings over a certain value to install
solar (or equivalent green technologies) for
the supply of water heating.
 Promote research, innovation and
Category
RR,
SE+M Int
RR
RR,
InF D
R&D
manufacture of solar energy technologies as
a contribution to the Gauteng GREEN
economic strategy.
 Promote collaboration between universities,
CSIR and DST on all facets of solar energy
technologies.
R&D,
PB&C
Page | 31
4.3.1
Solar energy
What?
Why?
How?
 Promote small scale solar electric systems
for locations not served by the national
electricity grid.
Category
InF D,
SE+M Int
Who? - Energy Office (GDLG&H); GDLG&H; Municipalities; dti; SESSA; GDARD; SeTAR Centre (UJ); CSIR; DST; manufacturing companies.
4.3.2 Biofuels
What?
Generate liquid or gas fuels
from biomass for use in the
transport, industrial and
residential sectors.
Why?
How?
Technologies exist for conversion of bio-waste  Promote continued research and
and purpose-grown crops to either liquid
development on bio-fuels and bio-waste
biofuels or natural gas. There are commercial
conversion.
supply chains to design, install and maintain
such systems.
 Introduce policy/regulations to acquire a
Currently, much bio-waste is disposed of to
defined fraction or quantity of Gauteng
landfills, where the energy content is lost
government’s liquid fuel requirements in the
entirely, or recovered as methane only for
form of biofuels.
flaring. GHG emission reductions could be
effected by converting waste to biofuels.
Because biofuels are generated from
contemporary biomass, the net contribution to
GHG production is zero, and thus is validly
Category
R&D
RR
Page | 32
4.3.2 Biofuels
What?
Why?
How?
classified as renewable. Inputs of fertiliser and  Promote industries that manufacture biofarming fuels need to be accounted for when
fuels within or outside Gauteng5.
calculating GHG emissions for purpose grown
crops.
Waste biomass is extensively available from
invasive alien plants and bush encroachment.
Category
SE+M Int
Who? – GDARD; GDR&T; GP Energy office; GDED; GEDA; DoE, DAFF; DEA; dti; Transport industry; Industry; Universities; CSIR, National
Treasury.
4.3.3
Waste-to-energy conversion
What?
Why?
Waste, such as municipal solid
waste, agricultural residues,
garden refuse, woodchips, is
converted to energy for power
generation and/or direct heat,
either by private companies or
by PPPs.
Volumes of residual waste
Direct conversion of organic waste to energy
is an inherently more efficient process of
recovering energy from waste than storing in
a landfill and reduces the formation of LFG,
reducing GHG emissions.
Direct conversion of waste to energy reduces
the bulk of the residual waste, and thereby
reduces demand for land for land-fill sites,
How?
 Promote R&D in utilisation of methane from
Category
R&D
anaerobic digesters.
 Investigate and promote large and small
gasification technology.
R&D,
InF D,
SE+M Int
5
Because of limited agricultural land within Gauteng province, conversion of land from food production to bio-fuel crops will not be
supported within Gauteng (Source, GDARD).
Page | 33
4.3.3
Waste-to-energy conversion
What?
reaching landfills are
significantly reduced.
Organic content of waste
streams to landfills is
significantly reduced.
Why?
How?
freeing land for other urgent requirements,
 Promote downstream markets for use of
e.g. residential developments.
compressed natural gas from landfills and
Energy generated from waste (electricity, heat
bio-waste processing.
or CNG for transportation) displaces fossil fuel  Modify regulations to support or allow
produced power and associated GHG
incineration of waste to energy conversion
emissions.
plants, subject to emission regulations being
complied with.
 Promote the adoption of waste-to-energy
technologies in Gauteng municipalities.
 Arrange training programmes on waste-to-
power locally and through international
exchange programmes, such as those
supported by Japan International
Cooperation Agent (JICA) the German
International Services (GIS).
 Provide incentives for power generation from
Category
SE+M Int
RR
InF D,
SE+M Int
CB,
PA+Ed
SE+M Int
waste.
Who? – GDARD; GP Energy office; GDED/GEDA; GDLG&H; Waste management companies; MOEs that collect municipal waste; Eskom;
DoE, DEA, dti, DST, CSIR; Universities.
Page | 34
4.3.4
Feed-in-tariffs for renewable energy – REFIT/REBID?
What?
Payment of feed-in-tariffs for
electricity generated by
renewable resources.
Why?
Feed-in-tariffs are a proven method for
stimulating and maintaining supply of
renewable energy technologies.
Such tariffs are the most egalitarian method
for determining where, when, and how much
renewable generating capacity will be
installed.
How?
 Develop and promote policy to support feed-
in-tariffs within Gauteng and also investigate
provincial subsidies or other economic
incentives for installation of smart meters to
monitor renewable energy transfers to the
grid.
 Support industry and commerce to
manufacture and supply technology for
smart meters to measuring power transfers
from renewable energy supplies, both largescale independent power producers and
small scale generators.
Who? – DoE, NERSA; DoT; Eskom; National Treasury; Industry; GDARD; GDED; GDR&T
Category
RR,
RM,
InF D
InF D,
SE+M Int,
D+R+M&E
Page | 35
4.4
Residential and public buildings
Objective




Promote and implement energy efficiency interventions in residential and public buildings.
Monitor energy consumption and GHG emissions in residential and public buildings.
Conduct research on smoke emissions (air pollution) and associated health impacts from domestic cooking and heating appliances that use
solid (coal, wood) and liquid (paraffin) fuels.
Promote and implement safe and clean domestic energy sources, especially for low-income households.
Overview
The residential sector consumes 8.5% of energy and emits 15.8% of CO₂ (Year 2007) (Tomaschek et al., 2011). Government facilities in
Gauteng province consume about 0.5% of energy while emitting 1.2% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (Year 2007) (Tomaschek et al., 2011).
While the figures for public buildings are low, government has an opportunity of leading by example by reducing its contribution of GHG
emissions in its facilities.
Mitigation interventions in the residential sector should include specifying and enforcing building standards that maximise the benefits of
passive heating and cooling, densification, renewable energy technologies and use of efficient energy (electrical and non-electrical) appliances,
and investigating “green bonds” (ref. section 2.2 Financial Mechanisms above).
4.4.1
Energy efficiency standards for new buildings
What?
Why?
Provincial and municipal
regulations in place for
energy efficient retrofitting
and new construction of all
government buildings.
Municipal building codes
modified to require
Incorporating energy efficiency measures in
new and existing buildings as retrofits is an
intervention to implement demand-side
management and reduce overall GHG
emissions. Building comfort and productivity
are improved while lowering overall
operating costs.
How?
 GDLG&H & municipalities promulgate
Category
RR
regulations that require implementation of
energy efficiency measures contained in the
SANS 204 standard, for all new buildings
and major structural renovations of existing
buildings.
Page | 36
4.4.1
Energy efficiency standards for new buildings
What?
Why?
compliance with the SANS
Numerous technologies and products exist
204 energy efficiency
on the market and the business case for
standard.
building energy efficiency is proven.
Regulations are required to ensure that all
Contracting procedures for
new build changed from turn- contractors bid to a common energy efficient
performance specification.
key building delivery to
building energy performance
specifications.
Information on building
energy efficiency
technologies, products and
suppliers available in
electronic and print media.
How?
 Gauteng government and municipalities
Category
RR
enforce the new energy efficient
components of building codes.
 Gauteng government and municipalities
InF D
require that all new subsidized housing
incorporate basic passive energy features,
e.g. north-facing orientation, ceiling
insulation, and so on.
 Develop contract specifications for new
buildings to incorporate energy performance
over a defined period as a key deliverable
of the contract.
RR,
InF D
 Assemble information on proven building
D+R+M&E,
energy efficiency technologies, products
PA+Ed
and suppliers. Disseminate such
information on electronic media, print media
and walk-in demonstration centres.
Who? - GDLG&H; Municipalities; GP Energy office (GDLG&H); GDARD; GDID, GCRO; Construction industry; Agrémont (CSIR);
Universities.
4.4.2
Energy efficient and safe cook stoves
What?
Safe and affordable paraffin
and gel stoves are widely
available through commercial
Why?
A large section of the population does not
have access to electricity, albeit the
government has made significant
How?
Category
 Promote safe and energy efficient stoves that
R&D,
SE+M Int
use fuels such as coal, wood, paraffin and
agricultural waste for cooking and heating.
Page | 37
4.4.2
Energy efficient and safe cook stoves
What?
outlets.
Improved sold fuel stoves that
are more energy efficient and
with low smoke emissions are
designed, manufactured and
distributed within Gauteng.
An improved stove is supplied
as standard equipment as part
of every new subsidised
house.
Why?
achievements in providing electricity post1994. The recent increases in the price of
electricity will result in continued or increased
use of primary combustion fuels for home
cooking and heating.
Many low-income households depend on
domestic stoves that use coal, wood and
paraffin fuels for cooking and heating.
Informal stoves (imbaulas) and certain
commercially available paraffin stoves have
poor combustion performance or are unsafe,
resulting in high smoke emissions that are the
cause of elevated in-door and out-door air
pollution.
Poorly designed and constructed paraffin
stoves, and candles are the cause of the
majority of the frequent shack fires in informal
settlements. Fire caused injuries, mortality
and property damage are extreme symptoms
of energy poverty.
There are various initiatives by government,
e.g. Low-smoke Fuels Programme, Integrated
Clean Household Energy Strategy, that are
aimed at promoting and implementing clean
and safe cook stoves but the progress to-date
has achieved limited success.
How?
 Enforce minimum product specifications on
Category
RR
imported and locally manufactured paraffin
and liquid gel stoves, in collaboration with dti.
 Promote and conduct research in the design,
R&D
thermal efficiency and emission performance
of domestic stoves.
 Stimulate local manufacture of improved
energy efficient stoves as a contribution to
the GREEN economy.
 Include specifications for installation of an
improved stove as part of the design of all
new subsidised houses in Gauteng.
 Disseminate information on the economic
SE+M
Int
RR,
InF D
PA+Ed
and health benefits of improved and safer
stoves to targeted communities through
demonstrations, print and electronic media.
Who? - GDARD; GDLG&H; Municipalities; GDED; SeTAR Centre (UJ); SABS; PASASA; dti; Manufacturing industry.
Page | 38
4.4.3
Heat pumps for water heating
What?
Why?
A major campaign targeted at
the provincial, municipal and
private sectors to install heat
pumps for hot water provision
in institutional and commercial
buildings.
Heat pumps for water heating are a proven
technology for energy efficiency. On the
Gauteng Highveld, coefficients of
performance of ~3 can be achieved
(equivalent to electricity saving of 75%
compared to electrical resistance heating).
Institutions and larger buildings have large
demand for water heating, and need an
assured hot water supply for commercial and
hygienic reasons. Often the space for large
solar water arrays and storage tanks is not
available. Security of hot water supply
necessitates that thermal electric backup will
in any case be required. Heat pumps can
provide an assured supply of hot water,
irrespective of time of day or cloud conditions.
Subsidies are available through Eskom for
demand side management of electricity by
use of heat pumps.
How?
Category

D+R+M&E
Establish provincial and municipal task
teams to conduct audits of hot water use
and geyser capacities in all public buildings,
owned and on long term leases.

Devise a financial and technical plan to
install heat pumps in all public buildings,
where appropriate.
RM,
R&D

Engage with SAPOA and FEDHASA to
encourage similar campaigns in private
sector buildings.
PA+Ed

Participate with relevant bodies in a public
information campaign on the economic and
climate protection advantages of heat
pumps.
PA+Ed

Engage with the small and medium
hospitality establishments to encourage
group participation in heat pump
procurements.
InF D

Actively support training institutions and the
private sector to establish training courses
for the installation and servicing of heat
pumps.
CB
Who? – GDID; GDLG&H; Municipalities; GP Energy office; GDARD, SAPOA, FEDHASA, SESSA, Construction industry; Universities, FET
colleges.
Page | 39
4.4.4
Energy efficiency in public buildings
What?
Protocol established for
energy audits in all major
government buildings, owned
and leased.
A guideline value for a
generally applicable return on
investment for government
and municipalities as a
criterion for accepting or
rejecting energy saving
measures.
An economic plan approved by
Gauteng Government to fund
energy efficiency retrofits in
government buildings.
A financial structure to allow
energy retrofits to be financed
through monitored and verified
energy savings.
Technical guidelines on
technologies and measures to
achieve energy retrofits and
savings.
An information campaign to
educate government
employees on how to
participate in operation of an
energy efficient working
Why?
How?
Government should lead by example and
 Draw up a protocol for building energy audits
implement energy efficiency measures in all
of owned and leased properties.
its facilities.
Government facilities in Gauteng are required  Examine the provincial register of immovable
assets to identify priority buildings for energy
to implement energy efficiency measures in
retrofitting.
terms of the provincial energy strategy (GIES,
2010).
 Establish a joint task team comprising
GDLG&H Energy Office, GDED, GDF,GDID
and GDARD to develop a return-oninvestment criterion for evaluating energy
efficiency projects, taking into account the
estimated GHG savings as a material factor.
 Same task team to draw up a budget plan for
Category
R&D,
RR
D+R+M&E
RM
RM
energy efficiency interventions, and an
implementation strategy.
 Implement changes in financial procedures
and controls to allow financing of building
retrofits through monitored and verified
energy savings on utility expenditure.
 Draw up and disseminate technical
RR,
RM,
D+R+M&E
RR
guidelines on proven and economical energy
saving technologies and measures.
 Prioritise a list of 100 government buildings
and allocate a budget for energy retrofits and
implement energy retrofits.
InF D,
D+R+M&E
Page | 40
4.4.4
Energy efficiency in public buildings
What?
environment.
Smart technologies introduced
in building energy control
systems (see Section 4.4.6 on
Smart Controls).
Why?
How?
 Implement awareness campaigns to
sensitise users of government buildings
(employees and members of the public) on
how to maintain the optimum energy efficient
operation of retrofitted buildings.
 Conduct periodic energy audits in all
government facilities to monitor energy use
and also to verify whether GIES (2010)
targets are being met.
 Issue and display certificates indicating
building energy efficiency and climate
protection status, e.g. the EnerKey
Performance Certificate.
Category
PA+Ed
D+R+M&E
RR,
SE+M Int
Who? – GDID; GDARD; Energy Office (GDLG&H); municipalities; Universities; GCRO; GDF; GDED; Eskom; MOEs that provide electricity;
SAPOA; SESSA.
4.4.5
Energy efficient lighting of streets and public areas
What?
Energy efficient lighting
systematically rolled out
across the province and
municipalities for all street
lighting and public areas
requiring continuous
Why?
How?
The maximum energy saving from upgrading
of lighting fixtures is obtained from retrofitting
firstly luminaires required to be on
continuously night and day (security lighting
within buildings and access ways); followed
by lighting required to be on for the entire
night. Street lighting and public area lighting,
 Initiate a study to determine the optimum life
Category
R&D
cycle costing of available lighting
technologies for street and public spaces,
and for security lighting, taking into account
procurement, operating and maintenance
costs, and assigning a value to GHG
externalities.
Page | 41
4.4.5
Energy efficient lighting of streets and public areas
What?
illumination.
Why?
security and emergency lighting fall within
these categories.
How?
 Establish priority lists of areas and
installations for a systematic programme of
replacement of highest consuming existing
fittings.
 Promulgate new tender specifications
Category
D+R+M&E,
InF D
RR
requiring best available technology on all
new public lighting contracts.
 Survey buildings to ensure that safety and
security illumination levels meet but do not
exceed by large amounts the specified
standards. Design fixtures and spacing
accordingly.
 Use motion sensors in areas that are not
continuously occupied.
 Install energy saving lights fixtures on high
illumination trunk roads in municipalities and
along provincial highways.
 Install energy saving light bulbs in public
areas, e.g. parks.
 Install energy saving light bulbs in traffic
lights.
 Conduct training sessions for provincial and
D+R+M&E,
SE+M Int
InF D,
SE+M Int
InF D,
SE+M Int
InF D,
SE+M Int
InF D,
SE+M Int
CB
municipal facilities management staff to
inform them of the benefits and features
(installation, maintenance) of new
technologies.
Who? – GDID; GP Energy Office (GDLG&H); Municipalities; Eskom; Electricity MOEs; FETs and Universities; GDARD.
Page | 42
4.4.6
Smart controls for buildings
What?
Why?
Smart controls are
systematically integrated into
building management systems
of all large provincial and
municipal buildings, to
automatically manage
maximum demand by load
switching and on demand
switching, and to reduce
overall consumption.
All new appliances for offices
and building services are
specified to be energy efficient
and compliant with smart
system switching.
Buildings are equipped with
prominent live displays in the
foyers to indicate
instantaneous and cumulative
energy consumption, providing
consumption/price signaling in
real-time.
Industry offers a range of
locally designed, manufactured
and serviced smart energy
controls for:
 Smart metering.
 Motion detector switches.
Smart controls enable loads and consumption
to be managed in a dynamic manner to meet
the needs of users, and to reduce loads
during idle times. Through automatic or user
triggered actions, peak loads can be
managed downwards.
Visual feedback to users encourages further
positive behaviour to reduce peak loads and
consumption.
Smart energy control technologies are
already widely applied and commercially
available in South Africa from several
suppliers. It is a growing industry, with further
improvements in performance and savings
anticipated.
The procedures for monitoring and verification
of baseline conditions and subsequent energy
and GHG emissions reductions are well
established, thus making the GHG benefits of
this module relatively easy to quantify and
communicate.
How?
Category
Role of government:
 Promote R&D in overall smart grid
technology development.
R&D
 In collaboration with the dti, establish
RR
performance standards in interconnectivity of
all new plant and equipment for building
services, and for office appliances.
 Conduct audits of provincial and municipal
D+R+M&E
immovable assets, to establish priorities and
timelines when larger buildings become due
to major refurbishments.
 Integrate the introduction of smart controls
into this overall government infrastructure
maintenance planning.
 Establish best practice codes for the
InF D,
SE+M Int
RR
incorporation of smart controls in new
buildings.
 GDID makes it a requirement of all new build
or refurbishments that buildings incorporate
the best practice codes for smart controls of
utility systems.
 Promote and regulate the establishment of
RR,
InF D
SE+M Int
requisite manufacturing industries.
Page | 43
4.4.6
Smart controls for buildings
What?
Why?
 Programmed start-up and
How?
Role of manufacturing sector:
 Work with government agencies to establish
the optimum markets for smart controls
within the public sector building stock.
turn off times for lights and
air conditioning systems.
 Install smart energy controls for heating and
ventilation control, load adjustments,
dynamic lighting management, load leveling.
 Work with international technology suppliers
Category
InF D,
SE+M Int
InF D,
SE+M Int
SE+M Int
to source the most reliable and cost effective
equipment.
 Support training institutions to develop
CB
courses that will produce the required human
resources to design, manufacture, install and
service the entire smart control supply chain.
Who? – GDID; GDED/GEDA; dti; Universities; CSIR; DST; Eskom; ICT industries; GDLG&H; Construction industry; GDARD.
4.4.7
Energy efficient low cost housing
What?
All new contracts for
government subsidised and
low-income housing to have
compulsory requirements for
incorporation of passive energy
saving features such as
orientation, window placement,
north overhang and ceiling
Why?
Although the absolute energy saved in the
lowest economic layers of the residential
market is small, these communities spend a
proportionately larger fraction of disposable
income on meeting basic energy needs and
bear a disproportionately high exposure to
pollution from coal and wood fires. In the
interest of social equity, the Gauteng Climate
How?
 Incorporate provision of SANS 204 energy
Category
RR
efficient building codes into the standard
tender offers for government supported
housing.
 Hold information sessions for building
PA+Ed
contractors on the new requirements and
technologies.
Page | 44
4.4.7
Energy efficient low cost housing
What?
Why?
insulation.
mitigation plan should deliver energy efficient
Every new subsidised house to services also to the bottom end of the market.
be standardly equipped with an The basic technologies to ensure improved
efficient, low pollution emitting comfort, health and economy have been
combustion stove, and energy demonstrated to be practical and socially
saving lamps.
acceptable.
How?
 Provincial government and municipalities
require that all new subsidised housing
incorporate basic passive energy features,
such as north-facing house orientation,
ceiling insulation, etc.
 Hold artisan training courses to train the
Category
RR,
InF D,
SE+M Int
CB
labour force on the procedures for the safe
and effective installation of insulation,
overhangs.
Who? – GDLG&H; municipalities; Universities ; FETs; CSIR; construction industry; GDARD; GDED; DoE; DEA; DHS
4.4.8
Energy efficient appliances
What?
Only certified energy efficient
appliances are manufactured
and supplied to the market.
Consumers are aware of the
advantages of energy efficient
appliances and place energy
efficiency as an important
criterion in making purchase
decisions.
Manufacturers design and
construct goods to the best
available standards of energy
efficiency.
New appliances come with built
Why?
User installed and operated appliances are
among the largest energy consumers in the
built environment. There is a large potential
for reduced energy consumption through
better design, switching off entirely when not
in use, or allowing smart control to stagger
loads during peak periods.
The technology and manufacturing capability
exist for energy efficient appliances – the
market needs to be developed by improving
performance and aspirational value to the
consumer, and reducing costs through
economies of scale.
How?
 Procure office equipment - computers,
photocopiers etc. that have certified energy
conservation performance.
 Work with the dti, SABS and manufacturing
industries to develop and apply energy
efficient rating systems for commercial and
domestic appliances.
 Create compulsory performance standards
for consumer appliances, based on best
available practices and materials, and interoperability with standard electronic control
systems.
Category
InF D,
SE+M Int
RR,
R&D
R&D,
RR
Page | 45
4.4.8
Energy efficient appliances
What?
in capability for attachment to
smart control systems to allow
integrated load optimisation
controls.
Why?
How?
Category
 Introduce public service awareness
PA+Ed
programmes on energy efficient appliances.
 Encourage innovation in designing smart-
SE+M Int
compatible appliances.
Who? – GP Energy Office (GDLG&H); municipalities; dti; GDED; SABS; Universities; media; CSIR; Eskom; manufacturing industry;
commerce; GDARD.
Page | 46
4.5
Waste Management
Objective


Promote, regulate and implement efficient waste management interventions.
Monitor and report GHG emissions from waste management as per the IPCC guidelines elaborated in the Greenhouse gas inventory for
South Africa: 2000 (DEA, 2009)
Overview
The main categories of GHG emissions from waste are: solid waste disposal (in landfills); biological treatment of solid waste; incineration
and open burning of waste; and wastewater treatment and discharge (DEA, 2009, pp.566). In 2000, it was estimated that the disposal of solid
waste at national level contributed less than 2% of total GHG emissions in South Africa, mainly through emissions of methane from urban
landfills. Waste land filling leads to emission of methane gas into the atmosphere as the waste decomposes under anaerobic conditions in the
ground. Methane has a GHG global warming potential 25 times greater than CO2 for equivalent volumes. Waste streams deposited into
managed landfills in South Africa comprise waste from households, commercial businesses, institutions, industry and from clearing of gardens
and parks (DEA, 2009). The results of an analysis of landfill lifespan for various landfills in Gauteng indicate that many existing landfills will
reach their capacity within the next thirty (30) years. Thus any deviation of waste away from landfill will result in an extension of lifespan and this
is also a key driver for minimisation (GDARD, 2009). Landfill gases (LFGs) which include methane are produced through natural processes of
bacterial decomposition of organic waste under anaerobic conditions. According to the General Waste Minimisation Plan for Gauteng (GDARD,
2009), Gauteng generates 5.7 million tonnes of waste per annum, of which 3.4 million tonnes per annum are available for recycling and
recovery from the waste stream.
6
According to the Draft National Waste Management Strategy (DEA, 2010), these can be further broken down as follows: “domestic and
commercial general waste; industrial and mining hazardous waste; construction and demolition waste; mining waste; health care risk waste;
pesticide waste; fly ash and coarse ash waste; tyres; and eWaste (i.e. batteries, fluorescent lamps containing mercury …”).
Page | 47
4.5.1 Waste Recycling, Reduction and Reuse
What?
Recycle and reduce waste
through the separation,
collection and processing of
waste for further use.
Why?
Recycling of waste is generally more
energy efficient and reduces material
consumption.
Disposal of waste into landfill generates
methane, which is x25 more potent than
the CO2 that would be generated by
combusting the waste.
Handling of waste generates GHG
emissions through transportation – waste
reduction reduces such associated
emissions.
How?
 Promote and regulate waste recycling,
treatment, re-use and reduction.
 Dispose of waste according to existing
policies/regulations.
 Promote waste separation at source for
residential, commercial, industrial and public
sectors.
 Site waste drop-off zones strategically to
Category
PA+Ed,
RR
RR
RR,
PA+Ed,
InF D,
SE+M Int
InF D
promote waste separation.
 Promote and regulate the establishment of
SE+M Int
recycling manufacturing industries.
 Support and develop waste collection
cooperatives so that informal waste collectors
can integrate, improve and regularize their
operations.
 Conduct public awareness campaigns on waste
CB,
SE+M Int
PA+Ed
sorting at source and domestic composting.
 Promote research into secondary use of waste
R&D
streams from industry and mining.
Who? – GDARD; GDED/GEDA; GDLG&H and Municipalities; MOEs that collect municipal waste; Waste management companies; CSIR;
Universities; FETs.
Page | 48
4.5.2 Waste Avoidance
What?
Why?
Government, business and
commercial transactions are
dealt with entirely by
electronic means.
Packaging of consumer
products and foods is
designed for minimal material
use compatible with product
protection.
Conducting communications and
business processes through electronic
means avoids the use of paper, transport
associated with postal services, avoids
storage of paper records that often
occupies air conditioned office space, and
eventually contributes to solid waste on
landfills.
The reduction of material usage will
contribute to the reduction of GHG
emissions.
How?
Encourage avoidance of waste production
through:
 The immaterialisation of products and services
through digitalization (creating services that do
not need materials, like electronic transfers).
 The dematerialization of products and servicesdoing more with less (using less materials and
avoiding waste at unit level - household,
industry, commercial sectors).
Category
PA+Ed,
InF D,
SE+M Int
SE+M Int,
PA+Ed
 Promote and regulate reusable shopping bags,
PA+Ed,
SE+M Int
Who? – GDARD; GDED/GEDA; GDLG&H and Municipalities; MOEs that collect municipal waste; packaging companies; CSIR; Universities;
ICT industries.
unpackaged products and packaging reuse.
Landfill gas (LFG) flaring, or capture and use (also refer to Item 4.3.3 above)
What?
Landfill gas (LFG) is flared, or
captured and used in all
feasible Gauteng land fill
sites.
Why?
How?
Landfill gases are mostly made up of
 Inventory all landfill sites in Gauteng for
methane. Capturing LFG and using it for
potential for flaring or capture of land fill gas.
energy or flaring it produces less potent
carbon dioxide, reducing equivalent GHG  Develop LFG gas use from the main landfills
through integrated supply chain management of
emissions. Capturing landfill gas for use
CNG as a municipal transportation fuel.
as compressed natural gas (CNG) as a
transportation fuel, or to generate
 Support LFG flaring for small landfills where it is
electricity offsets use of fossil carbon
uneconomic to capture the gas.
Category
D+R+M&E
RR,
InF D,
SE+M Int
SE+M Int
Page | 49
Landfill gas (LFG) flaring, or capture and use (also refer to Item 4.3.3 above)
What?
Why?
fuels.
How?
 Promote LFG use technologies and required
skills transfer.
Category
SE+M Int,
CB
Who? – GDARD; GDED/GEDA; GDLG&H and Municipalities; MOEs that collect municipal waste; Waste management companies; CSIR;
Universities; FETs.
4.6
Agriculture7, Natural Resources and Other land-uses
Objective
 Investigate and promote agricultural practices that mitigate GHG emissions.
 Monitor GHG emissions in agricultural, natural resources and land-use sectors in Gauteng.
Overview
According to DEA (2009:34), the IPCC Guidelines stipulate that monitoring of GHG emissions should include emissions from: Livestock;
Lands; and Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions on land. Livestock includes enteric fermentation and manure management. The
category Lands include forest lands8, cropland, grasslands, wetlands and settlements. Examples of aggregate sources include emissions from
biomass burning, liming, urea application, managed soils, manure management and harvested products. GHG emissions from these categories
comprise mainly methane (CH₄), nitric oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). The Greenhouse gas inventory for South Africa: 2000 (DEA,
2009) indicates that South Africa’s land use data set is incomplete in both its spatial cover and its coverage of the relevant time period, hence,
work needs to be done in this area.
7
8
The agricultural sector occupies a small land area in Gauteng economy.
Gauteng does not have ‘forest’ areas but has woodland cover in the semi-urban areas and planted trees in the urban areas.
Page | 50
Information for GHG for agriculture, forestry and other land uses is currently only available at national level. The South African Agricultural
GHG Inventory for 2004 (DAFF, 2010) indicates that livestock management (i.e. enteric fermentation and manure management) emits 1183.6
Gg and 156.9 Gg of methane gas (CH₄), respectively. Aggregrated sources and Non-CO₂ emissions (i.e. liming and urea application) are
1021.5 Gg net CO₂; direct N₂O emissions from managed soils are 51.2 Gg, indirect N₂O emissions from managed soils are 15.6 Gg and indirect
N₂O emissions from manure management are 2.5 Gg (DAFF, 2010). Figures for natural resources are not available.
4.6.1 Generation and use of biogas
What?
Why?
Methane is an energy source
that can be used for heating
purposes, both industrial and
domestic uses or to generate
electricity.
Methane can be generated in
anaerobic digesters, from
either custom grown crops, or
from agricultural residues and
animal waste. The methane
can be piped for thermal or
electrical power generators.
Methane is the primary component of
biogas from decomposition of manure
and plant residues. Left to escape to
the atmosphere, it is a potent GHG
with a global warming potential (GWP)
of 25 (i.e. it is 25 times as effective as
carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the
atmosphere). This makes capture and
use of methane emissions reductions
particularly effective at mitigating
global warming.
How?
 Encourage and promote the generation of biogas
from agricultural residues and purpose grown
crops, and from animal waste in feedlots and
ranches.
 Promote biogas (Compressed Natural Gas) for
transport fuel, heating, cooking and power
generation.
 GDARD, DAFF and DEA to develop carbon trading
and other financial mechanisms that promote the
production, supply and use of gas from all forms of
bio-waste from the agricultural sector (ref. Section
2.2 Financial Mechanisms above).
Category
RR,
SE+M Int,
R&D
RR,
InF D,
SE+M Int,
R&D
RM,
D+R+M&E
Who? – GDARD; DAFF; DEA; DoE; Agri-SA; GP Energy Office (GDLG&H); GDLG&H; MOEs that supply electricity in Gauteng; Farmers;
ARC; CSIR; Universities.
Page | 51
4.6.2 Soybean production
What?
GEDA is proposing a big
soybean production project
and it can be used as a
candidate to do a life cycle
assessment to assess the
complete environmental
impacts and economic
benefits of food/fuel
production.
Why?
How?
Soybean provides food protein at a
 Commission a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the
much lower energy and GHG cost than
proposed soybean production project.
animal protein.
The GHG emissions from the entire food  Provide LCA training for government officials who
prepare EIAs.
supply chain are often not considered in
GHG inventories and mitigation
strategies, resulting in a gap. This action
in assessing the LCA of soybean
production is intended to contribute to
filling that gap. Life cycle assessment of
soybean production can be used as a
demonstration of how all GHG
throughout the production, use and
disposal life cycle of food products can
be carried out.
Category
R&D
CB
Who? – GDARD; DAFF; DEA; GEDA; Gauteng Energy Office; GDLG&H; Municipalities; Agri-SA; Farmers Associations and Farmers; CSIR;
ARC; Universities.
4.6.3
Reduction of methane emissions from enteric fermentation
What?
Reduce the emissions of
methane from enteric
fermentation in domestic
livestock by reducing overall
Why?
Livestock production contributes to
GHG emissions.
The increasing demand in meat
consumption through population
How?
 Promote feedlots that are well managed to
achieve optimum methane management.
Category
D+R+M&E,
InF D
Page | 52
4.6.3
Reduction of methane emissions from enteric fermentation
What?
meat consumption (see
4.6.2) and by reducing
methane production by
genetic modification or feed
modifications.
Why?
How?
increase is leading to a high demand for  GDARD and DAFF to promote research into
livestock production. If cattle can be
genetic modification of cattle that generate less
bred using genetic modification to
methane.
reduce enteric fermentation, then the
increased number of cattle will not
 Investigate applicability in Gauteng and promote
increase GHG emissions from this
propagation by artificial insemination to reduce
source.
the number of bulls required for breeding.
Category
R&D
R&D,
SE+M Int
Who? – GDARD; GDLG&H; Municipalities; Farmers; ARC; Universities.
4.6.4 Protection of agricultural lands
What?
Why?
How?
Promote and enforce the
Gauteng agricultural land is threatened  Encourage farming methods that protect the
protection of agricultural land. by urban sprawl and if no strict laws and
land and ensure that the land acts as a carbon
regulations are imposed, the trend is for
sink.
Gauteng land area to become totally
urbanized.
Agricultural land allows seasonal plants
that absorb carbon dioxide and provide
climate change mitigation.
Category
PA+Ed,
D+R+M&E,
RR,
PB+C
Who? – GDARD; GDLG&H and Municipalities; Farmers Associations and Farmers; Construction industry.
Page | 53
4.6.5 Natural resources, land conservation and woodland management
What?
Land conservation involves
preserving natural areas, also
within urban margins.
Additional areas of Gauteng
are designated as protected
areas or conservancies.
Existing urban and natural
woodlands are protected.
Tree planting in urban areas
is promoted.
Why?
Areas of natural vegetation and
woodlands purify the air and absorb
carbon dioxide.
Conservation and protection of natural
land promotes biodiversity, plant and
animal life. It is a natural carbon sink
that can ensure a reduction of
greenhouse gases.
How?
 Enforce laws and legal instruments to increase
Category
RR
the land area under protection.
 Reduce the rate of land conversion and
degradation of woodlands.
 Support tree planting in Gauteng, particularly
fruit trees for household gardens and high
carbon absorption plants (Spekboom plant) in
public areas and nature reserves.
 Control wild fires and improve fire management.
 Enforce the legal instruments that have been
promulgated to protect woodlands.
 Identify further land areas for designation as
protected areas or conservancies.
PB+C
D+R+M&E
PA+Ed,
D+R+M&E
D+R+M&E
RR,
PA+Ed
PB+C
PB+C,
InF D
Who? – GDARD; GDLG&H and Municipalities.
Page | 54
4
Gauteng Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan
Introduction
Climate change adaptation necessitates protecting society and ecosystems against the unavoidable impacts of climate change that is already
taking place. Like mitigation responses, adaptation interventions require changes in human behaviour, changes to governance and
management systems and changes in physical infrastructure and technologies.
5.1
Water
Objective

Gauteng to collaborate with national government to monitor rainfall frequency and evaporation from water bodies and built environment
surfaces (ref. Section 6.4 Monitoring and Evaluation).

Investigate and implement secure water supply interventions.

Monitor water use and promote the implementation of water conservation.
Overview
Gauteng is in a water stressed region. Gauteng is situated on the watershed between the Orange/Vaal and the Crocodile/Limpopo river
systems, with limited natural water resources within the province. Rainfall is relatively low and highly seasonal and variable. There is sufficient
water in the Orange River basin system, through inter-basin transfers, to meet the needs of the province until around 2025/2030, depending on
the rate of growth of consumption. Although Gauteng has developed a draft of the provincial Water for Growth and Development Framework
(GWfGDF, 2010), it did not cover climate change issues which will be addressed in the review of the National Water Resources Strategy that is
being currently developed by DWA. The province has begun implementing water demand-side management initiatives. Climate modelling
studies cannot predict accurately if total rainfall will increase or decrease but project increased intensity of rainfall and more variable rainfall for
Gauteng. This may result in increased frequency of flash floods. Moreover, increasing temperatures will result in increasing evaporation from
water bodies, causing increased losses from large water dams supplying water to Gauteng. Adaptation measures may necessitate: capping of
total water demand; water use efficiency measures that may require radical changes in industrial, agricultural and domestic uses; conservation
and reprocessing of water. Specific climate change adaptation interventions could include recycling of grey water; investigating the potential
Page | 55
costs and benefits of mine water treatment (particularly in terms of addressing acid mine drainage crisis); reducing total water consumption by
15% (this target was suggested in the GWfGDF through improving efficiencies and public education. The National Water for Growth and
Development Framework indicates that groundwater will contribute 10% to water supply by 2025 and 12% by 2040 in South Africa). Pollution
prevention is also critical for secure water supply and ecological integrity of national water systems.
5.1.1
Develop and maintain efficient and secure water management systems
What?
Water conservation and
recycling are promoted and
enforced in government and
private sectors.
Requirements for rainwater
harvesting from buildings are
part of building codes for new
construction.
Major audit of water supply
chain for Gauteng has been
conducted and major losses
and leaks identified, with an
ongoing programme of repair
and maintenance to avoid
these losses.
Diversified and novel water
supply mix are investigated
and implemented as an
ongoing project.
Why?
How?
Category
Gauteng receives 668 mm mean annual
rainfall. The projected higher temperatures
will lead to increased evaporation from
water bodies and reduce run-off on the
ground resulting in less water reaching
rivers and dams.
Rainfall scenarios for Gauteng project
increased variability of rainfall in terms of
amount, rainfall periods and frequency.
Already Gauteng has to import water
through inter-basin transfers, so there are
few opportunities for increasing supply.
Best use needs to be made of existing
supplies through efficient use, loss
reduction and changed practices.
 GDARD and SAWS to increase the number
D+R+M&E
of rainfall monitoring stations in Gauteng
and provide periodic reporting.
 Investigate, regulate and implement water
recycling interventions, either at household
or company level and/or in bulk-water
supply.
 Conduct an audit of water losses in the
water supply system to Gauteng and
thereafter implement a programme of fixing
leaks and other losses from the water
supply chain.
 Investigate the long-term costs and benefits
of ground and mine water extraction.
 Continue to promote and implement water
conservation interventions.
 Monitor and verify water quality.
RR,
D+R+M&E,
InF D,
SE+M Int
D+R+M&E,
InF D,
SE+M Int
R&D
PA+Ed,
InF D,
SE+M Int
D+R+M&E
Who? – South African Weather Services (SAWS); DWA; GDARD; Municipalities; Rand Water Board; MOEs that supply water; GCRO; MRC;
Universities; CSIR; HSRC; SABS.
Page | 56
5.1.2
Protect wetlands9 and flood-prone areas from development
What?
Why?
Wetlands of Gauteng are
demarcated and proclaimed as
protected no-build zones.
Further development of existing
flood prone settlements is restricted
and remedial or preventative
infrastructure installed.
Flood-prone areas are demarcated
and zoned for restricted new
developments, subject to adequate
protection against extreme rainfall
events.
All new urban developments of
communal and private
infrastructure are required to
incorporate elements of storm
water infiltration rather than
channeling is as run-off into storm
water drains.
Wetlands are important natural habitat
areas that play a critical role in the
functioning of the ecosystems and are
also a source of surface water, and
zones of purification of surface water.
Increasing urbanization has led to
encroachment onto wetland and floodprone areas. For example, the
increasing population and consequent
demand for housing is resulting in
informal settlements developing on
wetlands and on flood-prone areas,
thereby posing a threat on water
resources in Gauteng; puts human life
at risk; and the destruction of property
due to the occurrence of floods.
How?
 Implement policies that prevent
development on wetlands.
 Cooperate with Department of Water
Affairs (DWA) initiatives such the Working
for Wetlands and Working for Water
programme.
Category
RR,
PB+C,
PA+Ed
PB+C,
D+R+M&E
Who? – DWA, in conjunction with GDARD; GDLG&H and Municipalities; Construction Industry; Universities; HSRC.
9
South Africa is a member of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and became a Party in 1975. The South African Wetlands Conservation
Programme was developed to enable South Africa to meet its obligations as a contracting party and to promote the conservation of wetlands
throughout South Africa. Wetlands are defined in the National Water Act (NWA) as “land which is transitional between terrestrial and aquatic
systems, where the water table is usually at or near the surface, or the land is periodically covered with shallow water and would support
vegetation typically adapted to life in saturated soils”.
Page | 57
5.2
Agriculture and food security
Objective

Promote food gardens as an economic activity.

Promote food gardens in residential areas for subsistence consumption.

Preserve agricultural land within the province to ensure food security.
Overview
Agriculture is a small component of the provincial economy. Gauteng has some 293 591 ha of high potential agricultural land. There are an
estimated 30 000 smallholdings, located in all metropolitan and district municipalities, concentrated mostly on the outskirts of the province.
Gauteng consumes more food than it is producing and therefore heavily dependent on imported food from other provinces and even
internationally. A total of 618 000 tons of food are produced per annum in Gauteng in comparison with 5 193 260 tons of total food consumed.
Food insecurity, due to increasing prices, transport costs and limited supplies, may become a major challenge under adverse climate change
scenarios. Local agricultural production, on farms, small holdings and in urban food gardens, can increase resilience against climate change
induced shocks.
5.2.1
Urban agriculture – food gardens
What?
Food production within the
provincial boundaries provides an
essential insurance on food
security.
Urban food gardens provide food
security, especially for lowincome households.
Why?
How?
Climate induced changes in global and  GDARD to prepare a framework document
regional agricultural may reduce
with identified land potential in relation to
availability of food and increase prices.
infrastructure/markets, proposed models,
Adaptation to this risk should include
including cost/benefit analysis and funding
maintaining and developing local
options and identify locations for pilot projects.
agricultural capacities. Awareness of
 Promote employment through development of
these factors will assist in balancing
food gardens by leasing 100 m2 to 600 m2
competing land use needs for
plots at minimal cost.
development versus food production.
Category
D+R+M&E,
InF D,
SE+M Int
InF D,
SE+M Int
Page | 58
5.2.1
Urban agriculture – food gardens
What?
Why?
Development of urban agriculture
improves the adaptive capacity of
urban communities.
Food production near sources of
consumption reduces emissions
caused by transportation of food.
How?
 Use offset/infill plots for food gardens in high
Category
InF D
income/estates developments.
 Form public-private partnerships with the
mining industry to use their unused lands for
food gardens, especially for mine employees
and surrounding communities.
 Low income housing development should
incorporate communal food gardens.
PB+C,
InF D
PA+Ed,
InF D
Who? - GDARD; Agri-SA; Municipalities; GDLG&H; Development banks; NYDA; NGOs; mining companies; Universities.
5.3
Urban Development and Infrastructure
Objectives
10

Promote, regulate and implement densification10 of urban form and land-use planning in order to achieve sustainable spatial development.

Investigate and monitor factors that determine human resilience in urban areas so as to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
Densification of urban form and infrastructure entails regulating and enforcing sustainable spatial development (ref. Gauteng Spatial
Development Framework (2007). should be accompanied by equitable urban development in Gauteng and not concentrate all development
in Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni and Tshwane. Parallel to provincial efforts to implement sustainable and equitable spatial development,
national government should promote and regulate the development of economically viable and sparsely populated areas in other provinces
in terms of the national spatial development framework in order to alleviate over-population in Gauteng.
Page | 59
Overview
Urban land use covers 17% of the surface area in the province. Residential areas account for 9% of land use. Overcrowding puts pressure
on infrastructure and also negatively affects human health. Gauteng is also characterised by extensive urban sprawl that has put pressure on
natural resources and agricultural lands. Urban areas are major generators of air pollution and GHG emissions from various activities (Ref.
Sections 4.1 to 4.5) and these also impact on human health.
Provincial efforts to implement sustainable and equitable spatial development should be supported by national government to promote the
development of economically viable and sparsely populated areas in other provinces in terms of the national spatial development framework in
order to ensure equitable distribution of population in South Africa.
5.3.1
Densification of housing development
What?
Why?
Regulations in place to allow and
promote densification of housing
developments, including row
housing and multi-story residential
buildings.
Provincial and municipal subsidized
housing projects specify a higher
housing density than present
practice.
Fiscal incentives or taxes, and
policies in place to discourage
urban sprawl developments.
Urban edges defined and enforced.
Reclaimed mining land within urban
margins re-developed for industrial
development instead of Greenfield
development.
Current residential settlement planning
and implementation is contributing to
urban sprawl.
Increasing urbanization is leading to
encroachment onto natural habitats,
loss of prime agricultural land. This
poses long term climate costs
(increased costs of transport and
energy) loss of biodiversity, decreased
food security.
The sustainability, social and
economic advantages of city living are
optimised through optimum densities
than are higher than the majority of
current town planning developments.
How?
 Implement policies and regulations to
Category
RR
permit and incentivise higher housing
densities.
 Develop housing, including low-income
InF D
housing to incorporate row houses or
multiple storey dwelling structures.
 Introduce mitigation interventions in
buildings such as energy efficiency features
(ref. Section 4.5) and water adaptation
measures (ref. 5.1) and waste recycling
(ref. section 4.5).
 Rehabilitate and investigate cleared mine
InF D,
SE+M Int
InF D
tailings areas around east, central and west
Witwatersrand for developing subsidised
and affordable housing close to existing
infrastructure, jobs and city amenities.
Who? - GDLG&H & Municipalities; Construction industry; GDARD, Land development companies.
Page | 60
5.3.2
Regulation and implementation of land-use planning and spatial development
What?
Land-use planning and
development regulations take into
account sustainable urban land-use
practices, including protection of
agricultural lands and natural
areas.
Land use planning regulations are
strictly enforced, with
harmonization across national,
provincial and municipal
jurisdictions.
Why?
How?
Urbanisation, that is industrialization,
 Gauteng Planning Commission and GCRO,
housing developments, construction of
in conjunction with relevant provincial
transport infrastructure, is leading to
government departments and
encroachment onto agricultural lands
municipalities, to develop a concise, simple
and other natural habitat. Resilient
and easy-to-read handbook that
cities under climate change scenarios
synthesizes and integrates all the various
will require a balance between
policies and strategies that articulate urban
urbanized area, natural spaced, and
development, land-use planning, natural
proximate areas for food production.
habitat conservation and protection and
agricultural land conservation. This
Unregulated or poorly regulated land
document should serve as a singular and
development for short-term profit leads
integrated planning instrument for provincial
to unconstrained urban sprawl, an
departments and municipalities, instead of
urban form poorly adapted to urban
the many and varied documents that
resilience.
currently exist.
There are many existing policies and
strategies that articulate land-use and  GDLG&H and municipalities to regulate and
enforce sustainable land-use planning and
spatial planning – the political will and
spatial development. The coordination role
mechanisms to enforce the policies
of the GDLG&H in this regard to be
are currently poorly enforced.
strengthened.
 GDLG&H and municipalities to collaborate
with GDARD on every proposed physical
development that involves reclassification of
existing natural area or agricultural land.
Category
D+R+M&E
RR,
PB+C
PB+C,
InF D
Who? - GDLG&H; GDARD; GDR&T; Municipalities; GCRO; Universities; construction industry.
Page | 61
5.4
Natural Resources and Biodiversity
Objectives

Promote and enforce the protection of natural resources and biodiversity areas.
Overview
Gauteng’s natural resources and biodiversity is under increasing pressure due to encroachment from urbanization. Between 1996 and 2009,
229 953 ha of natural habitat was lost in Gauteng, which represents a 13% loss within a 15 year period. Over 56% of the natural habitat in
Gauteng has been lost, leaving only 798 397 ha of land in natural or semi-natural state that is highly fragmented and subdivided amongst many
landowners. Natural resources provide essential facilities for recreation and reducing stress levels of high-density urban and suburban zones.
The threat to natural resources due to urban expansion causes degradation of water resources, loss of biodiversity, and loss of open spaces.
Nature reserves also serve as benchmarks for biological research and environmental indicators.
5.4.1
Conservation of urban parks and open areas (biodiversity)
What?
Why?
Small and large parks, open and
natural areas are located
throughout Gauteng.
These areas are protected as
important aspects of the urban
infrastructure of Gauteng.
Substantial blocks of natural areas
are protected to conserve the
biodiversity of the region,
specifically Highveld grasslands,
and the Witwatersrand montane
habitats.
Urban parks and open areas reduce
the heat island phenomenon.
Urban parks and open spaces provide
spaces for storm water infiltration as
opposed to flooding storm-water
drains.
Convenient access to open spaces
promotes healthy lifestyles among
urban dwellers, an important
adaptation issue in high density
compact cities.
How?
 Promote the conservation of urban parks
and open areas.
 Identify and promulgate further parks and
protected areas.
 Use land-use planning provisions to prevent
Category
PA+Ed,
PB+C
D+R+M&E,
RR,
INF D
RR
further fragmentation of protected areas,
especially by highway construction.
 Identify habitats of significant value for
D+R+M&E,
consolidation through purchase or
conservancies.
 Promote urban and semi-urban
conservancies.
PA+Ed,
PB+C
Page | 62
5.4.1
Conservation of urban parks and open areas (biodiversity)
What?
Why?
How?
 Enforce the implementation of such policies
as the C-Plan and the Gauteng Protection
Area Expansion Strategy (2011).
Category
RR,
InF D
Who? – GDARD; Municipalities; Universities and research organizations.
5.4.2
Removal of alien vegetation
What?
Invasive alien vegetation species
are eradicated from the province,
specifically from protected natural
areas and public spaces.
Residents are repsonsible for
eradicating alien invasive species
on private property.
Planting or replanting of trees in
public spaces is restricted to
indigenous species.
Why?
Urbanization has resulted in the
introduction of exotic species in home
gardens, public spaces and derelict
land.
Alien species infestation can disturb
local biodiversity and ecosystems
making it difficult for them to adapt to
climate change thereby destroying
adaptation systems and capabilities.
How?
 Promote the planting of indigenous plant
and tree species.
 GDARD and municipalities to collaborate in
municipal park services to conduct alien
eradication campaigns.
 Conduct information campaigns to sensitise
Category
PA+Ed,
InF D
PB+C,
PA+Ed,
InF D
PA+Ed
residents to classified invasive alien
vegetation species.
Who? – GDARD; Municipalities, citizens, business and industry, environmental NGOs, such as Trees for Africa.
Page | 63
5.4.3
Urban plant and tree waste as an alternative fuel
What?
Urban plant and tree waste is
recovered for alternative fuel use
(wood fuel or gasification) rather
than being composted.
Why?
Urban parks and urban residential
gardens generate significant woody
bio-waste. Instead of filling landfills
with plant and tree waste, this waste
can be used as a substitute for coal,
and provide energy resilience to the
lower economic households. This
waste woody biomass provides a
resource for SMEs.
How?
 Engage with waste collection companies
and municipal park services to adapt their
current practices for collecting and
disposing of woody biomass from tree
felling and pruning.
 Provide facilities for small entrepreneurs to
collect and package woody bio-waste from
central depots.
Category
PB+C,
InF D
InF D,
SE+M Int
Who? – GDARD; Municipalities; Waste collection companies.
5.5
Health
Objective

Investigate and monitor the impact of climate-related changes in temperature and precipitation on human health; and on the frequency and
emergence of disease out-breaks.
Overview
Climate change is likely to have several adverse effects on the health of the population. For example, the NCCRS Green Paper (DEA, 2010)
indicated that the prevalence of HIV and tuberculosis (TB) is being complicated by waterborne and respiratory diseases due to poor living
conditions and overcrowding in some settlements and poor indoor air quality in low-income households. Lack of food security (both quality and
quantity) due to climate change (for example variable rainfall; increasing frequency of drought periods) resulting in increasing prices due to
shortages will also affect human health.
Page | 64
5.5.1
Climate change and health impacts
What?
Why?
Monitor human health risk and
vulnerability from extreme weather
events and climate change.
Monitor the incidence and
distribution of disease vectors such
a malaria-transmitting mosquito
species.
Air quality is improved through
efficient combustion of all fuels, and
substitution of cleaner renewable
fuels and energy in place of fossil
fuels.
Climate change impacts on health will
not occur in isolation but will increase
in magnitude and severity with
corresponding impacts on biophysical,
economic and social structures
(NCCRS Green Paper [DEA, 2010]).
Most adverse air quality effects in
urban areas arise from combustion of
fuels. Adapting to low carbon energy
sources will improve respiratory health
and productivity.
How?
 Observe and monitor human health
Category
D+R+M&E
occurrences due to extreme weather
events.
 National and provincial governments to
collaborate and promote research into
climate change impacts on human health.
 Adapt passive energy measures and non-
polluting renewable energy sources to
reduce air emissions from fuel combustion.
PB+C,
D+R+M&E
PA+Ed,
InF D,
SE+M Int
Who? - DoH and GDH&SD; GDARD; DEA; GDLG&H; Municipalities; Universities; MRC; HSRC.
5.6
Disaster Risk Management
Objective

To identify and monitor potential disaster risks

To develop early warning and disaster response mechanisms.

To promote the development and maintenance of resilience to possible disasters.
Overview
The building and maintenance of resilience to disaster risk needs to be prioritised in respect of potential climate change-related extreme
events that are likely to occur in Gauteng, such as floods, droughts and heat waves.
Page | 65
5.6.1
Disaster risk planning and reduction
What?
Potential climate related disaster
hazards and risks are identified and
monitored on a continuing basis.
Mechanisms are put in place
mapping of disaster risk areas, for
early warnings and disaster
response.
Why?
How?
Climate change is likely to increase the  Gauteng Disaster Management Centre and
frequency and intensity of hazards
GDARD to develop a monitoring tool for
such as floods, storms, drought, fires
climate-related disaster hazards that are
and infectious disease outbreaks.
benchmarked on best practices.
Additional measures in the emergency
 Gauteng Disaster Management Centre to
response system need to be put in
collate and report on information on disaster
place to monitor and prepare for
risks. Such information to be included in the
additional or accentuated hazards
Gauteng State of Climate Protection
associated with climate change. The
Report.
response system includes awareness
 Increase the number of comprehensive
among decision makers (politicians)
weather monitoring stations in the province.
and willingness to fund appropriate
measures from the annual budgets.
 Monitor and record occurrence of droughts.
 Conduct a detailed GIS mapping project to
Category
D+R+M&E
D+R+M&E
InF D,
D+R+M&E
D+R+M&E
D+R+M&E
identify flood prone areas.
 Communicate early warning of drought
occurrence.
 Integrate drought occurrence information in
PA+Ed,
PB+C
D+R+M&E
development planning, e.g. IDPs.
 Promote capacity building of provincial and
CB
municipal personnel to use the South
African Risk and Vulnerability Atlas
(SARVA) and disaster risk information in
their planning strategies to ensure that
there is no settlement on flood prone areas.
Page | 66
5.6.1
Disaster risk planning and reduction
What?
Why?
How?
Category
 Monitor and record changes in temperature
D+R+M&E
and the “urban heat island” phenomenon
and the occurrence, intensity and impact of
heat waves.
 Investigate human perception on risk and
vulnerability and mitigation and adaptation
capacity.
 Investigate and implement the use of
cellphones to communicate impending
disasters.
R&D,
PA+Ed
PA+Ed
InF D
Who? - Gauteng Disaster Management Centre; South African Weather Services (SAWS); GDLG&H and Municipalities; GDARD; GCRO;
Universities (e.g. Wits University Office of Disaster Preparedness in Africa; DIMP at UCT); CSIR; HSRC.
Page | 67
6. Cross Cutting Issues
6.1
Governance
Objective

Promote and implement effective partnerships in all spheres of government and with other stakeholders.

Promote and monitor the implementation of climate change response interventions in Gauteng.
6.1.1
Inter-organizational cooperation on climate change issues
What?
Why?
How?
Category
Climate change response interventions  Promote and implement the “GCCRS and
PA+Ed,
require collaboration and alignment.
Action Plan” and “Green Strategic
CB,
Currently, responsibility for climate
Programme for Gauteng” by all
RM
related mitigation and adaptation
stakeholders.
matters span several departments.
 All provincial departments and
RM,
Well-intended but overlapping policy
municipalities to incorporate climate change
PB+C
and strategic planning are taking place
into sectoral plans and IDPs.
in several departments, leading to
duplication.
 Universities/research organization,
R&D
government and industry should collaborate
and coordinate in conducting priority
research that is required to generate
information on climate change response so
as to utilise resources optimally and avoid
duplication. The GCRO is a vehicle to
facilitate such cooperation between
Gauteng government and universities.
Who? - Premier’s Office; Gauteng Green Inter-Ministerial Committee; GCRO; All provincial departments; All municipalities; Industry,
commerce, mining and agricultural representative bodies ; Labour organizations; Civil society groups; Universities; SALGA GP.
Climate change response requires
a new form of governance for
coordination, collaboration and
integration by all stakeholders.
Page | 68
6.1.2
Climate change champions
What?
Why?
Every provincial department and
Project champions will facilitate the
municipality identifies a climate
mainstreaming and implementation of
change response project champion. climate change response strategies.
An individual made responsible for the
task is more likely to succeed than
leaving the responsibility to
committees.
How?
 Designate a climate change response
champion in each provincial HODs office.
 Designate a climate change response
champion in each municipal manager’s
office.
Category
PB+C,
CB
PB+C,
CB
Who? - Premier’s office; Gauteng Green Inter-Ministerial Committee; All provincial departments (HODs office); all municipalities (municipal
manager’s office); SALGA GP.
6.1.3
Integrate and implement climate protection policies
What?
An integrated climate protection
policy and strategy is in place,
endorsed by all relevant and
affected departments of the
Gauteng Government, and
coordinated with the national policy
and strategy.
Integrated climate protection
policies and strategies are in place
in every municipality, endorsed by
all relevant and affected
departments, and coordinated with
the provincial policies and
strategies.
Why?
How?
There are policies and strategies that
 GDED/GDARD to coordinate an
have been developed in Gauteng that
interdepartmental task team to harmonise
begin to address climate change
or integrate the various climate response
response. However, these policies
actions. Climate change response
and strategies have been developed in
interventions, once finalised and
an incremental manner. They now
promulgated, should be consolidated,
need to be integrated and consolidated
incorporated and budgeted for in the
into cohesive documents.
municipal IDPs.
Climate change response requires
 Climate change response interventions,
collaboration, integration and
once finalised and promulgated, should be
alignment in the respective
consolidated, incorporated and budgeted
interventions as there are linkages in
for in the municipal IDPs.
the various sectors.
Category
PB+C,
D+R+M&E
PB+C,
CB,
RM
Page | 69
6.1.3
Integrate and implement climate protection policies
What?
Why?
How?
Category
 Municipalities, when preparing their climate
PB+C,
D+R+M&E
change responses, should be required to
refer to and harmonise with the provincial
climate change responses.
Who? – GDED and GCRO; All provincial departments; All municipalities; Universities and research organizations; SALGA GP.
6.2
Research
Objective

Promote research and development for climate change response.
Overview
It is recognized that there is emerging evidence from research that indicates that climate change is taking place and response interventions
should be implemented. However, there is still need for the development of further information through continued robust monitoring and
analysing of climate change phenomenon and what will be required in terms of technology development, and human capacity and capability to
adapt and become resilient. Hence, the GCCRS emphasises activities supported by on-going research. This research needs to be jointly
conducted between implementing agencies and research organizations (applied research) as mitigation and adaptation interventions will require
real world testing and application. Many of the climate change interventions proposed in this document and the following R&D actions are
applied research activities that will be carried out in partnerships comprising government-industry-universities-research organizations.
Page | 70
6.2.1 Research and development for climate change response11
What?
Why?
How?
The implications for governance, civil
 Create partnerships between province and
society, infrastructure build and
municipalities on the one hand, and
operating costs of a comprehensive
research organisations on the other, to
climate change response are
conduct research relevant to the provincial
profound. The intended and
climate response strategy.
unintended consequences of these
 Create funding mechanisms to support
environmental, societal and fiscal
such research and skills development.
changes need to be studied in
advance, and critically evaluated
 Conduct research in the following, inter alia:
during implementation so that
appropriate actions can be maintained,
 Energy technologies that assist in
and undesirable outcomes terminated
mitigation.
or mitigated. This is the proper role of
 Smart energy systems and controls.
universities and research
 Carbon reduction strategies and
organisations.
technologies.
 Zero net energy buildings and
settlements.
 Establish benchmarking and pilot
demonstration projects.
Who? – Universities; CSIR; HSRC, GCRO; SANEDI.
All the universities and other major
research organisations in Gauteng
engaged in aspects of climate
change mitigation and adaptation.
11
Category
PB+C
RM
R&D
Include the R&D activities identified in the various mitigation and adaptation actions.
Page | 71
6.3
Public Awareness, Education and Training
Objective

Promote public awareness, education and skills development on all aspects of climate change.
6.3.1 Awareness raising campaign on climate change
What?
Why?
The citizens of Gauteng are aware
of the nature, causes and
consequences of climate change,
both on a global scale and more
directly how their local
environments are affected.
The citizens are aware of their own
roles and contributions, and
supportive of responses initiated by
provincial and local government to
respond to climate change.
Public awareness of climate change is
critical to achieve the goals of
mitigation and adaptation responses.
This also assists the citizenry to begin
a process of transition in their social
and economic behaviour.
All citizens need to be involved in
implementing interventions for climate
change response.
How?
 Augment the development and promotion
Category
PA+Ed
informational programmes and adverts on
radio and television.
 Investigate use of cellphones for periodic
“Tweets” or SMS on climate change and
climate change related hazards.
 Develop a climate change website (see
Section 6.3.4).
 Integrate climate change awareness
D+R+M&E,
InF D
PA+Ed,
InF D
PA+Ed
building with sustainable development
events, e.g. annual international Earth
Hour.
Who? - GDARD; various media; telecommunications companies; SALGA GP; the public.
6.3.3 Energy science and demonstration centre
What?
Establish and build an Energy
Centre or Energy Institute with
requisite modern energy efficient
building physics and smart energy
Why?
The Energy Institute will pursue the
following: leading, challenging,
creating and exploring knowledge on
energy; supporting academic,
How?
 Create an Energy Institute to promote
public awareness and entrepreneurship
with respect to South Africa’s and the
SADC energy economy.
Category
InF D,
PB+C
Page | 72
6.3.3 Energy science and demonstration centre
What?
controls that will serve as a
research, demonstration and
learning centre for all aspects of
energy development in South Africa
and SADC/Africa region.
Why?
vocational and technological teaching;
learning and research; partnerships
with communities; and contributing to
national objectives regarding skills
development and economic growth.
How?
 Mandate the Energy Institute to act as a
Category
SE+M Int
business incubation centre for outputs from
research.
 Conduct research on energy planning,
R&D
modelling and technical interventions for
sustainable town and regional planning and
development.
 The Energy Institute will promote public
awareness, through establishing an Energy
Exploratorium – a hands-on, interactive
display of energy-related phenomena,
technologies, solutions and information.
PA+Ed,
PB+C,
D+R+M&E
Who? – Premier’s Office/Gauteng Planning Commission; Gauteng Energy Office (GDLG&H); Universities; private sector.
6.3.4 Gauteng Climate Protection Website
What?
A GDARD-hosted climate change
website that has links to other
provincial departments and
municipalities.
.
Why?
How?
A climate change website is needed as  Establish a Climate Response Website
a central portal for coordination
between provincial departments,
 Maintain a tracking system of climate
between the province and
indicators relevant to Gauteng.
municipalities; and for public
awareness and information.
 Maintain a register and progress tracking of
all provincial climate change initiatives.
Category
D+R+M&E
InF D
D+R+M&E
D+R+M&E
PB+C
Page | 73
6.3.4 Gauteng Climate Protection Website
What?
Why?
How?
 Maintain a register of climate change
Category
D+R+M&E
research and other information.
Who? - GDARD, Universities; CSIR; HSRC, MRC; GCRO.
6.3.5 Climate change and sustainable development in the school and tertiary education curriculam
What?
Climate change and sustainable
development incorporated as part
of the school curriculum.
Climate change and sustainable
development included in
undergraduate and graduate
courses at tertiary institutions.
Why?
How?
The transition to a society that is
aware and understands all aspects of
climate change should be treated as a
human development imperative.
 Design and incorporate climate change and
Category
CB
sustainable development into the school
and tertiary education curricula.
Who? - National Departments of Education; Gauteng Department of Education (GDE); Universities; GDARD.
6.4
Monitoring and Evaluation
Objective

To define monitoring and evaluation procedures to track progress of the climate protection interventions.

To implement the monitoring and evaluation procedures, and provide means for reporting.
Page | 74
6.4.1 Gauteng GHG inventory
What?
A GHG inventory structure
developed and implemented.
GHG inventory updated at regular
intervals based on research and
survey information.
Why?
How?
The implementation of an inventory on  The EnerKey Programme has generated
GHG emissions will assist with
data on GHG inventories for the energy
measuring progress in reducing GHG
sector for Gauteng. This should be
gases brought about by the
augmented to include additional sources as
implemented mitigation measures.
specified in the IPCC guidelines stipulated
in the Greenhouse gas inventory for South
Without the means of monitoring GHG
Africa: 2000 (DEA, 2009).
emissions reductions, it will not be
possible to make a business case for
 Develop a GHG inventory system for nonmaintaining or implementing additional
energy emissions in accordance with IPCC
climate mitigation measures.
guidelines stipulated in the Greenhouse gas
inventory for South Africa: 2000 (DEA,
2009).
Category
D+R+M&E
D+R+M&E
Who? - GDARD; Universities; GCRO; GDLG&H Energy office; Municipalities; Municipal MOEs that supply electricity; Eskom; Energy
industry.
6.4.2 Energy modeling and monitoring for Gauteng
What?
An inventory on primary energy
supply, transport, transformation
and end use category is maintained
for Gauteng.
An inventory of alternative energy
supply for Gauteng is established
Why?
How?
Information on energy supply and
 The EnerKey Programme has generated
consumption will assist in designing
baseline information on energy modelling
and developing secure energy sources
and monitoring (2011). This needs to be
and technologies for the economy and
augmented, and the populated model
population of Gauteng and ensure
transferred to province.
sustainable development.
Category
D+R+M&E
Page | 75
6.4.2 Energy modeling and monitoring for Gauteng
What?
and updated annually.
A techno-economic energy model
(TIMES-MARKEL) is populated and
maintained as a decision support
tool for Gauteng energy planning.
Why?
Such information is required to
implement cost-optimised mitigation
interventions and alternative energy
supply technologies.
How?
 Implement capacity building for the GP
Energy office, i.e. human, financial and
technological resources to implement and
maintain energy modelling and monitoring.
Category
CB,
RM
Who? - Energy Office (GDLG&H); Municipalities; Universities; GDARD; Eskom; MOEs that distribute electricity; energy industry companies.
6.4.3 State of Gauteng Climate Protection Report12
What?
A Provincial Climate Protection
chapter is included in the (annual)
Gauteng State of Environment
Report. Gauteng should include.
Develop indicators for climate
mitigation and climate adaptation
are developed, and are included in
the above report.
12
Why?
How?
Indicators are used to provide robust
 Gauteng Disaster Management Centre and
metrics to indicate progress against
GDARD and universities assume the
defined objectives, in a uniform and
responsibility of producing this report and
easily communicable format. The
identify the reporting strategy.
development of such climate indicators
will assist GDARD in measuring and
reporting progress against Gauteng’s
climate protection objectives.
The report will be a comprehensive
Category
D+R+M&E,
PB+C,
PA+Ed
The GP Energy office intends to publish a periodic Gauteng State of Energy Report, an activity described in the Gauteng Integrated Energy
Strategy that will provide information on energy mitigation responses.
Page | 76
6.4.3 State of Gauteng Climate Protection Report12
What?
Why?
source document on environmental
management and climate protection
interventions that will inform and
engage the public in climate protection
issues.
The report will provide information to
policy makers on, inter alia, climate
risks, vulnerabilities propose
adaptation interventions.
How?
Category
Who? –GDARD; GCRO; Gauteng Disaster Management Centre; Universities; Municipalities.
Page | 77
7.
Way Forward
The GCCRS and Action Plan has identified a number of actions to achieve climate protection. However, priority actions required to synergise
the implementation of climate protection interventions in Gauteng will need to be determined by the committee comprising GDED, GDLG&H,
GDARD, GDID, and GDR&T and including SALGA GP. The actions prioritised will provide the impetus to integrate with the Green Economy
Strategy and cascade the implementation of various interventions. It should be noted that the responsible departments, municipalities and
organizations will need to develop comprehensive projects and plans with requisite budgets and coordinate with GDARD.
Page | 78
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was prepared for the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
(GDARD) by the following team from the University of Johannesburg:
Principal Investigators: Prof. Charles Mbohwa (Faculty of Management) and Prof. Harold
Annegarn (SeTAR Centre and Faculty of Science)
Principal Writers: Lynda Mujakachi (SeTAR Centre, Faculty of Science); Prof. Harold
Annegarn (SeTAR Centre and Faculty of Science); Ntombifuthi Ntuli (DANIDA and MSc.
student in GEMES, Faculty of Science); and Prof. Charles Mbohwa (Faculty of Management)
Contributing Writers: Nonhlanhla Myaka (Consultant); Junior Mabiza, Janet Duma, Takalani
Musundwa Nemarumane and Havashnee Naidoo (all from Faculty of Management)
Project Manager: Dr. Pule Kholopane (Faculty of Management).
GDARD staff are also acknowledged for providing valuable information and comments
towards the production of this report, namely: Ms. Rina Taviv, Mr. Gershon Nethavani, Mr. Eric
Mulibana from the Sustainable Use of Environment Branch; Ms. Melinda Swift from the
Sustainable Resource Management Branch; Dr Deryn Petty, Dr. Peter Geertsma and Mr.
Reuben Govender from the Veterinary Services and Sustainable Resource Management
Branch; Dr. Nico Grobler from the Directorate of Nature Conservation; Pieta Compaan from
the Nature Conservation: Technological Services.
Acknowledgements are extended to the various participants and presenters who attended
the following workshops and offered valuable inputs: (i) the EnerKey Programme Climate
Protection (Mitigation) Workshops held 2-3 November 2010 at UJ and Liliesleaf Farm
respectively, in Johannesburg; (ii) Adaptation Workshop held 27 January 2011 at UJ; (iii)
CSIR-EnerKey Programme workshop on “Spatial Planning in the transition to low carbon city
and city region economies” held 10 March 2011 at CSIR; and (iv) the Gauteng Climate Change
Indaba held 15 March 2011 at Life Hotel in Kempton Park, Ekurhuleni Municipality.
The GCRO/GDED team that developed Green Strategic Programme for Gauteng (2011) is
acknowledged for making valuable comments towards the production of this report.
The UJ team members attended various workshops at national, provincial and municipal
levels that are related to climate protection and sustainable development during the course of
the project and have gained information which has been incorporated in the production of this
document.
Other sources of information and data are acknowledged and referenced where they
appear in the document.