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PART IX
THE PANCHAYATS
2 4 3. Defi ni ti ons .—In t h is Part , u n les s t h e cont ext ot h erwis e requ i res , —
(a) “district” means a district in a State;
(b) “Gram Sabha” means a body consisting of persons registered in the electoral rolls
relating to a village comprised within the area of Panchayat at the village level;
(c) “intermediate level” means a level between the village and district levels specified
by the Governor of a State by public notification to be the intermediate level for the
purposes of this Part;
(d) “Panchayat” means an institution (by whatever name called) of self- government
constituted under article 243B, for the rural areas;
(e) “Panchayat area” means the territorial area of a Panchayat;
(f) “Population” means the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of
which the relevant figures have been published;
(g) “village” means a village specified by the Governor by public notification to be a
village for the purposes of this Part and includes a group of villages so specified.
2 4 3 A. Gra m Sa bha .— A G ram Sab h a may ex erci s e su ch p owers an d
p erform s u ch fu n ct i ons at t h e vi lla ge leve l as t h e Le gi s lat u re o f a St at e
may, b y law, p rovi d e.
2 4 3B. Cons ti tuti on of Pa nchay a ts .—(1 ) Th ere sh all b e con s ti t ut ed in
ever y St at e, Pan ch ayat s at t h e vi lla ge, i n t ermed i at e an d di st rict leve ls i n
accord an ce wi t h t h e p rovi s i ons of t h i s Part .
(2 ) Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h in g i n clau s e (1 ), Pan ch ayat s at t h e
i n t ermed i at e level ma y n ot b e con s t it u t ed in a St at e h avi n g a p op u lat i on
n ot ex ceed i n g t wen t y la kh s .
2 4 3 C. Com pos i ti on of P a nchay a ts .— (1 ) Su bj ect t o t h e p rovi s i ons of
t h is Part , th e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e may, b y law, make p r ovi s i on s wi th
res p ect t o t h e comp os i ti on of Pa n ch ayat s :
Provi d ed t h at t h e rat i o b et ween t h e p opu lat i on of t h e t erri t ori al area o f a
Pan ch ayat a t an y le ve l an d t h e n u mb er of s eat s i n su ch Pan ch ayat t o b e
fi l led b y e lect i on s h all, s o far as p racti cab le, b e th e s ame th rou gh ou t t h e
St at e.
(2 ) Al l t h e s eat s i n a Pan ch ayat s h all b e fi l led b y p ers on s ch os en b y
d i rect elect i on from t erri t ori al con s t it u en ci es i n th e Pan ch ayat area an d ,
for t h i s pu rp os e, each Pan ch ayat area s h all b e d i vid ed i nt o t erri t ori al
con s t it u en ci es in su ch mann er that th e rat i o b et ween t h e p opu lat ion of each
con s t it u en cy an d t h e n u mb er o f s eat s all ot t ed t o i t s h all, s o far as
p ract i c ab le, b e th e s ame th rou gh ou t t h e p an ch ayat area.
(3 ) Th e Legi s lat u re o f a S t at e may, b y law, p ro vi d e for t h e
rep res ent at i on—
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(a) of the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the village level, in the Panchayats at the
intermediate level or, in the case of a State not having Panchayats at the intermediate
level, in the Panchayats at the district level;
(b) of the Chairpersons of the Panchayats at the intermediate level, in the Panchayats
at the district level;
(c) of the members of the House of the People and the members of the Legislative
Assembly of the State representing constituencies which comprise wholly or partly a
Panchayat area at a level other than the village level, in such Panchayat;
(d) of the members of the Council of States and the members of the Legislative
Council of the State, where they are registered as electors within—
(i) a Panchayat area at the intermediate level, in Panchayat at the intermediate
level;
(ii) a Panchayat area at the district level, in Panchayat at the district level.
(4 ) Th e Ch ai rp ers on of a Pan ch ayat an d ot h er memb ers of a P an ch ayat
wh et h er or n ot ch os en b y d i rect elect i on fr om t erri t ori al con s t i tu en ci es i n
t h e Pan ch ayat area s h al l h ave t h e ri gh t t o vot e i n t h e meet in gs o f t h e
Pan ch ayat s .
(5 ) Th e Ch ai rp ers on of —
(a) a panchayat at the village level shall be elected in such manner as the Legislature
of a State may, by law, provide; and
(b) a Panchayat at the intermediate level or district level shall be elected by, and from
amongst, the elected members thereof.
2 4 3 D. Res erva ti on of s ea ts .—(1) Seat s sh all b e res erved for —
(a) the Scheduled Castes; and
(b) the Scheduled Tribes,
i n every Pan ch ayat an d t h e n umb er of s eat s s o res erved s h all b ear, as
n earl y as may b e, th e s ame p rop ort i on t o t h e t ot al nu mb er of s eat s t o b e
fi l led b y d i rect elect i on i n t h at Pan ch ayat as t h e p op u lat ion o f t h e
Sch ed u led Cas t es i n t h at Pan ch ayat area or o f t h e Sch edu led Tri b es in th at
Pan ch ayat area b ears t o t h e t otal p op u lat i on of t h at area an d s u ch s eat s
may b e al lot t ed b y rot at i on t o d ifferen t con s t i tu en ci es i n a Pan chayat .
(2 ) Not les s th an on e -t h i rd of t h e t ot al nu mb er of s eat s res erved un d er
clau s e (1 ) s h all b e res erved for women b elon gi n g t o th e Sch edu led Cast es
or, as t h e cas e may b e, t h e Sch ed u led Tri b es .
(3 ) Not les s t h an on e -t h i rd (in clu d i n g t h e n umb er of s eat s res erved for
women b elon gi n g t o t h e Sch ed u led Cas t es and t h e Sch ed u led Trib es ) of t h e
t ot al n u mb er of s eat s t o b e fi l led b y d i rect elect i on i n every Pan ch ayat
s h all b e res erved for women an d s u ch s eat s may b e all ot t ed b y rot at i on t o
d i fferen t con s t i tu en ci es i n a Panch ayat .
(4 ) Th e o ffi ces o f t h e Ch ai rp ers on s i n t h e Pan ch ayat s at t h e vi llage or
an y ot h er leve l s h all b e res erved for t h e Sch edu led Cas t es , th e Sch edu led
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Tri b es an d women in s u ch mann er as th e Legi s lat u re of a St at e may, b y
law, p rovi d e:
Provi d ed th at t h e nu mb er of o ffi ces of Ch ai rp ers on s res erved for t h e
Sch ed u led Cas t es an d t h e Sch edu led Tri b es i n t h e Pan ch ayat s at each level
i n an y St at e s h all b ear, as n ear l y as ma y b e, t h e s ame p rop ort i on t o t h e
t ot al n u mb er of s u ch offi ces i n t h e Pan ch ayat s at each level as t h e
p op u lat i on of t h e Sch edu led Cast es in t h e St at e or of t h e Sch ed uled Tri b es
i n th e St at e b ears t o th e t ot al p op u lat i on of t h e St at e:
Provi d ed fu rt h er t h at n ot les s t h an on e -t h i rd of t h e t ot al n u mb er of
o ffi ces o f Ch ai rp ers on s i n th e Pan ch ayat s at each level s h all b e res erved
for women :
Provi d ed als o t h at th e nu mb er of o ffi ces res erved u nd er th i s clau s e sh all
b e allot t ed b y rot at i on t o d i ffere n t Panch ayat s at each level.
(5 ) Th e res ervat i on o f s eat s u n der clau s es (1 ) an d (2 ) and t h e res ervat i on
o f o ffi ces o f Ch ai rp ers ons (ot her t h an th e res ervat i on for w o men ) u nd er
clau s e (4 ) s h all ceas e t o h ave effect on t h e ex pi rati on of t h e p eri od
s p eci fi ed i n art i cle 3 34 .
(6 ) Not h i n g i n th is Part s h all p reven t t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e from
maki n g an y p rovi s i on for res erv at i on of s eat s i n an y Pan ch ayat or offi ces
o f Ch ai rp ers ons in t h e Pan ch ayat s at an y leve l i n fav ou r o f b ackward clas s
o f ci t i zens .
2 4 3E. Dura ti on of P a ncha yats , etc. —(1 ) Every Pan ch a yat , u n les s
s oon er d is s olved u nd er a n y law for t h e ti me b ein g i n force, s h all con t i n u e
for fi ve years from t h e d at e ap poi n t ed for i t s fi rs t meet in g an d no lon ger.
(2 ) No amen d men t of an y law for t h e ti me b ei n g i n force s h all h ave t h e
effect o f cau s i n g d is s olu t i on o f a Pan ch ayat at an y leve l , wh i ch is
fu n ct i on in g i mmed i at ely b efore s u ch amend ment , t i ll t h e exp i rat i on of i t s
d u rati on sp eci fi ed in clau s e (1 ).
(3 ) An elect i on t o con s t it ut e a Pan ch ayat s h all b e comp let ed —
(a) before the expiry of its duration specified in clause (1);
(b) before the expiration of a period of six months from the date of its dissolution:
Provi d ed t h at wh ere t h e remaind er of t h e p eri od for wh i ch t h e d i ss olved
Pan ch ayat wou ld h ave con t in u ed is les s t h an s i x mon th s , i t sh all n ot b e
n eces s ary t o h old an y elect i on un d er th is clau s e for con s t i t ut in g t he
Pan ch ayat for s u ch p eri od .
(4 ) A Pan ch ayat con s t i t ut ed u pon t h e d is s olu t i on of a Pan ch ayat b efore
t h e exp i rati on of i t s d u rat i on shall con t i n u e on ly for t h e remai n d er of t h e
p eri od for wh i ch t h e d i ss olve d Pan ch ayat wou ld h ave con t in u ed un d er
clau s e (1 ) h ad it n ot b een s o di ss olved .
2 43 F . Dis qua lif i ca ti ons f or m em bers hi p. —(1 ) A p ers on s h all b e
d i sq u ali fi ed for b ei n g ch os en as , an d for b ei n g, a memb er of a Pan ch ayat —
(a) if he is so disqualified by or under any law for the time being in force for the
purposes of elections to the Legislature of the State concerned:
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Provided that no person shall be disqualified on the ground that he is less than twenty-five
years of age, if he has attained the age of twenty-one years;
(b) if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by the Legislature of the State.
(2 ) If an y q u es ti on ari s es as t o wh et h er a memb er of a Pan chayat h as
b ecome s ub j ect t o an y o f t h e di sq u ali fi cat i on s ment i on ed i n claus e (1 ), t h e
q u est i on sh all b e refe rred for t h e d ecis i on of s u ch au t h orit y a n d in s u ch
man n er as th e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e may, b y law, p rovi d e.
2 43 G. P ow ers, a uthori ty a nd res pons i bi li ti es of Pa nchay a ts .—Su bj ect
t o t h e p rovi s i on s of t h is Con st it u ti on , th e Legi s lat u re of a St a t e may, b y
law, en d ow t h e Pan ch ayat s wi t h s u ch p owers an d au t h orit y as may b e
n eces s ary t o en ab le t h em t o fu n ct i on as i ns ti t ut i ons of s el f -g ove rn men t an d
s u ch law ma y c on t ai n p rovi si on s for t h e d evolu t i on o f p owers an d
res p on si bi li t i es up on Pan ch ayat s at th e ap p rop ri at e level, s ub ject t o s u ch
con d i ti on s as may b e s p eci fi ed th erei n , wi t h res p ect t o —
(a) the preparation of plans for economic development and social justice;
(b) the implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice as
may be entrusted to them including those in relation to the matters listed in the Eleventh
Schedule.
2 4 3H. P ow ers to i m pos e ta xes by , a nd F unds of , the Pa nchaya ts . —Th e
Le gi s lat u re of a St at e ma y, b y la w, —
(a) authorise a Panchayat to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties, tolls and
fees in accordance with such procedure and subject to such limits;
(b) assign to a Panchayat such taxes, duties, tolls and fees levied and collected by the
State Government for such purposes and subject to such conditions and limits;
(c) provide for making such grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated
Fund of the State; and
(d) provide for constitution of such Funds for crediting all moneys received,
respectively, by or on behalf of the Panchayats and also for the withdrawal of such
moneys therefrom,
as may b e s p eci fi ed i n t h e law.
2 4 3 -I . Cons ti tuti on of Fi nance Com m i ss i on to revi ew f i na ncial
pos i ti on .—(1 ) Th e G overn or of a St at e sh all, as s oon as may b e wi t h in on e
yea r fr om t h e commen cemen t of t h e Con s t it u ti on (Seven t y -t h i rd
Amen d ment ) Act , 1 99 2 , an d th ereaft er at t h e ex p i rat i on of e ver y fi ft h year,
con s t it u t e a Fi n an ce Commis sion t o revi ew t h e fi n an ci al p os it i on of t h e
Pan ch ayat s an d t o make recommen d ati on s t o t h e G overn or as t o —
(a) the principles which should govern—
(i) the distribution between the State and the Panchayats of the net proceeds of
the taxes, duties, tolls and fees leviable by the State, which may be divided between
them under this Part and the allocation between the Panchayats at all levels of their
respective shares of such proceeds;
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(ii) the determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which may be assigned
to, or appropriated by, the Panchayats;
(iii) the grants-in-aid to the Panchayats from the Consolidated Fund of the
State;
(b) the measures needed to improve the financial position of the Panchayats;
(c) any other matter referred to the Finance Commission by the Governor in the
interests of sound finance of the Panchayats.
(2 ) Th e Le gi s lat u re o f a St at e may, b y la w, p rovi d e for t h e comp os i ti on
o f t h e Commi s s i on , th e q u ali fi cat i on s wh i ch s h all b e req u is it e fo r
ap p oi nt ment as memb ers th ereof an d th e man n er in wh i ch t h ey s h all b e
s elect ed .
(3 ) Th e Commis si on s h all d et ermi n e t h ei r p roced u re an d sh all h ave s u ch
p owers i n th e p erforman ce o f t h ei r fu n ct i ons as t h e Legi s lat u re o f t h e St ate
may, b y law, con fer on t h em.
(4 ) Th e G overn or s h all cau s e ever y recommen d at i on mad e b y t h e
Commi s s i on un d er t h is arti cle toget h er wi t h an exp lan at ory me moran d u m
as t o t h e act i on t aken th ereon t o b e lai d b ef ore t h e Le gi s lat u re of t h e St at e.
2 4 3J . Audi t of a ccounts of Pa ncha ya ts . —Th e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e
may, b y law, ma ke p rovi s i on s w i t h resp ect t o t h e main t en an ce of acc ou n t s
b y t h e Pan ch ayat s and th e aud i tin g of s u ch accou n ts .
2 4 3K. El ecti ons to the P a ncha y a ts .—(1 ) Th e s up erin t end ence, di rect i on
an d cont rol o f t h e p rep arati on of e lect oral r ol ls for, an d t h e cond u ct of, al l
elect i on s t o th e Pan ch ayat s s h all b e ves t ed in a St at e Elect i on Commi s s i on
con s i st i n g of a St at e Elect i on Commi s s i on er t o b e ap p oin ted b y t h e
G overn or.
(2 ) Su bj ect t o th e p rovi s i ons of an y law mad e b y t h e Le gi s lat u re of a
St at e, t h e cond i ti on s of s ervi ce an d t enu re of o ffi ce o f t h e St at e Elect i on
Commi s s i on er s h all b e su ch as th e G overn or may b y ru le d et ermi n e:
Provi d ed t h at th e St at e Elect i on Commi s s i on er s h all n ot b e removed
fr om h i s offi ce ex cep t i n li ke man n er and on t h e li ke grou n d s as a J u d ge of
a Hi gh Cou rt and t h e cond it i on s of s ervi ce of t h e St ate Elect i on
Commi s s i on er s h all n ot b e vari ed t o h i s di s ad van t age aft er h i s
ap p oi nt ment .
(3 ) Th e G overn or o f a St at e s h all, wh en s o req u es t ed b y t h e St at e
Elect i on Commi s s i on , make av ai lab le t o t h e St at e E lect i on Commi s s i on
s u ch s t aff as ma y b e n eces s ary for t h e d is ch arge of t h e fu n ct i ons con ferred
on t h e Stat e Elect i on Commi ss i on b y clau s e (1 ) .
(4 ) Sub j ect t o th e p rovi s i on s of t h i s Cons t it ut i on , t h e Legi s lat u re of a
St at e may, b y la w, make p rovi s i on wi th resp ect t o all mat t ers relat i n g t o,
or i n con n ecti on wi th , elect i ons t o t h e Pan ch ayat s .
2 4 3L. Appl i ca ti on to Uni on t erri tori es .—Th e p rovi s i ons of t h is Part
s h all ap p ly t o t h e Un i on t erri tori es an d s h all, i n t h ei r app li cat i on t o a
Un i on t errit ory, h ave e ffect as if t h e referen ces t o t h e G overn or of a St at e
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were re feren ces t o t h e Ad mi ni st rat or o f t h e Un i on t errit ory ap p oi n t ed u nd er
art i cle 2 39 an d referen ces t o t h e Le gi s lat u re or t h e legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f
a St at e were referen ces , i n relat i on t o a Un i on t errit ory h avi n g a
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly, t o t h at Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly:
Provi d ed th at t h e Pres id ent may, b y p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on , d i rect t h at th e
p rovi s i on s of t h i s Part s h all app l y t o an y Un i on t erri t ory or p art t h ereof
s u bj ect t o su ch ex cept i on s an d mod i fi cat i on s as h e may s p eci fy i n t h e
n ot i fi cat i on .
2 4 3M . P a rt not to a ppl y to certa i n a rea s . —(1 ) Not h in g i n th i s Part
s h all ap p ly t o t h e Sch edu led Ar eas referred t o i n clau s e (1 ), and t h e t rib al
areas referred t o i n clau s e (2 ), of art i cle 2 4 4 .
(2 ) Not h i n g in th is Part s h all app l y t o —
(a) the States of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram;
(b) the hill areas in the State of Manipur for which District Councils exist under any
law for the time being in force.
(3 ) Not h i n g in th is Part —
(a) relating to Panchayats at the district level shall apply to the hill areas of the
District of Darjeeling in the State of West Bengal for which Darjeeling Gorkha Hill
Council exists under any law for the time being in force;
(b) shall be construed to affect the functions and powers of the Darjeeling Gorkha
Hill Council constituted under such law.
(3 A) Not h i n g i n art i cle 2 4 3 D, relat i n g t o res ervat i on o f s eat s for t h e
Sch ed u led Cas t es , sh all ap p ly t o t h e St at e of Aru n ach al Prad esh .
(4 ) Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g i n t h is Con st i tu ti on , —
(a) the Legislature of a State referred to in sub-clause (a) of clause (2) may, by law,
extend this part to that State, except the areas, if any, referred to in clause (1), if the
Legislative Assembly of that State passes a resolution to that effect by a majority of the
total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the
members of that House present and voting;
(b) Parliament may, by law, extend the provisions of this Part to the Scheduled Areas
and the tribal areas referred to in clause (1) subject to such exceptions and modifications
as may be specified in such law, and no such law shall be deemed to be an amendment of
this Constitution for the purposes of article 368.
2 4 3 N. Conti nua nce of exi s ti ng l aw s a nd Pa nchay a ts . —Not wi t hs t and in g
an yt h i n g i n th i s Part, an y p rovi s i on of an y law relat i n g t o Pan ch ayat s i n
force i n a St at e i mmedi at ely b efore t h e commen cement of t h e Con s t it u ti on
(Seven t y-t h i rd Amen d ment ) Act , 1 99 2 , wh i ch i s in con s is t en t wi t h t h e
p rovi s i on s of t h i s Part , s h all con t i nu e t o b e i n force u n t i l amen d ed or
rep ealed b y a comp et en t Legi s l at u re or ot h er comp et ent aut h ori t y or u n t i l
t h e ex p i rat i on of on e year fr om s u ch commen cement , whi ch ever i s earli er:
Provi d ed t h at all t h e Pan ch ayat s ex i s t in g i mmed i at ely b efore s u ch
commen cemen t sh all con t i n u e ti ll t h e ex p i rat i on of t h ei r d u rati on , u n les s
s oon er d i ss olved b y a res olu t i on p as s ed t o th at effect b y t h e Le gi s lat i v e
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As s emb ly o f t h at St at e or, i n t h e cas e of a St at e h avi n g a Le gi s lat i ve
Cou n ci l, b y each Hou s e of t h e Legi s lat u re of t h at St at e.
2 4 3 -O.
Ba r to i nterf erence by courts i n el ectoral ma tters .—
Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g in th is Con s t it ut i on , —
(a) the validity of any law relating to the delimitation of constituencies or the
allotment of seats to such constituencies, made or purporting to be made under article
243K, shall not be called in question in any court;
(b) no election to any Panchayat shall be called in question except by an election
petition presented to such authority and in such manner as is provided for by or under any
law made by the Legislature of a State.
P ART I XA
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PART IXA
THE MU N IC IPA LIT IES
2 4 3P . Defi ni ti ons . —In t h i s Part , u n les s t h e con t ex t ot h erwi s e
req u i res , —
(a ) “Commi t t ee” means a Commi t t ee cons t it ut ed u nd er arti cle 2 43 S;
(b ) “d i s t ri ct ” mean s a d is t ri ct in a St at e;
(c) “Met rop o li t an area” means an area h avin g a p op u lat i on of t en
lakh s or m ore, c omp ri s ed in on e or m ore d i s t ri cts an d cons i st ing o f t w o
or more Mu n i cip ali t i es or P an ch ayat s or ot h er con t i gu ou s areas ,
s p eci fi ed b y t h e G overn or b y p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on t o b e a Met rop oli t an
area fo r t h e pu rp os es of t h is Part ;
(d ) “Mu n i ci p al area” means th e t erri t ori al area o f a Mun i cip ali ty as
i s n oti fi ed b y t h e G overn or;
(e) “Mu n i cip ali t y” mean s an in st i tu ti on of s elf -go vern men t
con s t it u t ed u nd er art i cle 24 3 Q;
(f ) “Pan ch ayat ” mean s a Pan ch ayat con s t i t u t ed u nd er art i cle 24 3B;
(g ) “p op u lat i on ” mean s t h e p op u lat i on as as cert ai n ed at t h e las t
p reced in g cen su s of wh i ch th e relevan t fi gu res h ave b een pu b lis hed .
2 4 3Q. Cons ti tuti on of M uni cipa l i ti es . —(1 ) Th ere s h all b e con s ti tu t ed
i n every St at e, —
(a ) a Nagar Pan ch ayat (b y wh at ever n ame called ) for a t ran s it ion al
area, t h at is t o s ay, an area i n tran s it i on from a ru ral area t o a n u rb an
area;
(b ) a Mun i ci p al Cou n ci l for a s maller u rb an area; an d
(c) a Mu ni cip al Corp orat i on for a larger u rb an area,
i n accord an ce wi t h t h e p rovi s i ons of t h i s Part :
Provi d ed th at a Mun i ci p ali t y u nd er th is clau s e may n ot b e cons ti t ut ed in
s u ch u rb an area or p art t h ereof as t h e G overn or may, h avi n g re gard t o t h e
s i ze of t h e area an d t h e mun i cip al s ervi ces b ein g p rovi d ed or p rop os ed t o
b e p rovi d ed b y an i nd us t ri al es t ab lis h men t i n t h at area and s u ch ot h er
fact ors as h e ma y d eem fi t , b y p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on , s p eci fy t o b e an
i n du st ri al t own s hi p .
(2 ) In t h i s art i cle, “a t ran s i t i on al area”, “a s mal ler u rb an area” or “a
larger u rb an area” mean s s u ch area as t h e G overn or ma y, h avi n g regard t o
t h e p op u lat i on of t h e ar ea, t he d ens it y o f t h e p opu lat i on th erei n , th e
reven u e gen erat ed for l ocal ad mi n is t rat i on , th e p ercent age o f emp lo ymen t
i n n on -agri cu lt u ral act i vi t i es , t h e econ omi c i mp ort an ce or su ch oth er
fact ors as h e may d eem fi t , s p eci fy b y p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on for t h e pu rp os es
o f t h i s Part .
2 4 3 R. Com pos i ti on of M uni ci pa l i ti es . —(1 ) Save as p rovi d ed in clau se
(2 ), all t h e s eats in a Mu n i ci pali t y s h all b e fi l led b y p ers on s ch os en b y
d i rect elect i on from t h e t errit orial con s t i tu en ci es in t h e Mun i cipal area an d
96
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
for t h i s p u rp os e each Mun i cipal area s h all b e d i vi d ed in t o t erri t ori al
con s t it u en ci es t o b e kn own as ward s .
(2 ) Th e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e may, b y law, p rovi d e —
(a ) for t h e rep res ent at i on i n a Mu n i ci p ali t y o f —
(i ) p ers on s h avin g s p eci al kn ow led ge or ex p eri en ce in
Mu ni ci p al admi ni st rat i on ;
(i i ) t h e memb ers of t h e Hou s e o f t h e Peop le an d t h e memb ers of
t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e St at e rep res en ti n g cons t it u enci es
wh i ch comp ri s e wh oll y or p art l y t h e Mu ni cip al area;
(i i i ) th e memb ers of t h e Cou n cil o f St at es an d th e m emb ers of
t h e Legi s lat i ve Cou n ci l of t h e St at e regi st ered as elect ors wi th in
t h e Mu ni ci p al area;
(i v) t h e Ch ai rp ers ons of t h e Commi t t ees con st it ut ed un d er
clau s e (5 ) of art i cle 2 4 3 S:
Provi d ed t h at th e p ers ons referr ed t o i n p aragrap h ( i ) sh all n ot h ave t h e
ri gh t t o vot e i n t h e meet in gs of t h e Mun i ci p ali t y;
(b ) t h e man n er of elect i on of t h e Ch ai rp ers on of a Mu n i ci p ali t y.
2 4 3 S. Cons ti tuti on a nd c om pos i ti on of Wa rds Com m i ttees, etc. —(1 )
Th ere s h all b e con s ti tu t ed Ward s Commit t ees, con s is ti n g of o n e or m ore
ward s , wi t hi n t h e t erri t ori al area o f a Mu n i cip ali t y h avi n g a p op u lat i on of
t h ree lakh s or more.
(2 ) Th e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e may, b y law, ma ke p ro vi s i on wi t h res p ect
t o—
(a ) t h e comp osi t i on and th e t erri t ori al area of a Ward s Commi t t ee;
(b ) th e man n er in wh i ch t he s eat s i n a Ward s Commit t ee s h all b e
fi l led .
(3 ) A memb er of a Mu ni ci pali t y rep res en t i n g a ward wit h in th e
t erri t ori al area of t h e Ward s Commi t t ee sh all b e a member of t h at
Commi t t ee.
(4 ) Wh ere a Wards Commi tt ee con s i st s of —
(a ) on e ward, th e memb er rep res en t in g th at ward in t h e
Mu ni ci p alit y; or
(b ) t wo or more ward s , on e of t h e memb ers rep res en t in g s uch ward s
i n th e Mu ni ci p alit y elect ed b y t h e memb ers of t h e Wards Commi tt ee,
s h all b e t h e Ch ai rp ers on of t h at Commi t t ee.
(5 ) Not h i n g i n t hi s art i cle sh all b e d eemed t o p reven t t h e Legi s lat u re of
a St at e from maki n g an y p rovi s i on for t h e con st i tu ti on of Com mi t t ees in
ad d it i on t o t h e Wards Commit t ees .
2 4 3T. Res erva ti on of s ea ts . —(1 ) Seat s sh all b e res erved for t h e
Sch ed u led Cas t es and th e Sch edu led Tri b es i n every Mu n i cip ali t y an d t h e
n u mb er of s eat s s o res erved sh all b ear, as n early as may b e, t h e s ame
p rop ort i on t o t h e t ot al n u mb er o f s eat s t o b e fi l led b y d i rect elect i on i n
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
t h at Mun i cip ali t y as t h e p opu lat i on of t h e Sch edu led Cast es in th e
Mu ni ci p al area or of t h e Sch edu led Tri b es in t h e Mun i ci p al area b ears t o
t h e t ot al p opu lat i on of t h at area an d s u ch s eat s may b e all ot t ed b y rot at i on
t o d i fferen t con s t i tu en ci es i n a Mu ni ci p alit y.
(2 ) Not les s th an on e -t h i rd of t h e t ot al nu m b er of s eat s res erved un d er
clau s e (1 ) s h all b e res erved for women b elon gi n g t o th e Sch edu led Cast es
or, as t h e cas e may b e, t h e Sch ed u led Tri b es .
(3 ) Not les s t h an on e -t h i rd (in clu d i n g t h e n umb er of s eat s res erved for
women b elon gi n g t o t h e Sch ed u led Cas t es and t h e Sch ed u led Trib es ) of t h e
t ot al n u mb er of s eat s t o b e fi lle d b y d i rect elect i on in every M u n i ci p ali t y
s h all b e res erved for women an d s u ch s eat s may b e all ot t ed b y rot at i on t o
d i fferen t con s t i tu en ci es i n a Mun i cip ali t y.
(4 ) Th e o ffi ces o f Ch ai rp e rs on s i n t h e Mu ni cip ali t i es s h all b e res erved
for t h e Sch ed u led Cas t es, th e Sch ed u led Tri b es and women i n s uch mann er
as t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e may, b y la w, p rovi d e.
(5 ) Th e res ervat i on o f s eat s u n der clau s es (1 ) an d (2 ) and t h e res ervat i on
o f o ffi ces o f Ch ai rp ers ons (ot her t h an th e res ervat i on for w o men ) u nd er
clau s e (4 ) s h all ceas e t o h ave effect on t h e ex pi rati on of t h e p eri od
s p eci fi ed i n art i cle 3 34 .
(6 ) Not h i n g i n th is Part s h all p reven t t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e from
maki n g an y p rovi s i on for res ervat i on o f s eat s i n an y Mu n i ci p ali t y or
o ffi ces of Ch ai rp ers on s i n t h e Mu ni ci p alit i es i n favou r o f b ac kward clas s
o f ci t i zens .
2 4 3 U. Dura ti on of M uni ci pa li ties , etc. —(1 ) Ever y Mu n i cip ali t y, u n less
s oon er d is s olved u nd er an y law for t h e ti me b ein g i n force , s h all con t i n u e
for fi ve years from t h e d at e ap poi n t ed for i t s fi rs t meet in g an d no lon ger:
Provi d ed t h at a Mu ni cip ali t y s h all b e gi ven a reas on ab le op p or t u ni t y o f
b ei n g h eard b efore i t s d is s olu t i on .
(2 ) No amen d men t of an y law for t h e t i me b ein g i n force s h al l h ave t h e
effect o f cau s i n g d is s olu t i on o f a Mu n i ci p ali t y at an y leve l, wh i ch is
fu n ct i on in g i mmed i at ely b efore s u ch amend ment , t i ll t h e exp i rat i on of i t s
d u rati on sp eci fi ed in clau s e (1 ).
(3 ) An elect i on t o con st it u t e a Mu n i ci p ali t y s h all b e comp let ed ,—
(a ) b efore t h e exp i ry o f i t s d u rati on s p eci fi ed in clau s e (1 );
(b ) b efore t h e ex p i rat i on of a p eri od of s i x mon t h s from t h e d at e of
i t s d is s olu t i on :
Provi d ed t h at wh ere th e remain der o f t h e p eri od for wh i ch t h e di s s olved
Mu ni ci p alit y wou ld h ave con t in u ed i s les s t h an si x mon th s , i t sh all n ot b e
n eces s ary t o h old an y elect i on un d er th is clau s e for con s t i t ut in g t he
Mu ni ci p alit y for s u ch p eri od .
(4 ) A Mun i ci p ali t y con s t it ut ed u p on t h e di s s olu ti on of a Mu nici p ali t y
b efore t h e ex p i rat i on of i t s du rat i on s h all con t i nu e on l y for t h e remai n d er
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
o f t h e p eri od for wh i ch th e d iss olved Mu n i ci p ali t y wou ld h ave con t in u ed
u n d er clau s e (1 ) h ad i t n ot b een s o d i ss olved .
2 4 3 V. Di s qua lif i ca ti ons f or m em bers hi p. —(1 ) A p ers on s h all b e
d i sq u ali fi ed for b ei n g ch os en as , an d f or b ei n g, a memb er of a
Mu ni ci p alit y—
(a ) i f h e is s o d i sq u ali fi ed b y or u nd er an y law for t h e t i me b eing i n
force for t h e p u rp os es of ele ct i on s t o t h e Legi s lat u re o f t h e St at e
con cern ed :
Provi d ed t h at n o p ers on s h all be d i sq u ali fi ed on t h e grou n d t hat h e i s
les s t h an t wen t y-fi ve years o f a ge, i f h e h as at t ai n ed th e age o f t wen t y -on e
yea rs ;
(b ) i f h e i s s o di sq u ali fi ed by or u n d er an y law mad e b y t he
Le gi s lat u re of t h e St at e.
(2 ) If an y q u es t i on ari s es as t o wh et h er a memb er of a Mu n i ci pali t y h as
b ecome s ub j ect t o an y o f t h e di sq u ali fi cat i on s ment i on ed i n claus e (1 ), t h e
q u est i on sh all b e refe rred for t h e d ecis i on of s u ch au t h orit y a n d in s u ch
man n er as th e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e may, b y law, p rovi d e.
2 4 3W. P ow ers , a uthori ty a nd res pons i bi li ti es of M uni ci pal i ti es , etc. —
Su b j ect t o th e p rovi s i ons of t h i s Con st it u ti on , th e Legi s lat u re of a St at e
may, b y law, en d ow —
(a ) th e Mu ni cip ali t i es wi th s u ch p owers an d aut h ori t y as may b e
n eces s ary t o en ab le t h em t o fu nct i on as in st it u ti on s of s el f -g ov ern men t
an d s u ch law may con t ai n p rovi s i on s for t h e d evolu t i on of p owers and
res p on si bi li t i es u p on Mu ni ci pali t i es , s ub j ect t o s u ch con d it i on s as may
b e sp eci fi ed th erein , wi th resp ect t o —
(i ) t h e p rep arat i on of p lan s for econ omi c d evelop men t an d
s oci al j u st i ce;
(i i ) t h e p erforman ce o f fu n ct ion s an d th e i mp lement at i on of
s ch emes as may b e en t rus t ed t o t h em in clu di n g th os e i n relat i on t o
t h e mat t ers lis t ed i n t he Twel ft h Sch edu le;
(b ) t h e Commi t t ees wi th su ch p owers an d au t h orit y as may b e
n eces s ary t o en ab le t h em t o carr y ou t t h e resp on s ib i li ti es con ferred
u p on th em i n clud in g t h os e i n relat i on t o t h e mat t ers li st ed i n th e
Twel ft h Sch ed u le.
2 4 3 X. P ow er to i m pos e ta xes by , a nd F unds of, the M uni ci pal i ti es . —
Th e Le gi s lat u re of a St at e may, b y la w, —
(a ) aut h ori s e a Mu ni cip ali t y t o le v y, co llect an d app rop ri at e s u ch
t ax es , du t i es , t olls an d fees in accord an ce wit h s u ch p roced u re an d
s u bj ect t o s u ch li mit s ;
(b ) as si gn t o a Mu ni cip ali t y s u ch t ax es , du ti es , t olls an d fees levi ed
an d collect ed b y t h e St at e G overn men t for s u ch p u rp os es and sub j ect t o
s u ch con d it i ons and li mit s ;
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(c) p rovi d e for maki n g s u ch gran t s -i n -ai d t o t h e Mu ni cip ali t i es fr om
t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of t h e St at e; an d
(d ) p rovi d e for con s t i tu t i on of s u ch Fu n d s for cred i t i n g all mo n eys
recei ved , res p ect i vel y, b y or on b eh alf o f t h e Mu n i cip ali t i es and als o fo r
t h e wi th d rawal of s u ch mon eys t h erefrom,
as may b e s p eci fi ed i n t h e law.
2 4 3 Y. F i na nce Com mi ss i on. —(1 ) Th e Fi n an ce Commi s si on con s ti tu t ed
u n d er arti cle 2 4 3 -I s h al l a ls o revi ew t h e fi n an ci al p os i tion o f t h e
Mu ni ci p alit i es and make recommen d at i on s t o t h e G overn or as to —
(a ) t h e p rin cip les wh i ch sh ou ld go vern —
(i ) t h e d is t ri bu t i on b et ween th e St at e and t h e Mu ni cip ali t i es of
t h e n et p roceed s of t h e t ax es , du t i es , t olls an d fees levi ab le b y t h e
St at e, wh i ch may b e d i vid ed b etwe en t h em u nd er th i s Part and th e
all ocat i on b et ween t h e Mun ici p ali t i es at all le vels o f t h ei r
res p ecti ve s h ares of s u ch p roceed s ;
(i i ) th e d et ermi n at i on of t h e t axes , du ti es , t olls an d fees wh i ch
may b e as s i gn ed t o, or ap p rop ri at ed b y, t h e Mu ni cip ali t i es ;
(i i i ) t h e grant s -i n -ai d t o th e Mun i ci p ali ti es from t h e
Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of t h e St at e;
(b ) t h e meas u res n eed ed t o i mp rove t h e fi n an ci al p os it i on of t h e
Mu ni ci p alit i es ;
(c) an y ot h er mat t er referred t o t h e Fi n an ce Commis si on b y t h e
G overn or i n t h e i nt erest s of s ou n d fi n an ce of t h e Mu ni cip ali t i es .
(2 ) Th e G overn or s h all cau s e ever y recommen d at i on mad e b y t h e
Commi s s i on un d er t h is arti cle toget h er wi t h an exp lan at ory me moran d u m
as t o t h e act i on t aken th ereon t o b e lai d b efore t h e Le gi s lat u re of t h e St at e.
2 4 3 Z. Audi t of a ccounts of M uni ci pal i ti es . —Th e Legi s lat u re of a St at e
may, b y law, ma ke p rovi s i on s w i t h resp ect t o t h e main t en an ce of acc ou n t s
b y t h e Mu ni cip ali t i es and th e aud i ti n g of s u ch accou nt s .
2 4 3 ZA. El ecti ons to the M uni ci pal i ti es . —(1 ) Th e s up erin ten d en ce,
d i recti on and con t rol o f t h e p rep arat i on of elect ora l r ol ls fo r, an d th e
con d u ct of, all e lect i on s t o t h e Mu ni ci p alit i es s h all b e ves t ed in t h e St at e
Elect i on Commi s s i on referred t o i n arti cle 2 43 K.
(2 ) Sub j ect t o th e p rovi s i on s of t h i s Cons t it ut i on , t h e Legi s lat u re of a
St at e may, b y la w, make p rovi s i on wi th resp ect t o all mat t ers relat i n g t o,
or i n con n ecti on wi th , elect i ons t o t h e Mu ni ci p alit i es.
2 4 3 ZB . Appl i ca ti on to Uni on t erri tori es . —Th e p rovi s i ons of t h i s Part
s h all ap p ly t o t h e Un i on t erri tori es an d s h all, i n t h ei r app li cat i on t o a
Un i on t errit ory, h ave e ffect as if t h e referen ces t o t h e G overn or of a St at e
were re feren ces t o t h e Ad mi ni st rat or o f t h e Un i on t errit ory ap p oi n t ed u nd er
art i cle 23 9 and referen ces t o the Legi s lat u re or t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb l y
o f a St at e were referen ces i n relat i on t o a Un i on t erri t ory h avi n g a
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly, t o t h at Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly:
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Provi d ed t h at th e Presi d en t may, b y p u b li c n ot i fi cati on , di rect th at th e
p rovi s i on s of t hi s Part s h all ap pl y t o an y Un i on t er ri t ory or p art th ereof
s u bj ect t o su ch ex cep ti on s an d mod i fi cat i on s as h e may s p eci fy i n t he
n ot i fi cat i on .
2 4 3 ZC. P art not to a ppl y to certa i n a rea s. —(1 ) Not hi n g in th i s Part
s h all ap p ly t o t h e Sch edu led Areas referred t o i n clau s e (1 ), and t h e t rib al
areas referred t o i n clau s e (2 ), of art i cle 2 4 4 .
(2 ) Not h i n g in th i s Part sh all b e con s t ru ed t o affect t h e fu n ct ion s an d
p owers o f t h e Darj eeli n g G ork h a Hi ll Cou n ci l con s t i t ut ed u nder an y law
for t h e ti me b ein g i n force for t h e hi ll areas of t h e di s t ri ct of Da rj eeli n g i n
t h e St at e of Wes t Ben gal.
(3 ) Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g in th i s Con s ti tu t i on, Parli ament may, b y
law, ex t en d th e p rovi s i ons of t h is Part t o t h e Sch edu led Areas an d t h e
t ri b al areas referred t o i n clau s e (1 ) su bj ect t o su ch ex cep t i ons an d
mod i fi c at i on s as may b e s p eci fi ed i n s u ch law, an d n o s u ch law s h all b e
d eemed t o b e an amend ment of t h i s Cons ti tu t i on for t h e pu rp os es of art i cle
3 6 8.
2 4 3 ZD. Com m i ttee f or dis tri ct pl a nni ng . —(1 ) Th ere sh all b e
con s t it u t ed i n every St at e at t h e d i st ri ct level a D i s t ri ct Plan n i n g
Commi t t ee t o con s oli d at e t h e p lan s p rep ared b y t h e Pan ch ayat s an d th e
Mu ni ci p alit i es i n t h e d is t ri ct and t o p rep are a d raft d evelop men t p lan for
t h e d i st ri ct as a wh ole.
(2 ) Th e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e may, b y law, ma ke p ro vi s i on wi t h res p e ct
t o—
(a ) t h e comp os i ti on of t h e Di s t rict Plan n in g Commi t t ees ;
(b ) t h e mann er in wh i ch th e s eats i n s u ch Commit t ees sh all b e fi l led :
Provi d ed th at n ot les s t han fou r -fi ft h s of t h e t ot al n u mb er of
memb ers of s u ch Commi t t ee sh all b e elect ed b y, an d f rom amon gs t , th e
elect ed memb ers of t h e Pan chayat at t h e d is t ri ct level an d of t h e
Mu ni ci p alit i es in th e d is t ri ct in p rop ort i on t o t h e rat i o b et ween t h e
p op u lat i on of t h e ru ral areas an d of t h e u rb an areas in th e di s t ri ct ;
(c) t h e fu n ct i on s relat i n g t o d i s tri ct p lan ni n g wh i ch may b e as s i gn ed
t o s u ch Commi tt ees ;
(d ) th e man n er i n whi ch t h e Chai rp ers ons of s u ch Commi t t ees s h all
b e ch os en .
(3 ) Ever y Di s t ri ct Plan ni n g Commi t t ee s h all, in p rep arin g th e d raft
d evelop men t p lan , —
(a ) h ave regard t o —
(i ) mat t ers of c ommon i n t erest b et ween th e Pan ch ayat s an d t h e
Mu ni ci p alit i es in clu d in g sp ati al p lan n in g, s h ari n g of wat er an d
ot h er p h ys i cal an d n atu ral res ou rces , t h e in t egrat ed d evelop men t o f
i n fras t ru ctu re and en vi ron men t al con s ervat i on ;
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(i i ) t h e ex t en t and t yp e o f avai la b le res ou rces wh et h er fi n an ci al
or ot h erwi s e;
(b ) con s u lt s u ch in st i tu ti on s an d organ i s at i ons as t h e G overn or
may, b y ord er, s p eci fy.
(4 ) Th e Ch ai rp ers on of e ver y Di s t ri ct Plan n i n g Commi t t ee sh all forward
t h e d evelop men t p lan , as recommen d ed b y s u ch Commit tee, t o t h e
G overn men t of t h e St at e.
2 4 3 ZE. Comm i ttee f or M etropol i ta n pl a nni ng . —(1 ) Th ere s h all b e
con s t it u t ed i n every Met rop oli t a n area a Met rop o li t an Plan n i n g Commi t t ee
t o p rep are a d raft d evelop men t plan for t h e Met rop oli t an area as a wh ole.
(2 ) Th e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e may, b y law, ma ke p ro vi s i on wi t h res p ect
t o—
(a ) t h e comp os i ti on of t h e Met rop oli t an Plan ni n g Commi tt ees ;
(b ) t h e mann er in wh i ch th e s eats i n s u ch Commit t ees sh all b e fi l led :
Provi d ed t h at n ot les s th an t wo -t h i rds of t h e mem b ers o f s u ch Commi t t ee
s h all b e elect ed b y, an d fro m amon gs t , th e elect ed memb ers of t h e
Mu ni ci p alit i es and Ch ai rp ers ons of t h e Pan ch ayat s i n t h e Met ropoli t an area
i n p rop orti on t o t h e rat i o b et ween t h e p op u lati on of t h e Mu ni cip ali t i es and
o f t h e Pan ch ayat s i n th at area;
(c) t h e rep res ent at i on in s u ch Commi t t ees of t h e G overn me n t of
In d i a an d th e G overn ment of t h e St at e and of s u ch organ i s at ion s an d
In s t i tu t i ons as may b e d eemed n eces s ary for carr yi n g ou t t h e fu n cti ons
as s i gn ed t o su ch Commi t t ees ;
(d ) th e fu n cti on s relati n g t o p lan n in g and coord i n at i on for t h e
Met rop oli t an area wh i ch may b e as s i gn ed t o su ch Commi t t ees ;
(e) t h e man n er i n wh i ch t h e Chai rp ers ons of s u ch Commi t t ees sh all
b e ch os en .
(3 ) Ever y Met rop oli t an Plan n i ng Commi t t ee sh all, i n p repari n g t h e d raft
d evelop men t p lan , —
(a ) h ave regard t o —
(i ) t h e p lans p rep ared b y t h e Mu n i ci p ali ti es an d th e Pan ch ayat s
i n th e Met rop oli t an area;
(i i ) mat t ers of comm on i n t eres t b et ween t h e Mu ni ci p alit i es and
t h e Pan ch ayat s , i n clu di n g co -o rd i n at ed sp ati al p lan n in g of t h e
area, s h arin g o f wat er an d ot h er p h ys i cal an d n atu ral res ou rces , th e
i n t egrat ed d evelop men t of i n fras t ru ctu re and en vi ron ment al
con s ervat i on ;
(i i i ) t h e overall ob j ect i ves an d p ri ori ti es s et b y t h e
G overn men t of In d i a an d t h e G overn men t of t h e St at e;
(i v) t h e ext ent an d n at u re of i n ves t men ts li kel y t o b e mad e i n
t h e Met rop oli t an area b y agen ci es of t h e G overn men t of In d i a an d
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
o f t h e G overn ment of t h e St at e and ot h er avai lab le res ou rces
wh et h er fi n an ci al or ot h erwi s e;
(b ) con s u lt su ch i ns t it ut i on s an d organ i s at i on s as t h e G overn or
may, b y ord er, s p eci fy.
(4 ) Th e Ch ai rp ers on of ever y Met rop oli t an Plan ni n g Commit tee s h all
forward t h e d evelop men t p lan , as recommen d ed b y s u ch Commi tt ee, t o t h e
G overn men t of t h e St at e.
2 43 ZF . Conti nua nce of exi s ti ng l aw s a nd M uni ci pa l i ti es . —
Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g i n t his Part , an y p r ovi s i on o f an y la w relat i n g t o
Mu ni ci p alit i es i n force i n a St ate i mmedi at ely b efore t h e commen cement of
t h e Con st i tu ti on (Seven t y -fou rt h Amen dmen t ) Act , 1 99 2 , wh i ch is
i n con si s ten t wit h t h e p rovi s i on s of t h i s Part , sh all con t i n u e t o b e i n force
u n ti l amen d ed or rep ealed b y a comp et en t Legi s lat u re or ot h er comp et ent
au t h orit y or u n t i l t h e exp i rati on of on e year from s u ch commen cement ,
wh i ch ever i s earli er:
Provi d ed t h at all t h e Mu n i ci p ali t i es exi st i n g i mmed i at ely b efore s u ch
commen cemen t s h all con t in u e t ill t h e exp i rati on of t h ei r d u rati on , un les s
s oon er d i ss olved b y a res olu t i on p as s ed t o th at effect b y t h e Le gi s lat i ve
As s emb ly o f t h at St at e or, i n t h e cas e of a St at e h avi n g a Le gi s lat i ve
Cou n ci l, b y each Hou s e of t h e Legi s lat u re of t h at St at e.
2 43 ZG. B a r to i nterf erence by courts i n el ectora l m a tters . —
Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g in th is Con s t it ut i on , —
(a ) th e vali d i t y of an y la w relat i n g t o th e deli mi t at i on of
con s t it u en ci es or t h e allot men t o f s eat s t o s u ch con st i tu en ci es , mad e or
p u rp orti n g t o b e mad e u n d er art i cle 2 4 3 ZA s h all n ot b e ca lled i n
q u est i on i n an y cou rt ;
(b ) n o elect i on t o an y Mu n i ci p ali t y s h all b e ca lled i n q u est i on
ex cep t b y an e lect i on p et it i on p res ent ed t o s u ch aut h ori t y an d i n s u ch
man n er as is p rovi d ed for b y or u nd er an y law mad e b y t h e Le gi s lat u re
o f a St at e.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART X
THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
2 44 . Adm i ni s tra ti on of Schedul ed Area s a nd tri ba l a rea s . —(1 ) Th e
p rovi s i on s of t h e Fi ft h Sch ed ule s h al l ap p l y t o t h e ad mi n is trat i on and
con t rol o f t h e Sch edu led Areas an d Sch ed u led Tri b es in an y St at e ot h er
t h an t h e St at es of As s am, Megh ala ya, Tri p u ra an d Mi zoram.
(2 ) Th e p rovi s i ons of t h e Si x th Sch ed u le sh all ap p l y t o t h e
ad min i st rat i on of t h e t ri b al ar eas i n t h e St at es of As s am, Megh ala ya,
Tri p u ra and Mi zoram.
2 44 A. F orma ti on of a n a utonom ous Sta te com pri s i ng certa in tri bal
a rea s i n Ass am a nd crea ti on of l oca l Leg is l a ture or Counci l of
M i ni s ters or both theref or. —(1 ) Not wi t hs t an di n g an yt h i ng i n t hi s
Con s t it ut i on , Parli ament may, b y la w, form wi t h i n th e St at e of As s am an
au t on omou s St at e comp ris in g (wh et h er wh oll y or i n p art ) al l o r an y o f t h e
t ri b al areas sp eci fi ed i n Part I of t h e t ab le ap p en d ed t o p aragraph 20 of t h e
Si x th Sch ed u le and creat e t h erefor —
(a ) a b od y, wh et h er elect ed or p art ly n omi n at ed and p art ly ele ct ed ,
t o fu n ct i on as a Legi s lat u re for t h e aut on omou s St at e, or
(b ) a Cou n ci l of Mi n i s t ers ,
or b ot h wi t h s u ch con s ti tu t i on, p owers an d fu n ct i on s , in each cas e, as may
b e sp eci fi ed in th e law .
(2 ) An y s u ch law as i s referred t o i n clau s e (1 ) may, i n p art i cu lar, —
(a ) sp eci fy t h e mat t ers enumerat ed in th e St at e Li s t or t h e
Con cu rren t Li s t wi t h resp ect t o wh i ch t h e Legi s lat u re of t h e au ton omou s
St at e sh all h ave p ower t o make laws for t h e wh ole or an y p art t h ereof,
wh et h er t o th e ex clus i on of t h e Legi s lat u re o f t h e St at e of As s am or
ot h erwi s e;
(b ) d efi n e t h e mat t ers wi t h respect t o wh i ch th e ex ecu ti ve p ower o f
t h e au t on omou s St at e sh all ex t end ;
(c) p rovi d e th at an y t ax levi ed b y t h e St at e of As s am s hall b e
as s i gn ed t o th e au t on omou s St at e i n s o far as t h e p roceeds th ereo f are
at t rib u t ab le t o t h e au t on omou s St at e;
(d ) p rovi d e t h at an y re feren ce t o a St at e i n an y art i cle o f t h is
Con s t it ut i on s h all b e con st rued as i n clud in g a referen ce t o t he
au t on omou s St at e; an d
(e) make su ch s up p lemental, i n cid ent al and con s eq u en t i al
p rovi s i on s as may b e d eemed n eces s ary.
(3 ) An amen d men t of an y s u ch law as a fores ai d i n s o far as s u ch
amen d men t relat es t o an y o f t h e mat t ers s p eci fi ed i n su b -clau s e ( a ) or
s u b -clau s e ( b ) of clau s e (2 ) s h all h ave n o e ffect u n les s t h e amen d men t is
p as s ed i n each Hou s e o f Par li amen t b y n ot les s t h an t wo -t h i rd s of t h e
memb ers p res en t an d vot in g.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(4 ) An y s u ch law as i s referred t o i n th i s art i cle s h all n ot b e deemed t o
b e an am en d men t of t h i s Con s t it u ti on for t h e p u rp os es of art i cle 3 6 8
n ot wi t hs t an d in g t h at i t con t ai ns an y p rovi s i on wh i ch amen ds or h as t h e
effect o f amen d i n g t hi s Cons ti tut i on .
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P ART XI
RE LA T IONS B ETW EE N TH E U NION A ND THE S TA TES
C H AP T E R I.— L E G I S L AT I V E R E L A T I O N S
Di s t ri bu t io n o f Leg is la t i ve Po wer s
2 45 . Extent of law s m a de by P a rli am ent a nd by the Legi s latures of
Sta tes . —(1 ) Sub j ect t o th e p rovi s i ons of t h i s Con s ti tu t i on, Parli amen t may
make la ws for t h e wh ole or a n y p art o f t h e t err i t or y o f In d i a, an d t h e
Le gi s lat u re of a St at e may ma ke laws for t h e wh ole or an y p art of t h e
St at e.
(2 ) No law mad e b y Par li amen t s h all b e d eemed t o b e in vali d on t h e
grou n d t h at it wou ld h ave ex t ra -t erri t ori al op erat i on .
2 46 . Subject -m a tter of l aws m a d e by P a rl ia m ent a nd by the
Leg i sl a tures of Sta tes . — (1 ) Not wi t h st and i n g an yt h i n g i n clau s es (2 ) and
(3 ), Parli amen t h as ex clus i ve power t o make la ws wi t h res p ect t o an y o f
t h e mat t ers en umerat ed in Li s t I i n t h e Seven t h Sch ed u le (i n t h is
Con s t it ut i on refer red t o as th e “Un i on Li s t ”).
(2 ) Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g in clau s e (3 ), Parli amen t , and , su b j ect t o
clau s e (1 ), t h e Legi s lat u re of an y St at e als o, h ave p ower t o mak e laws wi t h
res p ect t o an y of t h e mat t ers en u merat ed in Li s t III i n t he Seven th
Sch ed u le ( in th is Con st i tu ti on referred t o as t h e “Con cu rren t Li s t”).
(3 ) Su bj ect t o clau s es (1 ) and (2 ), t h e Legi s lat u re o f an y S t at e h as
ex clu s i ve p ower t o make laws for s u ch St at e or an y p art t hereo f wi t h
res p ect t o an y of t h e mat t ers enu merat ed in Li s t II i n t h e Sevent h Sch edu le
(i n th is Con st i tu ti on referred t o as t h e “St at e Li s t ” ').
(4 ) Parli ament h as p ower t o make laws wi t h resp ect t o an y mat t er for
an y p art o f t h e t erri t or y o f In d i a n ot i n clu d ed i n a St at e n ot wit h st and in g
t h at s u ch matt er is a matt er enum erat ed in th e St at e Li s t .
2 4 7. P ow er of Pa rli am ent to provi de f or the es ta bl is hm ent of certai n
a ddi ti onal courts . —Not wi th s t an d in g an yt h in g i n th i s Ch ap t er, Parli ament
may b y la w p ro vi d e for t h e es t ab li s h men t of an y ad d i t i on al cou rt s for t h e
b et t er ad min i st rati on of laws m ad e b y Parli amen t or o f an y ex i s ti n g laws
wi t h resp ect t o a mat t er en umerat ed in th e Uni on Li s t .
2 4 8. Res i dua ry pow ers of l egi s la ti on. —(1 ) Parli amen t h as ex clu s i ve
p ower t o make an y law wi t h res p ect t o an y mat t er n ot en u merat ed i n t he
Con cu rren t Li s t or St at e Li s t .
(2 ) Su ch p ower s h all i n clu d e the p ower of maki n g an y law i mp os i n g a
t ax n ot ment i on ed i n ei th er of t h os e Li s t s .
2 4 9. P ow er of P a rl i am ent to l eg i sl a te w i th res pect to a ma tter i n the
Sta te Lis t i n the na ti ona l i nteres t. —(1 ) Not wi th st and in g an yt h i n g i n t h e
foreg oi n g p rovi s i on s o f t h i s Chap t er, i f t h e Cou n ci l o f St at es h as d eclared
b y res o lu t i on s u pp ort ed b y n ot l es s th an t wo -t h i rd s of t h e members p res ent
an d vot i n g th at it i s n ecess ary or ex p ed i en t in th e n at i on al in t erest t h at
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Parli amen t sh ou ld make laws wi t h resp ect t o an y mat t er enu merat ed in th e
St at e Li s t s p eci fi ed in th e res ol u t i on , i t sh all b e lawfu l for Parli amen t t o
make laws for t h e wh ole or an y p art of t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a wi th res p ect t o
t h at mat t er whi le t h e res olu t i on remai n s i n force.
(2 ) A res olu t i on p as sed un d er clau s e (1 ) s h all remai n in force for s u ch
p eri od n ot ex ceedi n g on e year as may b e s p eci fi ed th erei n :
Provi d ed t h at , i f an d s o oft en a s a res olu t i on ap p rovi n g t h e con t i nu an ce
i n force of an y s u ch res olu t i on i s p ass ed i n th e man n er p rovi d ed in claus e
(1 ), s u ch res olu t i on sh all con t i nu e i n force for a fu rt h er p eri od o f on e yea r
fr om t h e d at e on wh i ch u nd er t hi s clau s e i t wou ld ot h erwi s e h ave ceas ed t o
b e in force.
(3 ) A law mad e b y Par li amen t wh i ch Parli ament wo u ld n ot b ut for t h e
p as si n g of a res o lu t i on u nd er clau s e (1 ) h ave b een comp et ent t o make
s h all, t o t h e ex t en t of t h e i ncomp et en cy, ceas e t o h ave effect on th e
ex p i rat i on of a p eri od of s i x mon t hs aft er th e res olu t i on h as ceas ed t o b e in
force, ex cep t as res p ects t h in gs d on e or omit t ed t o b e d on e b efore t h e
ex p i rat i on of t h e s ai d p eri od .
2 5 0. P ow er of Pa rl ia ment to l eg i sl a te w i th res pect to a ny ma tter i n
the Sta te Li s t if a P rocl ama ti on of Em erg ency i s i n opera ti on. —(1 )
Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h in g i n t h is Ch ap t er, Parli amen t s h all, wh i le a
Proclamat i on o f Emergen c y i s i n op erat i on , have p ower t o mak e laws fo r
t h e wh ole or an y p art o f t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a wi t h resp ect t o an y o f t h e
mat t ers en umerat ed i n t h e St at e Li s t .
(2 ) A law mad e b y Par li amen t wh i ch Parli am ent wou ld n ot b ut for t h e
i s su e of a Proclamat i on o f Emer gen cy h ave b een comp et ent t o make s h all,
t o t h e ex t ent of t h e i n comp et en cy, ceas e t o h ave e ffect on t h e ex p i rati on of
a p eri od of s i x mont hs aft er th e Proclamat i on h as ceas ed t o op erat e, ex cept
as resp ect s th in gs d on e or omi t ted t o b e d one b efore t h e ex pi rat i on of t h e
s ai d p eri od .
2 5 1. I ncons i s tency betw een l aw s ma de by P a rl ia m ent under a rti cl es
2 4 9 a nd 25 0 a nd law s m a de by the Leg is la tures of Sta tes . —Not h i n g in
art i cles 2 49 an d 2 50 s h all res t rict t h e p ower o f t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e t o
make an y la w wh i ch un d er th i s Con s t i tu ti on i t h as p ower t o make, b u t i f
an y p ro vi s i on of a law mad e b y t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e i s rep u gn ant t o
an y p ro vi s i on of a law mad e b y Parli amen t wh i ch Parli amen t h as u nd er
ei t h er of t h e s ai d art i cles p ower t o make, t h e law mad e b y Parli amen t ,
wh et h er p as s ed b efore or a ft er t h e law mad e b y t h e Legi s lat u re of t h e
St at e, s h all p revai l, and th e law mad e b y t h e Legi s lat u re of t h e St at e s h all
t o t h e ext en t of t h e rep u gn an cy, b u t s o lon g on l y as t h e law mad e b y
Parli amen t con ti nu es t o h ave effect , b e i n op erati ve.
2 5 2. P ow er of P a rli am ent to l egi sl a te f or tw o or m ore Sta tes by
cons ent a nd a dopti on of s uch l eg is la ti on by a ny other Sta te. —(1 ) If i t
ap p ears t o t h e Legi s lat u res of t wo or m ore St at es t o b e d esi rable t h at an y
o f t h e matt ers wi th resp ect t o wh i ch Parli amen t h as n o p ower t o make laws
for t h e St at es ex cep t as p rovi d ed in art i cles 2 49 an d 25 0 s h ou ld b e
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
regu lat ed i n su ch St at es b y Par li amen t b y law, an d i f res o lu t i on s t o t h at
effect are p as s ed b y al l t h e H o u s es of t h e Le gi s lat u res of t h os e St at es , it
s h all b e law fu l for Parli amen t t o p as s an act for re gu lat i n g t h at mat t er
accord i n gl y, an d an y Act s o p as s ed s h all ap p ly t o s u ch St at es an d t o an y
ot h er St at e b y wh i ch it i s ad op ted af t erward s b y res olu t i on p ass ed i n th at
b eh alf b y t h e Hou s e or, wh ere th ere are t wo Hou s es , b y each of t h e Hou s es
o f t h e Legi s lat u re o f t h at St ate.
(2 ) An y Act s o p ass ed b y Parli amen t may b e amend ed or rep ealed b y an
Act of Par li amen t p ass ed or ad op t ed i n li ke mann er bu t s h all n ot , as
res p ects an y St at e t o whi ch i t app li es , b e amend ed or rep ealed by an Act o f
t h e Legi s lat u re of t h at St at e.
2 5 3. Leg i sl a ti on f or g i vi ng eff ect to i nterna ti ona l ag reem ents . —
Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h in g i n th e foreg oi n g p rovi s i on s of t h is Ch ap t er,
Parli amen t h as p ower t o make an y la w for t h e wh ole or an y p art of t h e
t erri t ory o f In d i a for i mp lemen t i n g an y t reat y, agreemen t or con ven t i on
wi t h an y ot h er cou n t ry or c ou n t ri es or an y d eci s i on mad e at an y
i n t ern at i on al con feren ce, as s ociat i on or ot h er b od y.
2 5 4. I ncons is tency betw een law s ma de by P a rli am ent a nd law s ma de
by the Leg is la tures of Sta tes . —(1 ) If an y p rovi s i on o f a la w mad e b y t h e
Le gi s lat u re of a St at e i s repu gn an t t o an y p rovi s i on of a law mad e b y
Parli amen t wh i ch Parli amen t is c omp et en t t o en act , or t o an y p rovi s i on o f
an ex is t in g law wi t h res p ect to on e o f t h e mat t ers enu merat ed in t h e
Con cu rren t Li s t , t h en , su bj ect t o t h e p rovi s i on s of clau s e (2 ), t h e law mad e
b y Parli amen t , wh et h er p ass ed b efore or a ft er t h e law mad e b y t h e
Le gi s lat u re o f s u ch St at e, or, as t h e cas e may b e, t h e ex is t in g law, s h all
p revai l an d t h e law mad e b y t h e Le gi s lat u re o f t h e St at e s h all, t o t h e ex t ent
o f t h e repu gn an cy, b e voi d .
(2 ) Wh ere a law mad e b y t h e Legi s lat u re of a St at e wi t h resp ect t o on e
o f t h e mat t ers en u merat ed in t h e Con cu rren t Li s t con t ai ns any p ro vi s i on
rep u gn ant t o th e p rovi s i ons of an earli er law mad e b y Par li amen t or an
ex i st in g law wi t h res p ect t o th at mat t er, th en , th e law s o mad e b y t h e
Le gi s lat u re o f s u ch St at e sh all, i f i t h as b een res erved for t h e co n s id erati on
o f t h e Pres id ent and h as recei ved hi s ass ent , p revai l i n th at St ate:
Provi d ed t h at n ot h in g i n th i s clau s e sh all p reven t Parli amen t from
en act in g at an y t i me an y law w i t h res p ect t o t h e s ame mat t er in clu d in g a
law ad d i n g t o, a men d i n g, var yi n g or rep eali n g t h e law s o m ad e b y t h e
Le gi s lat u re of t h e St at e.
2 5 5. Requi rem ents as to reco m m enda ti ons a nd previ ous s a ncti ons to
be reg a rded a s ma tters of procedure onl y . —No Act o f Par li a men t or o f
t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e, an d n o p rovi s i on i n an y s u ch Act , s h all b e
i n vali d b y reas on on ly t h at s ome recommen d ati on or p revi ous s an ct i on
req u i red b y t h i s Con s t it ut i on was n ot gi ven , i f as s en t t o t hat Act was
gi ven —
(a ) wh ere t h e recommen d ati on req u i red was th at of t h e G overn or,
ei t h er b y t h e G o vern or or b y t h e Pres i d en t ;
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(b ) wh ere th e recommen d at i on req u i red was th at of t h e Raj p ramu kh ,
ei t h er b y t h e Raj p ramu kh or b y t h e Pres id ent ;
(c) wh ere t h e recommend ati on or p revi ou s s an ct i on req ui red was
t h at of t h e Presi d en t , b y t h e Presi d ent .
C H AP T E R II. —A D M I N I S T R AT I V E R E L AT I O N S
Gen er a l
2 5 6. Obli ga ti on of Sta tes a nd the Uni on. —Th e ex ecu ti ve p ower o f
ever y St at e s h all b e s o ex erci sed as t o en s u re comp li an ce wi th th e laws
mad e b y Par li amen t and an y ex i s ti n g laws wh i ch ap p ly i n t h at St at e, an d
t h e ex ecut i ve p ower o f t h e U n i on s h all ex t end t o t h e gi vi n g o f s u ch
d i recti on s t o a St at e as may ap p ear t o th e G overn men t of In d i a t o b e
n eces s ary for t h at pu rp os e.
2 5 7. Control of the Uni on o ver Sta tes i n certa i n cas es . —(1 ) Th e
ex ecu ti ve p ower o f e ver y St at e s h all b e s o ex erci s ed as n ot t o i mp ed e or
p rej ud i ce t h e ex ercis e of t h e ex ecut i ve p ower of t h e Un i on , and th e
ex ecu ti ve p ower of t h e Un i on sh all ex t end t o th e gi vin g of s u ch di rect i ons
t o a St at e as may ap p ear t o t h e G overn men t of In d i a t o b e n eces s ary for
t h at p u rp os e.
(2 ) Th e ex ecut i ve p ower of t h e Un i on sh all als o ex t end t o t h e gi vi n g of
d i recti on s t o a St at e as t o t h e con s t ru ct i on an d main t en an ce of mean s of
commu n i cat i on d eclared in th e d i recti on t o b e of n at i on al o r mi li t ary
i mp ort an ce:
Provi d ed t h at n oth i n g i n th is clau s e s h all b e t aken as res t ri ct i n g t he
p ower o f Parli amen t t o d eclare h i gh ways or wat erwa ys t o be n ati on al
h i gh ways o r n at i on al wat erwa ys or t h e p ower o f t h e Un i on wi t h res p ect t o
t h e h i gh ways or wat erwa ys s o d eclared or th e p ower of t h e Un i on t o
con s t ru ct an d mai nt ain means o f commu n i cat i on as p art of i t s fu n ct i ons
wi t h resp ect t o n aval, mi li t ary a n d ai r force w orks .
(3 ) Th e ex ecut i ve p ower of t h e Un i on sh all als o ex t end t o t h e gi vi n g of
d i recti on s t o a St at e as t o t h e meas u res t o b e t aken for t h e p rot ect i on of t h e
rai lwa ys wi t h i n t h e St at e.
(4 ) Wh ere i n carr yi n g ou t an y d i rect i on gi ven t o a St at e u n d er cl au s e (2 )
as t o t h e cons t ru ct i on or main ten an ce of an y mean s o f commu n i cati on or
u n d er claus e (3 ) as t o t h e measu res t o b e t aken for t h e p rot ect i on of an y
rai lwa y, c os t s h ave b een i n cu rred i n ex cess of t h os e wh i ch wou ld h ave
b een i n cu rred i n th e di s ch arge o f t h e n ormal du ti es of t h e St at e i f s u ch
d i recti on h ad n ot b een gi ven , th ere sh all b e p aid b y t h e G overn men t of
In d i a t o t h e St at e su ch s u m as may b e agreed , or, i n d efau lt o f agreemen t ,
as may b e d et ermi n ed b y an ar b i t rat or ap p oi n t ed b y t h e Ch i ef J u s ti ce of
In d i a, i n res p ect of t h e ex t ra cost s s o in cu rred b y t h e St at e.
2 5 7 A. [Ass is ta n ce t o S ta t es b y d epl o yment of a r med f or ces o r o th er
f o r ces o f t h e Un io n . ] Rep . b y th e Con st it u ti on (For t y -fo ur th Amen d men t )
Act , 1 97 8 , s . 3 3 ( w.e.f . 2 0 -6 -1 9 79 ).
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2 5 8. P ow er of the Uni on to co nf er pow ers , etc., on Sta tes i n certa i n
ca s es .—(1 ) Not wi th st and i n g anyt h i n g i n t hi s Cons ti t ut i on , the Pres id en t
may, wi t h th e con s en t of t h e G overn men t of a St at e, en t ru s t ei th er
con d i ti on all y or u n con d i ti on all y t o t h at G overn men t or t o it s offi cers
fu n ct i on s i n relat i on t o an y m at t er t o whi ch t h e ex ecu t i ve power o f t h e
Un i on ex ten ds .
(2 ) A law mad e b y Parli amen t whi ch ap p li es in an y S t at e may,
n ot wi t hs t an d in g t h at it relat es t o a mat t er wi t h res p ect t o wh i ch t he
Le gi s lat u re o f t h e St at e h as n o p ower t o make laws , con fer p owers an d
i mp os e d ut i es, or aut h ori s e th e con ferri n g o f p owers an d th e i mp os i ti on of
d u ti es , u p on t h e St at e or offi c ers and aut h ori ti es t h ereof.
(3 ) Wh ere b y vi rt u e of t h i s art i cle p owers an d d u ti es have b een
con ferred or i mp os ed u p on a Stat e or o ffi cers or au t h ori t i es t hereo f, t h ere
s h all b e p aid b y t h e G overn ment of In d i a t o th e St at e s u ch s u m as may b e
agreed , or, i n d efau lt o f a greem en t , as may b e d et ermi n ed b y an arb i t rat or
ap p oi nt ed b y t h e Chi ef J u st i ce o f In d i a, in res p ect of an y ex t ra cos t s of
ad min i st rat i on in cu rred b y t h e St at e i n con n ect i on wit h t h e ex erci s e of
t h os e p owers an d d ut i es .
2 5 8 A. P ow er of the Sta te s to entrus t f uncti ons to the Uni on. —
Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h in g i n thi s Cons t it ut i on , t h e G overn or o f a St at e
may, wi t h th e con s en t of t h e G overn ment of In d i a, entru s t ei th er
con d i ti on all y or u n con d i ti on all y t o t h at G overn men t or t o it s offi cers
fu n ct i on s i n relat i on t o an y m at t er t o whi ch t h e ex ecu t i ve power o f t h e
St at e ext end s .
2 5 9. [Ar med Fo r ces i n S ta t es in Pa r t B of th e Fi r st S ch edu l e. ] Rep . b y
t h e Co n st it ut i on (S even th Amen dmen t ) Act , 19 56 , s. 29 an d S ch.
2 6 0. J uri s di cti on of the Union i n rela ti on to t erri tori es outs i de
I ndi a .—Th e G overn men t of In d i a may b y agreemen t wi t h t h e G overn men t
o f an y t erri t or y n ot b ein g p art of t h e t errit ory o f In d i a u ndert ake an y
ex ecu ti ve, legi s lat i ve or j u di cial fu n ct i on s ves t ed in th e G overn men t of
s u ch t errit ory, b u t ever y s u ch agreemen t sh all b e s ub j ect t o, and govern ed
b y, an y la w re lat i n g t o t h e exerci s e of forei gn j u ris d i ct i on for t h e t i me
b ei n g in force.
2 6 1. P ubl i c a cts , records a nd judi ci al proceedi ng s . —(1 ) Fu ll fai t h and
cred i t s h all b e gi ven th rou gh ou t th e t erri t o ry o f In d i a t o pu b li c acts ,
record s an d j ud i ci al p roceed in gs of t h e Un i on an d of ever y St at e.
(2 ) Th e mann er in whi ch and t h e con di t i ons u nd er whi ch th e acts ,
record s an d p roceed in gs referre d t o i n claus e (1 ) s h all b e p roved and t he
effect t h ereof d et ermi n ed s h all be as p rovi d ed b y law mad e b y Pa rli amen t .
(3 ) Fi n al j ud gmen ts or ord ers deli vered or p as s ed b y ci vi l cou rt s i n an y
p art of t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a s h all b e cap ab le o f ex ecu t i on an yw h ere wi t h in
t h at t erri t ory accord i n g t o law.
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Di s p ut es r ela t in g t o Wa t er s
2 6 2. Adjudi ca ti on of di s putes rel a ti ng to w a ters of i nter -State ri vers
or ri ver va l l eys . —(1 ) Parli amen t may b y la w p rovi d e for t h e ad j ud i cat i on
o f an y d i s p u t e or comp lai n t wi th res p ect t o t h e u s e, di st rib u ti on or con t ro l
o f t h e wat ers of, or i n , an y i n t er-St at e ri ver or ri ver va l le y.
(2 ) Not wi t h st and i n g an yt h in g in t hi s Cons t it ut i on , Parli amen t may b e
law p ro vi d e t h at n ei th er t h e Su p reme Cou rt n or an y ot h er cou rt s h all
ex erci s e ju ri sd i ct i on i n resp ect of an y s u ch di sp u t e or complai n t as is
referred t o i n clau s e (1 ).
Co -o rd in at io n b et ween St at es
2 6 3. P rovi s i ons w i th res pect to a n i nter -Sta te Counci l . —If at an y t i me
i t ap p ears t o t h e Pres id ent t h at th e p ub li c i n t eres ts wou ld b e s erved b y t h e
es t ab lis h men t of a Cou n ci l ch arged wi th th e du t y o f —
(a ) i n qu i ri n g i nt o an d ad vi si n g u p on di s pu t es wh i ch may h ave a ri s en
b et ween St at es ;
(b ) i n vest i gat in g and di s cu ss i n g s u bj ects in wh i ch s ome or all o f t h e
St at es , or th e Un i on and on e or more o f t h e St at es , h ave a common
i n t eres t ; or
(c) maki n g recommen d at i on s u p o n an y s u ch su b j ect and , in
p art i cu lar, recommen d ati on s for t h e b ett er co -ord i n at i on of p ol i cy an d
act i on wi th resp ect t o t h at su b j ect ,
i t s h all b e law fu l for t h e Pres i d en t b y ord er t o es t ab li s h su ch a Cou n ci l,
an d t o d efi n e t h e n atu re of t h e du t i es t o b e p erformed b y i t and it s
organ i s at i on an d p roced u re.
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P ART XI I
FIN ANC E, PROPER TY, CON TR ACTS AN D SU ITS
C H AP T E R I.—F I N AN C E
Gen er a l
2 6 4. I nterpreta ti on. —In t hi s Part , “Fi n an ce Commi s si on ” mean s a
Fi n an ce Commi ss i on con st it ut ed u nd er art i cle 28 0.
2 6 5. Ta xes not to be i m pos ed s a ve by a uthori ty of law . —No t ax s h all
b e levi ed or col lect ed ex cept b y au t h orit y o f law.
2 6 6. Cons ol i da ted F unds a nd publ i c a ccounts of I ndi a a nd of the
Sta tes . —(1 ) Sub j ect t o t h e p rovi s i ons of art i cle 26 7 an d t o t h e p rovi s i o n s
o f t h i s Ch ap t er wi th resp ect t o t h e ass i gn men t of t h e wh ole or p art of t h e
n et p roceed s of cert ai n t ax es and du t i es t o St at es, all reven u es recei ved b y
t h e G overn ment of In d i a, all lo an s rai s ed b y t h at G overn men t b y t h e i s s u e
o f t reas u ry b i lls , l oan s or wa ys an d mean s ad van ces an d all mon e ys
recei ved b y t h at G overn men t i n rep aymen t o f loan s s h all form on e
con s oli d at ed fu nd t o b e ent it led “t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of In d i a”, and all
reven u es recei ved b y t h e G over n ment o f a St at e, a ll l oan s rai s ed b y t h at
G overn men t b y t h e i s su e of t reas u ry b i lls , loan s or wa ys an d means
ad van ces and all mon e ys recei ved b y t h at G overn men t in rep aymen t o f
loan s s h all form on e con s oli d at ed fu nd t o b e en ti t led “t h e Con s oli d at ed
Fu n d of t h e St at e”.
(2 ) All ot h er p ub li c mon eys rec ei ved b y or on b eh alf o f t h e G overn men t
o f In d i a or t h e G overn men t of a St at e s h all b e cred i t ed t o t h e pu b li c
accou n t of In d i a or t h e pu b li c accou n t of t h e St at e, as t h e cas e may b e.
(3 ) No mon eys ou t of t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of In d ia or t h e
Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of a St at e sh all b e ap p rop ri at ed ex cep t in accord an ce
wi t h law and for t h e pu rp oses and i n th e man n er p rovi ded in t hi s
Con s t it ut i on .
2 6 7. Conti ng ency F und. —(1 ) Parli amen t may b y la w es tab li s h a
Con t i n gen cy Fu n d i n t h e n atu re of an i mp res t t o b e en ti t l ed “t h e
Con t i n gen cy Fu n d o f In d i a” i nt o wh i ch s h all b e p aid from t i me t o t i me
s u ch s u ms as may b e d et ermi n ed b y s u ch law, an d t h e s aid Fu n d sh all b e
p laced at t h e d i sp os al o f t h e Pres i d en t t o en ab le ad van ces t o be mad e b y
h i m out of s u ch Fu nd for t h e pu rp os es of meet in g u n fores een ex p en d it u re
p en di n g au th ori s at i on of s u ch ex p en d it u re b y Parli amen t b y law u n d er
art i cle 1 15 or art i cle 11 6 .
(2 ) Th e Legi s lat u re of a St at e may b y la w es t ab li sh a Con t in gency Fu n d
i n th e n at u re of an i mp res t t o b e ent i t led “t h e Cont in gen cy Fu n d of t h e
St at e” in t o wh i ch s h all b e p ai d from t i me t o t i me s u ch su ms as may b e
d et ermin ed b y s u ch law, an d t he s ai d Fu n d s h all b e p laced at t h e d i sp os al
o f t h e G overn or o f t h e St at e t o en ab le ad van ces t o b e mad e b y h i m ou t of
s u ch Fu nd for t h e p u rp os es of meet i n g un fores een ex p en di ture p en di n g
112
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
au t h oris at i on of s u ch ex p en di ture b y t h e Legi s lat u re o f t h e Stat e b y la w
u n d er art i cle 20 5 or arti cle 2 06 .
Di s t ri bu t io n o f Reven u es b et ween th e Un io n a nd th e St at es
2 6 8. Duti es l evi ed by the Uni on but col l ected a nd a ppropri a ted by the
Sta tes . —(1 ) Su ch s t amp d ut i es an d s u ch d ut i es of ex ci s e on med i cin al and
t oi let p rep arat i ons as are men t ion ed i n th e Un i on Li s t s h all b e levi ed b y
t h e G overn men t of In d i a b ut sh all b e co llect ed —
(a ) i n th e cas e wh ere s u ch dut i es are levi ab le wi t h i n an y U n i on
t erri t ory, b y t h e G overn men t of In d i a, and
(b ) in ot h er cas es , b y t h e Stat es wit h in whi ch su ch d ut i es are
res p ecti vel y le vi ab le.
(2 ) Th e p roceed s i n an y fi n an cial yea r o f an y s u ch d u t y le vi ab l e wi t h in
an y St at e s h all n o t form p art of t h e Con s oli d ated Fu n d of In d i a, b u t s h all
b e as si gn ed t o t h at St at e.
2 6 9. Ta xes l evi ed a nd col l ected by the Uni on but a s s ig ned to the
Sta tes . —(1 ) Tax es on t h e s ale or p u rch as e o f g o od s an d t ax es on t h e
con s i gn ment of g ood s s h all b e l evi ed an d collect ed b y t h e G ov ern men t of
In d i a b ut s h all b e as si gn ed an d s h all b e d eemed t o h ave b een as s i gn ed t o
t h e St at es on or a ft er t h e 1 s t d ay o f Ap ri l, 1 9 9 6 i n th e man n er p rovi d ed i n
clau s e (2 ).
Exp l a na ti on . —For t h e pu rp os es o f t h i s claus e, (a ) t h e ex p res s i on "t ax es on t he s ale or p u rch as e of go od s " s h all
mean t ax es on s ale or p u rch as e of go od s ot h er th an n ewsp ap ers , wh ere
s u ch s ale or p u rch as e t akes p lace i n t h e cou rs e of i n t er -St at e t rad e or
commerce;
(b ) th e ex p res s i on "t ax es on t he con s i gn men t of go od s " s h all mean
t ax es on th e con si gn ment of g o od s (wh eth er th e con si gn ment is t o th e
p ers on makin g i t or t o an y ot h er p ers on ), wh ere s u ch cons i gn men t t akes
p lace i n th e cou rs e of i n t er -St at e t rad e or commerce.
(2 ) Th e n et p roceed s in an y fi n an ci al yea r o f an y s u ch t ax , ex cep t i n s o
far as t h os e p roceed s rep res en t p roceed s at t ri bu t ab le t o Un i on t erri t ori es,
s h all n ot form p art of t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of In d i a, b ut s h all b e ass i gn ed
t o t h e St at es wi th i n whi ch t h at t ax i s levi ab le i n t h at year, a n d s hall b e
d i st rib u t ed amon g t h os e St at es i n accord an ce wi th s u ch p ri n cip les of
d i st rib u ti on as may b e formu lat ed b y Parli amen t b y law.
(3 ) Parli amen t may b y law form u lat e p rin ci p les for d et ermin i n g wh en a
s ale or p u rch as e of, or c on s i gnmen t of, go od s t akes p lace in the c ou rs e of
i n t er-St at e t rad e or commerce.
2 7 0. Ta xes l evi ed a nd
di s tri buted betw een the Uni on a nd the
Sta tes . —(1 ) All t ax es an d du t i es referred t o i n th e Un i on Li s t , ex cep t th e
d u ti es and t ax es referred t o in art i cles 2 68 and 2 69 , res p ect i vel y, s u rch arge
on t ax es and d ut i es referred to i n arti cle 2 71 an d an y ces s levi ed fo r
s p eci fi c pu rp os es un d er an y la w mad e b y Parli amen t sh all b e levi ed an d
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
col lect ed b y t h e G overn men t of In d i a and s h all b e di st ri bu t ed bet ween th e
Un i on and th e St at es in th e mann er p rovi d e d i n clau s e (2 ).
(2 ) Su ch p ercen t age, as may b e p res cri b ed , of t h e n et p roceed s of an y
s u ch t ax or d u t y i n an y fi n an ci al year s h all n ot form p art o f t h e
Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of In d i a, bu t sh all b e as s i gn ed t o th e Stat es wi th in
wh i ch th at t ax or d u t y i s levi a b le i n t h at year, an d s h all b e d i st rib u t ed
amon g t h os e St at es in su ch man n er an d from s u ch t i me as may b e
p res crib ed i n t h e man n er p rovi ded in clau s e (3 ).
(3 ) In t h is arti cle, "p res cri b ed " mean s , —
(i ) u n ti l a Fi n an ce Commi s si on h as b een con s ti tu t ed, p res cr i b ed b y
t h e Presi d en t b y ord er, an d
(i i ) aft er a Fi n an ce Commis s i on h as b een cons t it ut ed , p res cri b ed b y
t h e Pres id en t b y ord er aft er con s i d eri n g th e recommen d at i ons of t h e
Fi n an ce Commi ss i on .
2 7 1. Surcha rg e on certa i n duti es a nd ta xes f or purpos es of the
Uni on. —Not wi t h s t an d in g an yt h i n g i n art i cles 2 69 and 2 70 , Parli amen t may
at an y t i me in creas e an y o f t h e d u ti es or t ax es referred t o i n thos e art i cles
b y a s u rch arge for p u rp os es of t h e Un i on and th e wh ole p roc eed s of an y
s u ch s u rch arge s h all form p art o f t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of In d i a.
2 7 2. [ Ta xes wh i ch a r e l evi ed an d co ll ect ed b y t h e Un io n an d ma y b e
d i st r ib ut ed b et ween t h e Uni on a n d t h e St at es .] —Rep . b y th e Co n st it u ti on
(Ei g h ti eth Amen d men t ) Act , 20 00 , s .4 .
2 7 3. Gra nts i n l i eu of export duty on jute a nd jute produ cts . —(1 )
Th ere s h all b e ch arged on t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of In d i a i n each year as
gran t s -i n -ai d of t h e reven u es of t h e St at es of As s am, Bi h ar, Ori s s a an d
Wes t Ben gal, i n li eu of as s i gn men t of an y s h are of t h e n et p roceed s i n each
yea r o f ex p ort d u t y on j u t e and j u t e p rod u ct s t o th os e St at es , such s ums as
may b e p res cri b ed .
(2 ) Th e su ms s o p res cri b ed s h all con t i nu e t o b e ch arged on t he
Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of In d i a s o l on g as an y ex p ort d u t y on j u t e or j u t e
p rod u cts con t in u es t o b e levi ed b y t h e G over n men t of In d i a or u n t i l t h e
ex p i rat i on of t en years from t h e commen cement of t h i s Con s t it ut i on
wh i ch ever i s earli er.
(3 ) In t hi s art i cle, th e exp ress i on “p res crib ed ” h as th e s ame mean i n g as
i n arti cle 2 70 .
2 7 4. P ri or recomm enda ti on of P res i dent requi red t o Bi l ls aff ecti ng
ta xa ti on i n w hi ch Sta tes a re i nteres ted. —(1 ) No Bi ll or amen d men t
wh i ch imp os es or vari es an y t ax or d u t y i n wh i ch St at es are in teres t ed , or
wh i ch vari es t h e mean i n g of t h e ex p ress i on “agri cu lt u ral i n come” as
d efi n ed for t h e p u rp os es of t h e en act men t s relat in g t o In d i an in come -t ax ,
or wh i ch affect s t h e p ri n ci p les on wh i ch un d er an y o f t h e foreg oi n g
p rovi s i on s of t h is Ch apt er mon eys are or ma y b e d i st rib u t ab le to St at es , or
wh i ch i mp os es an y s u ch su rcharge for t h e pu rp os es of t h e Un i on as i s
men t i on ed i n th e foreg oi n g p rovi s i ons of t h is Ch apt er, sh all b e i n t rodu ced
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or mo ved i n eit h er Hou s e of Pa rli amen t ex cep t on th e recommen d ati on of
t h e Presi d en t .
(2 ) In t h i s art i cle, t h e ex p ress i on “t ax or d u t y i n wh i ch Stat es are
i n t eres t ed ” means —
(a ) a t ax or d ut y t h e wh ole or p art of t h e n et p roceed s wh ereof are
as s i gn ed t o an y St at e; or
(b ) a t ax or d u t y b y re feren ce t o t h e n et p roceed s wh ereof s u ms are
for t h e t i me b ei n g p ayab le ou t o f t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of In d ia t o an y
St at e.
2 7 5. Gra nts f rom the Uni on to certa i n Sta tes . —(1 ) Su ch s u ms as
Parli amen t may b y law p rovi d e s h all b e ch arged on t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu nd
o f In d i a i n each year as gran t s -i n -ai d o f t h e reven u es o f s u ch St at es as
Parli amen t may d et ermi n e t o b e i n n eed of as s i s t an ce, an d di fferen t s ums
may b e fi x ed for d i fferen t St at es:
Provi d ed t h at th ere sh all b e p aid ou t of t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d o f In d i a
as gran t s -i n -ai d of t h e revenu es of a St at e s u ch cap i t al an d recu rri n g su ms
as may b e n eces s ary t o en ab le t h at St at e t o meet t h e cos ts of s u ch s ch emes
o f d evel op men t as may b e u n d ert aken b y t h e St at e wi t h t h e ap p rova l o f t h e
G overn men t of In d i a for t h e p u rp os e of p romot i n g t h e wel fare o f t h e
Sch ed u led Tri b es in th at St at e or rai s in g t h e level o f ad mi n i st rat i on of t h e
Sch ed u led Areas th erei n t o t h a t o f t h e ad mi n is t rat i on of t h e res t of t h e
areas of t h at St at e:
Provi d ed fu rt h er t h at t h ere sh all b e p ai d ou t of t h e Con s o li d at ed Fu n d o f
In d i a as gran ts -i n -ai d of t h e reven u es of t h e St at e of As s am sums , capi t al
an d recu rri n g, eq u i valen t t o —
(a ) th e avera ge ex ces s of ex p end i tu re over t h e reven u es d u ri n g t h e
t wo years i mmed i at el y p reced i ng t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Con s t it u ti on
i n res p ect of t h e ad mi n is t rati on o f t h e t ri b al areas s p eci fi ed in Part I o f
t h e t ab le ap p en d ed t o p aragrap h 2 0 of t h e Six t h Sch ed u le ; an d
(b ) t h e cos ts of s u ch s ch emes of d eve lop men t as may b e u n d ertaken
b y t h at St at e wi t h t h e app roval o f t h e G overn men t of In d i a for t h e
p u rp os e of rai s in g t h e level o f a d min i st rat i on of t h e s ai d areas to t h at of
t h e ad min i st rat i on of t h e res t of t h e are as of t h at St at e.
(1 A) On and from t h e format i on of t h e aut on omou s St at e u nd er art i cle
2 4 4 A, —
(i ) an y s u ms p ayab le u n d er clau s e ( a ) of t h e s econd p rovi s o t o
clau s e (1 ) s h all, i f t h e au t on omou s St at e comp ris es all t h e t ribal areas
referred t o t h erei n , b e p aid to t h e aut on omou s St at e, and , i f t h e
au t on omou s St at e comp ri s es on l y s ome o f t h os e t ri b al areas , be
ap p ort i on ed b et ween t h e St at e of As s am an d t h e aut on omou s St at e as t he
Pres i d en t may, b y ord er, s p eci fy;
(i i ) th ere s h all b e p ai d out of t h e Con s oli d at e d Fu nd of In d i a as
gran t s -i n -ai d of t h e reven u es of t h e au t on omou s St at e su ms , cap i t al and
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
recu rri n g, eq ui valen t t o t h e cos t s of s u ch s ch emes of d evel op men t as
may b e u n d ert aken b y t h e au t on omou s St at e wi th th e ap p roval o f t h e
G overn men t of In d i a for t h e p u rp os e of rai s in g t h e level o f
ad min i st rat i on of t h at St at e t o t h at of t h e ad mi n i st rati on of t h e res t o f
t h e St at e of As s am.
(2 ) Un t i l p rovi s i on is mad e b y Parli amen t un d er clau s e (1 ), the p owers
con ferred on Parli amen t un d er t h at clau s e s h all b e ex erci s ab le b y t h e
Pres i d en t b y ord er an d an y ord er mad e b y t h e Pres id ent un d er t h is clau s e
s h all h ave effect s u b j ect t o an y p rovi s i on s o mad e b y Parli amen t :
Provi d ed t h at aft er a Fi n an ce Commi s s i on h as b een cons ti tu t ed n o ord er
s h all b e mad e u nd er th i s clau s e b y t h e Pres i d en t ex cept aft er con s i d eri n g
t h e recommend at i ons of t h e Fi n an ce Commi ss i on .
2 7 6. Ta xes on pr of es s i ons , tra des , cal l i ng s a nd em pl oym ents . —
(1 ) Not wi t h st and i n g an yt h in g i n art i cle 2 46 , n o law o f t h e Le gi s lat u re of a
St at e relat i n g t o t ax es for t h e b en efi t of t h e St at e or o f a mu n i ci p ali t y,
d i st ri ct b oard , local b oard or ot h er loca l au t h ori t y t h erei n i n res p ect of
p rofes s i on s , t rad es , calli n gs or emp lo ymen t s sh all b e in vali d on t h e grou nd
t h at i t relat es t o a t ax on in come.
(2 ) Th e t ot al amou n t p ayab le i n res p ect of an y on e p ers on t o t h e St at e
or t o an y on e mu ni ci p alit y, d i s t ri ct b oard , local b oard or ot h er local
au t h orit y i n t h e St at e b y wa y o f t ax es on p rofes s i on s , t rad es, calli n gs an d
emp lo ymen t s sh all n ot ex ceed two t h ou s and an d fi ve hu nd red ru p ee s p er
an n um.
(3 ) Th e p ower of t h e Le gi s lat u re of a St at e t o make laws as afores ai d
wi t h res p ect t o t ax es on p rofe s s i ons , t rad es , calli n gs an d emp lo ymen t s
s h all n ot b e con s t ru ed as li mit in g i n an y wa y t h e p ower o f Pa rli amen t t o
make la ws wi t h res p ect t o t a x es on i n come accru i n g from or ari s i n g ou t of
p rofes s i on s , t rad es , calli n gs and emp lo ymen t s .
2 77 . Sa vi ngs . —An y t ax es , d u ti es , cess es or fees wh i ch , i mmed i at ely
b efore t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Con s ti t ut i on , were b ein g law fu ll y levi ed
b y t h e G overn men t of a n y St a t e or b y an y mu n i cip ali t y or ot h er local
au t h orit y o r b od y for t h e p u rpos es of t h e St at e, mu ni cip ali t y, d i st ri ct or
ot h er loca l area ma y, n ot wi t h s tan d in g t h at t h os e t ax es , d ut i es , ces s es or
fees are men t i on ed in t h e Un ion Li s t , con t i nu e t o b e levi ed an d t o b e
ap p li ed t o t h e s ame p u rp os es un t i l p rovi s i on t o t h e con t rary i s mad e b y
Parli amen t b y law.
2 7 8. [Ag r eemen t wi th S ta t es i n Pa r t B o f t h e Fi r st S ch ed u l e with r eg ar d
t o cer ta in f i na n ci al ma t t ers. ] Rep . b y t h e Co n st i tu ti on (S even t h
Amen d men t ) Act , 19 56 , s . 29 and S ch .
2 79 . Ca l cula ti on of
“ net proceeds ” , etc. —(1 ) In t h e foreg oi n g
p rovi s i on s of t h is Ch ap t er, “n et p roceed s ” mean s i n relat i on t o an y t ax or
d u t y t h e p roceed s t h ereof red uced b y t h e cos t of co l lect i on , an d for t h e
p u rp os es of t h os e p rovi s i on s th e n et p roceeds of an y t ax or du t y, or of an y
p art of an y t ax or d u t y, i n or att ri bu t ab le t o an y area s h all b e as cert ain ed
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
an d certi fi ed b y t h e Comp t roller an d Au d it or -G en eral o f In d i a, wh os e
cert i fi cat e s h all b e fi n al.
(2 ) Su bj ect as afores ai d , an d t o an y ot h er ex p res s p rovi s i on o f t h i s
Ch ap t er, a law mad e b y Parli amen t or an ord er of t h e Pres i d en t may, i n an y
cas e wh ere un d er th is Part t h e proceed s of an y d u t y or t ax are, or ma y b e,
as s i gn ed t o an y St at e, p ro vi d e for t h e man n er i n wh i ch t h e p roceed s are t o
b e calcu lat ed , for t h e t i me from or at wh i ch an d t h e mann er in wh i ch an y
p aymen t s are t o b e mad e, for t h e maki n g of ad j u s tmen ts bet ween on e
fi n an ci al yea r an d an ot h er, an d for an y ot h er i n ci d en t al or an ci llar y
mat t ers .
2 80 . F i na nce Com mi ss i on. —(1) Th e Presi d en t s h all, wi t hi n two years
fr om t h e commen cement of t h is Cons t it ut i on an d th ereaft er at t h e
ex p i rat i on of ever y fi ft h year or at s u ch earli er t i me as t he Pres id ent
con s i d ers n eces s ary, b y ord er co n s ti tu t e a Fi n an ce Commis si on wh i ch s h all
con s i st of a Ch ai rman an d fou r ot h er memb ers t o b e ap p oin ted b y t h e
Pres i d en t .
(2 ) Parli amen t may b y la w d et ermi n e th e qu ali fi cat i on s whi ch s h all b e
req u is it e for ap p oi nt ment as memb ers of t h e Commi ss i on and the mann er in
wh i ch t h ey s h all b e s elect ed .
(3 ) It s h all b e t h e d u t y o f t h e Commi s s i on t o make recommen d at i ons t o
t h e Presi d en t as t o —
(a ) t h e d is t rib ut i on b et ween the Un i on and t h e St at es of t h e n et
p roceed s of t ax es wh i ch are t o b e, or may b e, d i vi d ed b et ween t h em
u n d er t hi s Ch ap t er an d t h e all ocat i on b et ween th e St at es o f t h e
res p ecti ve s h ares of s u ch p roceed s ;
(b ) t h e p ri n ci p les wh i ch s h ou ld gove rn t h e gran t s -i n -ai d of t h e
reven u es of t h e St at es ou t of t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of In d i a;
(b b ) th e measu res n eed ed t o au gmen t th e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d o f a
St at e t o s up p lement t h e res ou rces of t h e Pan ch ayat s i n th e St ate on t h e
b as is of t h e recommen d at i ons mad e b y t h e Fi n an ce Commi s sion o f t h e
St at e;
(c) t h e measu res n eed ed t o au gmen t th e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d o f a
St at e t o su pp lemen t t h e res ou rces of t h e M u ni cip ali t i es in th e St at e on
t h e b asi s of t h e recommen d at i on s mad e b y t h e Fi n an ce Commi s s i on of
t h e St at e;
(d ) an y ot h er mat t er referred t o t h e Commi ss i on b y t h e Pres i d ent i n
t h e in t eres t s of s ou n d fi n an ce.
(4 ) Th e Commi s s i on sh all d et ermi n e th ei r p roc ed u re and s h all h ave s u ch
p owers i n t h e p erforman ce of t h ei r fu n ct i ons as Parli ament may b y la w
con fer on t h em.
2 81 . Recom m enda ti ons of the F i na nce Com mi s si on. —Th e Pres i d en t
s h all cau s e ever y rec ommen d at ion mad e b y t h e Fi n an ce Commi s s i on un d er
t h e p rovi s i on s of t h is Cons t it u ti on t oget h er wi t h an ex p lan at ory
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memoran d u m as t o t h e act i on t aken t h ereon t o b e lai d b efore each Hou s e of
Parli amen t .
Mi s cel la n eo us Fi na n ci al Pr o vi s io n s
2 82 . Expendi ture def ray a bl e by the Uni on or a Sta te out of i ts
revenues . —Th e Un i on or a St at e may ma ke an y gran t s for an y p u b li c
p u rp os e, n ot wi t hs t an di n g t h at t he p u rp os e i s n ot on e wi t h res p ect t o wh i ch
Parli amen t or t h e Legi s lat u re o f t h e St at e, as t h e cas e may b e, may make
laws .
2 83 . Cus tody , etc., of Cons ol i da ted F unds , Conti ng en cy F unds a nd
m oney s credi ted to the publ i c a ccounts . —(1 ) Th e cus t od y o f t h e
Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of In d i a an d t h e Cont in gen cy Fu n d of In d i a, t he
p aymen t o f mon e ys i n t o s u ch Fu n ds , t h e wi th d rawal o f m on e ys t h erefrom,
t h e cus t od y o f p u b li c mon eys ot h er t h an th o s e cred it ed t o s u ch Fu nds
recei ved b y or on b eh alf o f t h e G overn men t of In d i a, t h ei r p aym en t in t o th e
p u b li c accou nt of In d i a an d t h e wi t h d rawal o f m on e ys from s u ch accou n t
an d all ot h er matt ers con n ect ed wi t h or an ci llar y t o mat t ers afor es ai d sh all
b e regu lat ed b y law mad e b y Par li amen t , and , u nt i l p rovi s i on i n t h at b eh alf
i s s o mad e, sh all b e regu lat ed b y ru les mad e b y t h e Pres id ent .
(2 ) Th e cu s t od y o f t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of a St at e an d t he
Con t i n gen cy Fu n d o f a St at e, t he p aymen t o f mon e ys i n t o s u ch Fu n d s , th e
wi t h d rawal of mon e ys t h erefro m, t h e cus t od y o f p u b li c mon eys ot h er t h an
t h os e cred it ed t o s u ch Fu n ds recei ved b y or on b eh alf o f t h e G ov ern men t of
t h e St at e, th ei r p aymen t in t o t h e p ub li c accoun t of t h e St ate an d th e
wi t h d rawal of mon e ys fr om s u ch accou nt an d all ot h er mat t ers con n ect ed
wi t h or an ci llar y t o mat t ers afores ai d sh all b e regu lat ed b y la w mad e b y
t h e Legi s lat u re o f t h e St at e, an d, u n ti l p rovi s i on i n th at b eh alf i s s o mad e,
s h all b e regu lat ed b y ru les mad e b y t h e G overn or o f t h e St at e.
2 84 . Cus tody of s ui tors' depos i ts a nd other m oney s recei ved by
publ i c s erva nts a nd courts . —All mon e ys recei ved b y or d ep os i ted wi th —
(a ) an y o ffi cer emp l o yed i n con n ect i on wi th t h e affai rs o f t h e
Un i on or o f a St at e i n h is cap aci t y as s u ch, ot h er th an reven u es or
p u b li c mon eys rai s ed or recei v ed b y t h e G overn men t o f In d i a or t h e
G overn men t of t h e St at e, as t h e cas e may b e, or
(b ) an y cou rt wi t h i n t h e t errit or y o f In d i a t o t h e cred it of an y
cau s e, mat t er, accoun t or p ers ons ,
s h all b e p ai d in t o t h e p ub l i c accou n t of In d i a or th e p ub li c accou n t of
St at e, as t h e cas e may b e.
2 85 . Exem pti on of property o f the Uni on f rom Sta te ta xa tion. —(1 )
Th e p rop ert y of t h e Un i on s h all, s ave in s o far as Parli amen t may b y la w
ot h erwi s e p rovi d e, b e ex empt from al l t ax es i mp os ed b y a St at e or b y an y
au t h orit y wi t h i n a St at e.
(2 ) Not h in g in clau s e (1 ) s hall, u n t i l Parli ament b y law o t h erwi se
p rovi d es , p reven t an y au t h ori t y wi t h in a St at e from le v yi n g an y t ax on an y
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
p rop ert y o f t h e Un i on t o wh i ch s u ch p rop ert y was i mmed i at e ly b efore t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Con s ti tut i on li ab le or t reat ed as li ab le, s o lon g as
t h at t ax cont in u es t o b e levi ed in th at St at e.
2 86 . Res tri cti ons as to i m pos iti on of ta x on the s a l e or purcha s e of
g oods . —(1 ) No la w o f a St at e s h all i mp os e, or au t h ori s e th e i mp os i ti on of,
a t ax on t h e s ale or p u rch as e of g ood s wh ere s u ch s ale or p u rch as e t akes
p lace—
(a ) ou ts i d e t h e St at e; or
(b ) in t h e cou rs e of t h e i mp ort of t h e good s i nt o, or exp ort of t he
go od s ou t of, t h e t errit ory o f In d i a.
(2 ) Parli amen t may b y law form u lat e p rin ci p les for d et ermin i n g wh en a
s ale or p u rch as e of go od s t akes p lace i n an y o f t h e wa ys men t i on ed in
clau s e (1 ).
(3 ) An y law o f a St at e s h all, i n s o far as i t i mp os es , or au th ori s es the
i mp os it i on of, —
(a ) a t ax on t h e s ale or p u r chas e of g ood s d eclared b y Par li amen t
b y la w t o b e o f s p eci al i mp ort ance i n i n t er -St at e t rad e or commerce; or
(b ) a t ax on t h e s ale or p u rch ase o f go od s , b ei n g a t ax of t h e n at u re
referred t o i n s ub -clau s e ( b ), s ub -clau s e ( c) or s ub -clau s e ( d ) of clau s e
(2 9 A) of art i cle 3 6 6 ,
b e su bj ect t o su ch rest ri cti on s an d cond it i ons in regard t o th e s ys t em of
lev y, rat es an d ot h er in cid ent s of t h e t ax as Parli amen t may b y l aw s p eci fy.
2 87 . Exem pti on f rom ta xes on el ectri ci ty . —Save in s o far as
Parli amen t may b y law ot h erwi s e p rovi d e, n o law of a St at e shall i mp os e,
or au t h ori s e th e i mp osi t i on of, a t ax on t h e con s u mpt i on or s ale o f
elect ri ci t y (wh et h er p rodu ced by a G overn men t or ot h er p ers on s ) whi ch
is—
(a ) con su med b y t h e G overn men t of In d i a, or s old t o t he
G over n men t of In d i a for c on s u mp t i on b y t h at G overn men t ; or
(b ) con su med i n th e con st ru ction , mai nt en an ce or op erat i on of an y
rai lwa y b y t h e G overn men t of In d i a or a rai lwa y c omp an y op erat i n g t h at
rai lwa y, or s old t o t h at G overnmen t or an y s u ch rai lway comp an y for
con s u mp t i on i n t h e cons t ru ct ion , mai nt en an ce or op erat i on of an y
rai lwa y,
an d an y s u ch law i mp os in g, or au t h oris in g t h e i mp osi t i on of, a t ax on t he
s ale o f elect ri ci t y s h al l s ecu re t h at t h e p ri ce of elect ri ci t y s old t o t h e
G overn men t of In d i a for con s u mp t i on b y t h at G overn men t , or t o an y s u ch
rai lwa y comp an y as a fores ai d for con s u mp t i on i n th e con s t ru ct i on ,
mai n t en an ce or op erat i on of an y rai lwa y, s h all b e les s b y t h e amou n t of t h e
t ax th an th e p ri ce ch arged t o ot h er con s u mers of a s u b st an ti al q u ant it y o f
elect ri ci t y.
2 8 8. Exem pti on f rom ta xa ti on by Sta tes i n res pect of wa ter or
el ectri ci ty i n certai n cas es . —(1 ) Save in s o far as t h e Pres iden t may b y
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ord er ot h erwi s e p rovi d e, n o law of a St at e i n force i mmed i at ely b efore t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Con sti t ut i on sh all i mp os e, or au th ori s e t h e
i mp os it i on of, a t ax i n res p ect of an y wat er or elect ri ci t y s t ored , gen erat ed ,
con s u med , di st ri bu t ed or s old by an y au t h ori t y es t ab li s h ed b y an y ex i s t in g
law or an y law mad e b y Parli am en t for re gu lat i n g or d eve l op i n g an y i n t er St at e ri ver or ri ver -va l le y.
Exp l an a ti on . —Th e ex p ress i on “law o f a St at e i n fo rce” i n t hi s clau s e
s h all i n clu d e a law o f a St at e p as s ed or mad e b efore t h e comme n cement of
t h is Con st i tu ti on and n ot p reviou s l y rep ealed , n ot wi t hs t an d in g t h at i t or
p art s of i t may n ot b e th en i n operat i on eit h er at all or i n p art i cular areas .
(2 ) Th e Legi s lat u re of a St at e may b y law i mp os e, or aut h ori s e t h e
i mp os it i on of, an y s u ch t ax as is men t i on ed in clau s e (1 ), b ut no s u ch law
s h all h ave an y e ffect u n les s i t h as , aft er h avi n g b een res erved for t h e
con s i d erat i on of t h e Pres id en t, recei ved h is as s en t ; and i f an y s u ch law
p rovi d es for t h e fi x at i on of t h e rat es and ot h er i n ci d en t s of s u ch t ax b y
mean s of ru les or ord ers t o b e mad e un d er th e law b y an y au t h ori t y, t h e l aw
s h all p rovi d e for t h e p revi ou s con s en t of t h e Pres i d en t b ein g ob t ai n ed t o
t h e makin g of an y s u ch ru le or o rd er.
2 89 . Exem pti on of property a nd i ncom e of a Sta te f rom Uni on
ta xa ti on. —(1 ) Th e p rop ert y an d in come of a St at e s h all b e exemp t from
Un i on t axat i on .
(2 ) Not h in g i n clau s e (1 ) sh all p reven t th e Un i on from i mp os i n g, or
au t h oris in g t h e i mp os it i on of, a n y t ax t o s u ch ex t ent , i f an y, as Parli amen t
may b y la w p ro vi d e i n resp ect of a t rad e or b u s in ess of an y ki n d carri ed on
b y, or on b eh al f o f, t h e G o vern men t of a St at e, or an y op erat i on s con n ect ed
t h erewi th , or an y p rop ert y u s ed or occu p i ed for t h e pu rp os es of s u ch t rad e
or b u s in ess , or an y i n come accrui n g or ari s in g i n conn ecti on th erewi t h .
(3 ) Not h i n g i n claus e (2 ) sh all ap p ly t o an y t rad e or b u s i n e ss , or t o an y
clas s of t rad e or b us in es s, wh ich Parli ament may b y la w d eclare t o b e
i n cid ent al t o t h e ord in ary fu n ct ion s of G overn men t .
2 9 0. Adjus tm ent i n res pect of certa i n expens es a nd pens i ons . —Wh ere
u n d er th e p rovi s i on s of t h i s Con s t it u ti on t h e exp ens e s of an y cou rt or
Commi s s i on, or t h e p en s i on p ayab le t o or i n res p ect of a p ers on wh o h as
s erved b efore t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Cons t it ut i on u nd er the Crown i n
In d i a or aft er s u ch commen cemen t in con n ect i on wi th th e affai rs o f t h e
Un i on or o f a St at e, are ch arge d on t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of In d i a or t he
Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of a St at e, t hen , i f —
(a ) i n t h e cas e of a ch arge on t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of In d i a, t h e
cou rt or Commi s s i on s erves an y o f t h e s ep arat e n eed s of a St at e, or t h e
p ers on h as s erved wh oll y or i n p art i n con n ecti on wit h th e affa i rs of a
St at e; or
(b ) i n t h e cas e of a ch arge on t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of a St at e, t h e
cou rt or Commi s s i on s erves any o f t h e s ep arat e n eeds of t h e Un i on or
an ot h er St at e, or th e p ers on h as s erved wh oll y or i n p art in con n ecti on
wi t h th e affai rs o f t h e Un i on or an ot h er St at e,
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
t h ere sh all b e ch arged on and p ai d ou t of t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of t h e
St at e or, as t h e cas e may b e, t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of In d i a or t h e
Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of t h e ot h er St at e, su ch cont rib ut i on i n resp ect of t h e
ex p en s es or p en si on as may b e agreed , or as may i n d efau lt o f agreemen t
b e d et ermi n ed b y an arb i t rat or t o b e ap p oi n t ed b y t h e Ch i ef J u s ti ce of
In d i a.
2 9 0 A. Annua l pa ym ent to certa i n Deva sw om F unds . —A s u m o f fort ys i x lakh s and fi ft y t h ou s a nd rup ees sh all b e ch arged on , an d pai d ou t of,
t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of t h e St at e of Kera la ever y year t o t h e Travan core
Devas wom Fu n d ; and a s um of t hi rt een lakh s an d fi ft y t h ou san d ru p ees
s h all b e ch arged on , an d p ai d out of, t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of t h e St at e of
Tami l Nad u ever y year t o t h e D evas wom Fu n d est ab li sh ed i n t hat St at e for
t h e main t en an ce of Hi n d u t emp les an d s h rin es i n th e t erri t ori es t ran s ferred
t o t h at St at e on t h e 1s t d ay o f No vemb er, 1 9 5 6, fr om t h e St at e o f
Travan core -C och i n .
2 9 1. [Pr i vy pu rs e su ms o f Ruler s . ] Rep . b y t h e Co ns ti t ut io n (Twen t y s i xth Amen d men t ) Act , 19 7 l, s . 2.
C H AP T E R II. —B O R R O W I N G
2 9 2. B orrow i ng by the Govern m ent of I ndi a. —Th e ex ecut i ve p ower o f
t h e Un i on ex t en ds t o b orrowi n g u p on th e s ecu rit y o f t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu nd
o f In d i a wi t hi n s u ch li mi ts , i f an y, as ma y fr om t i me t o t i me be fi x ed b y
Parli amen t b y law an d t o t h e gi vi n g of gu aran t ees wit hi n s u ch li mi t s , i f
an y, as ma y b e s o fi x ed .
2 9 3. B orrow i ng by Sta tes . —(1 ) Su b j ect t o t h e p rovi s i on s of t h is art i cle,
t h e ex ecut i ve p ower of a St at e ex t end s t o b orrowi n g wi t h in th e terri t ory o f
In d i a u p on t h e s ecu ri t y o f t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of t h e St at e wi t h in su ch
li mi t s , i f an y, as ma y from t i me t o t i me b e fi x ed b y t h e Le gi s lat u re of s u ch
St at e b y law an d t o t h e gi vi n g o f gu aran t e es wi t hi n s u ch li mi ts, i f an y, as
may b e s o fi x ed .
(2 ) Th e G overn men t of In d i a may, s u b j ect t o s u ch cond i ti on s as may b e
lai d d own b y or u n d er an y la w mad e b y Par li amen t , make l oan s t o an y
St at e or, s o lon g as an y li mi t s fi x ed u nd er arti cle 2 92 are n ot ex c eed ed ,
gi ve gu aran t ees in resp ect of loan s rai s ed b y an y St at e, an d an y s u ms
req u i red for t h e p u rp os e of m aki n g s u ch loan s s h all b e ch arged on t h e
Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of In d i a.
(3 ) A St at e may n ot wi t h ou t th e con s ent of t h e G overn men t o f In d i a
rai s e an y loan i f t h ere i s s ti ll ou t s t an di n g an y p art of a loan wh i ch h as b een
mad e t o t h e St at e b y t h e G overn men t of In d i a or b y i t s p red ecess or
G overn men t , or i n res p ect of wh i ch a gu aran t ee h as b een gi ven b y t h e
G overn men t of In d i a or b y i t s p red eces s or G overn men t .
(4 ) A con s en t un d er clau s e (3 ) may b e gran t ed su b j ect t o s u ch
con d i ti on s , i f an y, as t h e G overnmen t of In d i a may t h i n k fi t t o i mp os e.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
C H AP T E R III. —P R O P E R T Y . C O N T R A C T S , R I G H T S , L I AB I L I T I E S ,
O B L I G AT I O N S AN D S U I T S
2 9 4. Success i on to property , as s ets , ri g hts , l i a bi li ti es a nd obl i ga ti ons
i n certa i n ca s es . —As from t h e commen cemen t of t h is Con st i tu tion —
(a ) all p rop ert y an d as s et s wh i ch i mmedi at ely b efore s u ch
commen cemen t were ves t ed in Hi s Maj es t y for t h e p u rp os es o f t h e
G overn men t of t h e Domi n i on o f In d i a an d all p rop ert y an d as s et s wh i ch
i mmedi at ely b e fore s u ch commen cement were ves t ed i n His Majes t y for
t h e p u rp os es of t h e G overn men t of each G overn or 's Pro vi n ce s hall ves t
res p ecti vel y i n t h e Uni on and the corres p on d in g St at e, an d
(b ) all ri gh t s , li ab i li t i es an d obli gat i on s of t h e G overn men t of t h e
Domi n i on of In d i a an d of t h e Govern men t of each G overn or 's P rovi n ce,
wh et h er ari s in g ou t of an y con t ract or ot h erwi s e, sh all b e t h e ri gh t s,
li ab i li t i es an d ob li gat i ons res p ect i vel y o f t h e G overn ment of In d i a and
t h e G overn men t of each corres pon d i n g St at e,
s u bj ect t o an y ad j us t men t mad e or t o b e mad e b y reas on of t h e creat i on
b efore t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Con s ti t ut i on of t h e Domi n i on o f Paki s t an
or o f t h e Pro vi n ces of Wes t B en gal, Eas t Ben ga l, Wes t Pu n j ab an d Eas t
Pu n j ab ,
2 9 5. Success i on to property , as s ets , ri g hts , l i a bi li ti es a nd obl i ga ti ons
i n other ca s es. —(1 ) As from t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Con st it ut i on —
(a ) all p rop ert y an d as s et s wh i ch i mmedi at ely b efore s u ch
commen cemen t were ves t ed in an y In d i an St at e corres p on di n g to a St at e
s p eci fi ed in Part B of t h e Fi rs t Sch ed u le sh all ves t i n t h e Un i on , i f t h e
p u rp os es for wh i ch su ch p ropert y an d as s et s were h eld i mmed i at ely
b efore s u ch commen cement wi ll t h ereaft er b e p u rp os es of t h e Un i on
relat i n g t o an y o f t h e mat t ers enu merat ed i n t h e Un i on Li s t , an d
(b ) all ri gh t s , li abi li t i es and obli gat i on s of t h e G overn men t of an y
In d i an St at e corres p on di n g t o a St at e sp eci fi ed i n Part B of t h e Fi rs t
Sch ed u le, wh et h er ari si n g ou t of an y con t ract or ot h erwi s e, s h all b e t h e
ri gh t s , li abi li t i es an d ob li gat i on s of t h e G overn men t of In d i a, i f t h e
p u rp os es for wh i ch s u ch righ t s were acq ui red or li ab i li t i es or
ob li gat i on s were i n cu rred b efor e s u ch commen cemen t wi ll t h ereaft er b e
p u rp os es of t h e G overn ment of In d i a relat i n g t o an y o f t h e ma t t ers
en u merat ed in th e Uni on Li s t ,
s u bj ect t o an y a greemen t en t ered i n t o i n th at b eh alf b y t h e G ov ern men t of
In d i a wi t h t h e G overn ment of t h at St at e.
(2 ) Su bj ect as afores ai d , t h e G overn men t of each St at e s p eci fi ed i n Part
B o f t h e Fi rs t Sch edu le s h all, a s fr om t h e commen cemen t of t h i s
Con s t it ut i on , b e t h e s u cces s or of t h e G overn ment of t h e corres p on di n g
In d i an St at e as regards all p rop ert y an d as s ets and all ri gh t s , li ab i li t i es and
ob li gat i on s , wh eth er ari si n g out of an y con t ract or ot h erwi s e, ot h er t h an
t h os e referred t o i n claus e (1 ).
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
2 9 6. P roperty a ccrui ng by eschea t or la ps e or a s b o na vaca nt ia . —
Su b j ect as h erei n aft er p rovi d ed , an y p rop ert y i n t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a
wh i ch , i f t h is Con st it u ti on h ad n ot come i nt o op erat i on , wou ld h ave
accru ed t o Hi s Maj e st y or, as t h e cas e may b e, t o t h e Ru ler of an In d i an
St at e b y es ch eat or lap s e, or as b o na va ca nt ia for wan t o f a ri gh t fu l own er,
s h all, i f i t i s p rop ert y s i tu at e in a St at e, ves t i n s u ch St at e, an d s h all, i n
an y ot h er cas e, ves t in th e Un i on :
Provi d ed t h at an y p rop ert y wh i ch at t h e d at e wh en it wou ld h ave s o
accru ed t o Hi s Maj est y or t o t h e Ru ler of an In d i an St at e was i n t he
p os s ess i on or u nd er t h e con trol o f t h e G overn ment of In d i a or t h e
G overn men t of a St at e s h all, accord i n g as th e pu rp os es for w h i ch i t was
t h en u s ed or h eld were p u rp oses of t h e Un i on or o f a St at e, ves t i n t he
Un i on or i n t h at St at e.
Exp l a na ti on . —In th is arti cle, the ex p res si on s “Ru ler” and “In d ian St at e”
h ave t h e s ame meani n gs as in arti cle 3 6 3.
2 9 7. Thi ng s of va l ue w i thi n terri tori a l w a ters or conti nenta l s helf
a nd res ources of the excl us i ve econom i c zone to ves t i n the Uni on. — (1 )
Al l lan d s , min erals and ot h er t hi n gs of valu e u n d erlyi n g t h e ocean wi th in
t h e t erri t ori al wat ers , or t h e con t in ent al s h elf, or t h e ex clu s i ve econ omi c
zon e, of In d i a s h all ves t i n t h e Un i on and b e h eld for t h e p u rpos es of t h e
Un i on .
(2 ) All ot h er res ou rces o f t h e ex clu s i ve econ omi c zon e o f In d i a sh all
als o ves t i n th e Un i on an d b e h eld for t h e p u rp os es of t h e Un i on.
(3 ) Th e li mi t s of t h e t erri t ori al wat ers , t h e con t i n en t al s hel f, t h e
ex clu s i ve econ omi c zon e, and oth er mari ti me zon es , of In d i a s hall b e s u ch
as may b e s p eci fi ed , from t i me t o t i me, b y or u n d er an y la w mad e b y
Parli amen t .
2 9 8. P ow er to ca rry on tra de, etc. — Th e ex ecu ti ve p ower of t h e Un i on
an d of each St at e s h all ex t en d to t h e carryi n g on o f an y t rad e or b u s in ess
an d t o t h e acq ui si t i on, h old i n g an d d is p os al of p rop ert y an d th e maki n g of
con t ract s for an y p u rp os e:
Provi d ed t h at —
(a ) th e s ai d ex ecut i ve p ower of t h e Un i on s h all, i n s o far as su ch
t rad e or bu si n es s or s u ch pu rp os e is n ot on e wi th res p ect to wh i ch
Parli amen t may make laws , b e s u b j ect in each St at e t o legi s lat i on b y t h e
St at e; an d
(b ) th e s ai d ex ecut i ve p ower of each St at e s h all, i n s o far as s u ch
t rad e or b u s in ess or s u ch pu rp os e i s n ot on e wi t h resp ect t o wh i ch th e
St at e Legi s lat u re may make laws , b e su b j ect t o legi s lat i on b y
Parli amen t .
2 9 9. Contra cts . —(1 ) All con t ract s mad e i n t h e ex erci s e of t h e ex ecu ti ve
p ower o f t h e Un i on or o f a St at e s h all b e ex p res s ed t o b e mad e b y t h e
Pres i d en t , or b y t h e G overn or o f t h e St at e, as t h e cas e may b e, an d all s u ch
con t ract s an d all as s u ran ces of p rop ert y mad e i n th e ex erci s e of t h at p ower
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
s h all b e ex ecu t ed on b eh alf o f t h e Pres i d en t or t h e G overnor b y s u ch
p ers on s an d i n s u ch man n er as he may d i rect or au t h ori s e.
(2 ) Nei t h er th e Pres id ent n or t he G overn or s h all b e p ers on ally li ab le i n
res p ect of an y c on t ract or as s u ran ce mad e or ex ecu t ed for t h e p u rp os es of
t h is Con st i tu ti on , or for t h e pu rp os es of an y en act men t relat i n g t o t h e
G overn men t of In d i a h e ret ofore i n force, n or s h al l an y p ers on maki n g or
ex ecu ti n g an y s u ch cont ract or as s u ran ce on b eh alf o f an y o f t h em b e
p ers on all y li ab le i n res p ect t h ereo f.
3 0 0. Sui ts a nd proceedi ng s . —(1 ) Th e G overn men t of In d i a may s u e or
b e s u ed b y t h e n ame o f t h e Un i on o f In d i a an d t h e G overn ment o f a St at e
may s u e or b e s u ed b y t h e n ame o f t h e St at e an d may, s u b ject t o an y
p rovi s i on s wh i ch may b e mad e b y Act o f Parli amen t or o f t h e Le gi s lat u re
o f s u ch St at e en act ed b y vi rt u e o f p owers con ferred b y t h i s Con s t it u ti on ,
s u e or b e su ed in relat i on t o th ei r resp ect i ve affai rs i n t h e li ke cas es as th e
Domi n i on of In d i a and th e corres p on di n g Provi n ces or th e corres p on di n g
In d i an St at es mi ght h ave s u ed or b een s u ed i f t h i s Cons t it ut ion h ad n ot
b een en act ed .
(2 ) If at t h e commen c emen t of t h i s Cons ti tu t i on —
(a ) an y legal p roceed i n gs are p en di n g t o wh i ch th e Domin i on of
In d i a is a p art y, t h e Un i on of In d i a s h all b e d eemed t o b e s ub st i tu t ed for
t h e Domi ni on in th os e p roceed ings ; an d
(b ) an y le gal p r oceed i n gs are p en di n g t o wh i ch a P rovi n ce or an
In d i an St at e is a p art y, t h e corres p on di n g St at e sh all b e d eemed t o be
s u bs ti t ut ed for t h e Provi n ce or t h e In d i an St at e i n t h os e p roceedi n gs .
C H AP T E R IV. —R I G H T
TO
PROPERTY
300A. Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law.— No person
shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XIII
TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE
TERRITORY OF INDIA
3 0 1. F reedom of tra de, com merce a nd i ntercours e. —Sub j ect t o th e
ot h er p rovi s i on s of t h i s Part , t rad e, commerce an d i n t ercou rs e t h rou gh out
t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a s h all b e fre e.
3 0 2. P ow er of Pa rl ia m ent to i m pos e res tri cti ons on tra de, com m erce
a nd i ntercours e. —Parli ament may b y law i mp os e s u ch rest ri ction s on t h e
freed om o f t rad e, commerce or i n t ercou rs e b et ween on e St at e an d an ot h er
or wi t h i n an y p art of t h e t errit or y o f In d i a as may b e req u i red i n t h e
p u b li c i nt eres t.
3 0 3. Res tri cti ons on the l eg is la ti ve pow ers of the Uni on a nd of the
Sta tes w i th reg a rd to tra de
a nd com m erce. —(1 ) Not wi t hs t an d i n g
an yt h i n g i n arti cle 3 02 , n ei t h er Parli amen t n or t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e
s h all h ave p o wer t o make an y la w gi vi n g, or au t h ori s i n g t h e gi vi n g o f, an y
p referen ce t o on e St at e over an ot h er, or makin g, or aut h ori si n g th e maki n g
o f, an y d i s cri mi n ati on b et w een on e St at e and an oth er, b y vi rt u e of an y
en t ry re lat i n g t o t rad e an d commerce i n an y o f t h e Li s t s i n t h e Seven th
Sch ed u le.
(2 ) Not h i n g i n clau s e (1 ) s h all p reven t Parli amen t from maki n g an y la w
gi vi n g, or au th ori s in g
th e gi vi n g of, an y p re feren ce or m aki n g, or
au t h oris in g t h e maki n g of, an y d i s cri min at i on i f i t is d eclared b y s u ch law
t h at i t i s n eces s ary t o d o s o for t h e pu rp os e of d eali n g wi th a s it u at i on
ari s in g from s carci t y o f g ood s i n an y p art of t h e t erri t ory o f In d ia.
3 0 4. Res tri cti ons on
tra d e, com m erce a nd i ntercours e
a m ong
Sta tes . —Not wi th s t an di n g an yt h i n g i n art i cle 3 01 or art i cle 3 0 3 , t he
Le gi s lat u re of a St at e may b y la w —
(a ) i mp os e on good s i mp ort ed from ot h er St at es or t h e Un i on
t erri t ori es an y t ax t o wh i ch s i mi lar g ood s man u fact u red or p rod u ced i n
t h at St at e are s ub j ect , s o, h owever, as n ot t o d i s cri min at e b et ween good s
s o i mp ort ed and good s s o man u fact u red or p rod u ced ; and
(b ) i mp os e s u ch reas on ab le res t ri ct i on s on t h e freed om o f t rad e,
commerce or i n t ercou rs e wi th or wi t h i n th at St at e as may b e req u i red in
t h e p ub li c i nt eres t :
Provi d ed t h at n o Bi ll or amen d men t for t h e pu rp os es of clau s e ( b ) sh all
b e i nt rod u ced or moved i n t h e Le gi s lat u re of a St at e wi t h ou t th e p revi ous
s an cti on of t h e Pres id ent .
3 0 5. Sa vi ng of exi s ti ng l aw s a nd l a w s provi di ng f or Sta te
m onopol i es . —Not h in g i n art i cles 30 1 and 3 03 s h all affect th e p rovi s i on s
o f an y ex i s t in g law ex cep t in s o far as t h e Pres id ent may b y ord er
ot h erwi s e di rect ; and n ot h in g in art i cle 3 01 sh all affect t h e op erat i on of
an y law mad e b e fore t h e co mmen cement of t h e Con s t i tu tion (Fou rt h
Amen d ment ) Act , 19 55 , in s o far as i t relat es t o, or p reven t Parli amen t or
125
126
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e fr om maki n g an y law re lat i n g t o, an y s u ch mat t er
as i s referred t o in su b -clau s e ( i i) o f clau s e (6 ) of art i cle 1 9 .
3 0 6. [Po wer of cer ta in S ta t es i n Pa r t B o f t h e Fir s t S ch ed ul e t o i mp o se
r es tr i cti on s on tr ad e a nd co mmer ce. ] Rep . b y th e Co ns ti tu t io n (S eventh
Amen d men t ) Act , 19 56 , s . 29 and S ch .
3 0 7. Appoi ntm ent of a uthority f or ca rryi ng out the purpos es of
a rti cl es 30 1 to 3 04 . —Parli ament may b y law ap p oi n t s u ch au th ori t y as i t
con s i d ers ap p rop ri at e for carr yi n g ou t t h e p u rp os es of art i cles 3 0 1 , 3 02 ,
3 0 3 an d 30 4, an d con fer on t h e au t h ori t y s o ap p oi n t ed su ch powers an d
s u ch du t i es as i t t hi n ks n eces s ary.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XI V
SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES
C H AP T E R I.— S E R V I C E S
3 0 8. I nterpreta ti on. —In t h i s Part , u n les s th e con t ex t ot h erwi se
req u i res , t h e ex p res si on “St at e” d oes n ot i n clud e th e St at e of J ammu an d
Kas h mi r.
3 0 9. Recrui tm ent a nd condi tions of s e rvi ce of pers ons s ervi ng the
Uni on or a Sta te. —Su bj ect t o th e p rovi s i ons of t h i s Con st i tu tion , Act s of
t h e ap p rop ri at e Legi s lat u re may regu lat e t h e recru it ment , an d con d it i ons of
s ervi ce of p ers on s ap p oi nt ed , to p u b li c s ervi ces an d p os t s i n con n ect i on
wi t h th e affai rs o f t h e Un i on or o f an y St at e:
Provi d ed t h at it s h all b e comp et en t for t h e Pres i d en t or s u ch pers on as
h e may d i rect i n th e cas e of s ervi ces and p os ts i n conn ecti on wi t h th e
affai rs o f t h e Un i on , and for t h e G overn or o f a St at e or su ch pers on as h e
may d i rect i n th e cas e of s ervi ces and p os t s in conn ect i on wi th t h e affai rs
o f t h e St at e, t o make ru les reg u lat i n g t h e recrui t men t , and t h e con d i ti on s
o f s ervi ce o f p ers on s app oi n t ed, t o s u ch s ervi ces an d p os ts u nt il p rovi s i on
i n th at b eh alf i s m ad e b y or u n d er an Act of t h e app rop ri at e Le gi s lat u re
u n d er th i s art i cle, an d an y ru les s o mad e sh all h ave effect s u bj ect t o t h e
p rovi s i on s of an y s u ch Act .
3 1 0. Tenure of offi ce of pers ons s ervi ng the Uni on or a State. —(1 )
Ex cep t as exp ress ly p ro vi d ed by t h i s Con st i tu ti on , every p ers on wh o i s a
memb er of a d efen ce s er vi ce o r o f a ci vi l s er vi ce o f t h e Un i on or o f an
all -In d i a s ervi ce or h old s an y p os t conn ect ed wi th d efen ce or any ci vi l p os t
u n d er t h e Uni on h old s offi ce d u rin g t h e p leas u re of t h e Pres i d e n t , an d
ever y p ers on wh o is a memb er of a ci vi l s ervi ce o f a St at e or h old s an y
ci vi l p os t u n d er a St at e h old s offi ce d u ri n g t h e p leas u re of t h e G overn or
o f t h e St at e.
(2 ) Not wi t hs t an d in g th at a p erson h old i n g a ci vi l p ost u nd er th e Un i on
or a St at e h old s offi ce d u ri n g th e p leasu re of t h e Pres id en t or, as t h e case
may b e, o f t h e G overn or of t h e St at e, an y con t ract un d er whi ch a p ers on ,
n ot b ein g a memb er of a d efen ce s ervi ce or o f an all -In d i a s ervi ce or o f a
ci vi l s ervi ce o f t h e Un i on or a St at e, i s a pp oi nt ed un d er th i s Con s t it u ti on
t o h old s u ch a p os t may, i f t h e Pres i d en t or t h e G overn or, as the cas e may
b e, d eems i t n ecess ary i n ord er t o s ecu re t h e s ervi ces of a p ers on h avin g
s p eci al qu ali fi cat i on s , p rovi d e for t h e p aymen t t o hi m of comp en s ati on , i f
b efore t h e ex p i rat i on of an agree d p eri od th at p ost i s ab oli s h ed or h e i s , for
reas on s n ot con n ect ed wi th an y mi s con du ct on h is p art , req ui red t o vacat e
t h at p os t .
3 1 1. Di s mi ss a l, rem ova l or red ucti on i n ra n k of pers ons em pl oy ed i n
ci vi l ca pa ci ti es under the Uni on or a Sta te. —(1 ) No p ers on wh o i s a
memb er of a ci vi l s ervi ce o f t h e Un i on or an al l -In d i a s ervi ce or a ci vi l
s ervi ce of a St at e or h o ld s a ci vi l p os t un d er th e Un i on or a St at e s h all b e
127
128
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
d i s mi ss ed or removed b y an au t h ori t y s u b ord i n at e t o t h at b y wh i ch h e was
ap p oi nt ed .
(2 ) No s u ch p ers on as afore s ai d s h all b e di s mi s s ed or removed or
red u ced in ran k ex cept aft er an i nq ui ry i n wh i ch h e h as b een in formed o f
t h e ch arges agai ns t h im and gi ven a reas on ab le opp ort un i t y of b ei n g h eard
i n resp ec t of t h os e ch arges :
Provi d ed t h at wh ere i t i s p ropos ed aft er s u ch in qu i ry, t o i mpos e u p on
h i m an y s u ch p en alt y, s u ch p en alt y ma y b e i mp os ed on t h e bas i s of t h e
evi d en ce add u ced du rin g s u ch in q ui ry an d i t sh all n ot b e n ecess ary t o gi ve
s u ch p ers on an y op p o rt u ni t y o f maki n g rep res en t at i on on th e p en alt y
p rop os ed :
Provi d ed fu rt h er th at t h is clau s e s h all n ot ap p ly —
(a ) wh ere a p ers on i s d i smi ss ed or removed or red u ced i n rank on
t h e grou n d of c on d u ct wh i ch has led t o h i s con vi ct i on on a cri mi n al
ch arge; or
(b ) wh ere t h e au th ori t y emp owe red t o d is mis s or remove a p erson or
t o red u ce h i m i n ran k i s s at is fi ed t h at for s ome reas on , t o b e record ed
b y t h at au t h ori t y i n wri t i n g, i t i s n ot reas on ab ly p ract i cab le t o h old
s u ch i nq ui ry; or
(c) wh ere t h e Presi d en t or th e G overn or, as t h e cas e may b e, i s
s at is fi ed t h at in th e in t erest o f t h e s ecu ri t y o f t h e St at e it i s n ot
ex p ed i ent t o h old su ch i nq ui ry.
(3 ) If, i n resp ect of an y s u ch p ers on as afores ai d , a qu est ion ari s es
wh et h er it is reas on ab ly p ract i cab le t o h old s u ch i nq u i ry as i s referred t o i n
clau s e (2 ), th e d ecis i on th ereon o f t h e au t h orit y emp owered t o d i s mi ss or
remove s u ch p ers on or t o red u ce h i m i n ran k s h all b e fi n al.
3 1 2. Al l -I ndia s ervi ces . —(1 ) Not wi t h st and i n g an yt h i n g in Ch apt er VI o f
Part V I o r Part X I, i f t h e Cou n ci l o f St at es h as d eclared b y res olu t i on
s u pp ort ed b y n ot les s t h an t wo -t h i rd s of t h e memb ers p res ent an d vot in g
t h at i t is n eces s ary or ex p edi en t in th e n at i on al i nt eres t s o t o d o,
Parli amen t may b y law p rovi d e for t h e creat i on o f on e or mo re al l In d i a
s ervi ces (i n clud in g an all -In d i a j u di ci al s ervi ce) common t o t h e Un i on an d
t h e St at es , and , su bj ect t o t h e oth er p rovi s i ons of t h i s Ch apt er, regu lat e t h e
recru i t men t , and th e con d it i on s o f s ervi ce o f p ers on s ap p oi nted , t o an y
s u ch s ervi ce.
(2 ) Th e s ervi ces kn own at th e commen cemen t of t h i s Cons t it ut ion as th e
In d i an Ad mi ni s t rat i ve Servi ce an d t h e In d i an Poli ce Servi ce s h all b e
d eemed t o b e s ervi ces creat ed by Par li amen t u nd er th is arti cle.
(3 ) Th e all -In d i a j ud i ci al
s ervi ce referred t o i n clau s e (1 ) s h all n ot
i n clu d e an y p os t in feri or t o t h at of a d i s t ri ct j ud ge as d efi n ed i n art i cle
2 3 6.
(4 ) Th e law p rovi d i n g for t h e creat i on of t h e all -In d i a j ud i ci al s ervi ce
afores ai d may con t ai n s u ch p rovi s i ons for t h e amend ment of Ch ap t er VI o f
Part VI as m a y b e n eces s ary for gi vi n g e ffect t o t h e p rovi s i on s o f t h at law
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
an d n o s u ch law s h al l b e d eemed t o b e an amen d ment of t h i s Con s t it u ti on
for t h e p u rp os es of art i cle 3 68 .
3 1 2 A. P ow er of Pa rli am ent to va ry or revo ke condi ti ons of servi ce of
of fi cers of certai n s ervi ces . —(1) Parli amen t may b y law —
(a ) vary or re vo ke, wh et h er pros p ect i vely or ret ros p ect i vely, t h e
con d i ti on s of s ervi ces as res p ect s remun erat i on , leave an d p ensi on an d
t h e ri gh ts as resp ects di s cip li n ar y mat t ers of p ers on s wh o, h avi n g b een
ap p oi nt e d b y t h e Secret ary o f St at e or Secret ary o f St at e in Coun ci l t o a
ci vi l s ervi ce of t h e Crown i n In d i a b efore t h e commen cemen t of t h i s
Con s t it ut i on , con ti nu e on and aft er t h e commen cemen t
of the
Con s t it ut i on (Twen t y -ei gh t h Am en d men t ) Act , 1 97 2 , t o s erve u n d er t he
G overn men t of In d i a or o f a St at e i n an y s ervi ce or p os t ;
(b ) var y or re vo ke, wh et h er pros p ect i vely or ret r os p ect i vel y, t h e
con d i ti on s of s ervi ce as res p ects p ens i on of p ers on s wh o, h avin g b een
ap p oi nt ed b y t h e Secret ary o f St at e or Secret ary o f St at e in Coun ci l t o a
ci vi l s ervi ce of t h e Crown in In d i a b efore t h e commen cement of t h i s
Con s t it ut i on , ret i red or ot h erwis e ceas ed t o b e i n s ervi ce at an y t i me
b efore t h e commen cemen t o f t h e Con s ti tu ti on (Twen ty -ei gh t h
Amen d ment ) Act , 1 97 2 :
Provi d ed t h a t in t h e cas e of an y s u ch p ers on wh o i s h old i n g or h as h eld
t h e offi ce o f t h e Ch i ef J u s t i ce or ot h er J u d ge of t h e Su p reme Cou rt or a
Hi gh Cou rt , t h e Comp t roller an d Au d it or -G en eral of In d i a, th e Ch ai rman or
ot h er memb er of t h e Uni on or a St at e Pu b li c S ervi ce Commis si on or t h e
Ch i ef Elect i on Commi s s i on er, not h i n g i n s ub -clau s e ( a ) or s u b-c lau s e ( b )
s h all b e con st ru ed as emp oweri n g Parli amen t t o vary or re vo k e, aft er h is
ap p oi nt ment t o su ch p os t , th e con d i ti on s of h i s s ervi ce t o hi s d is ad van t age
ex cep t in s o far as s u ch con d it i on s of s ervi ce are ap p li cab le t o h i m b y
reas on of h i s b ei n g a p ers on ap p oin t ed b y t h e Secret ary o f St at e or
Secret ary o f St at e i n Cou n ci l t o a ci vi l s ervi ce of t h e Crown i n In d i a.
(2 ) Ex cept t o th e ex t en t p rovi d ed for b y Parli ame n t b y law u n d er t his
art i cle, n ot h in g i n t h is arti cle s h all a ffect t h e p ower o f an y Le gi s lat u re or
ot h er au th ori t y u n d er an y ot h er p rovi s i on of t h i s Con st i tu ti on to regu lat e
t h e cond i ti on s of s ervi ce of p er s on s referred t o i n claus e (1 ).
(3 ) Nei t h er t h e Su p reme Cou rt n or an y ot h er cou rt s h all h ave
j u ris di ct i on i n —
(a ) an y d i s pu t e aris in g ou t of a n y p ro vi s i on of, or an y en d ors emen t
on , an y coven an t , agreemen t or ot h er s i mi lar i n st ru men t whi ch was
en t ered in t o or ex ecu t ed b y an y p ers on referred t o i n cla u s e (1 ), or
ari s in g ou t of an y let t er i s s ued t o s u ch p ers on, i n relat i on t o h is
ap p oi nt ment t o an y ci vi l s ervi ce o f t h e Crown i n In d i a or h i s
con t i nu an ce in s ervi ce un d er t he G overn men t of t h e Domi n i on o f In d i a
or a Provi n ce t h ereof;
(b ) an y d i s p u t e i n res p ect of an y ri gh t , li ab i li t y or ob li gat i on u n d er
art i cle 3 14 as ori gin all y en act ed .
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(4 ) Th e p rovi s i on s of t h i s arti cle s h all h ave effect n ot wi t hs t and in g
an yt h i n g i n art i cle 3 14 as ori gi n all y en act ed or i n an y ot h er p rovi s i on of
t h is Con st i tu ti on .
3 1 3. Tra ns i ti onal provi s i ons . —Un t i l ot h er p rovi s i on is made i n t hi s
b eh alf u n d er t hi s Con st i tu ti on , all t h e laws i n force i mmed i at ely b efore t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Con st i tu ti on and ap p li cab le t o an y p u b li c s ervi ce or
an y p os t wh i ch cont in u es t o ex i st aft er t h e commen cemen t of t h i s
Con s t it ut i on , as an all -In d i a s ervi ce or as s ervi ce or p os t u n d er t h e Un i on
or a St at e s h all con t in u e in forc e s o far as con si st en t wi th t h e p rovi s i on s of
t h is Con st i tu ti on .
3 1 4. [Pr o vi si on f or p ro t ecti on o f exi st in g o ff i cer s o f cert ai n ser vi ces .]
Rep . b y th e Con st i tu ti on (Twent y -ei g ht h Amen d men t ) Act , 1 97 2 , s. 3 (w.e.f.
2 9 -8 -1 9 7 2 ).
C H A P T ER II.— P U B LI C S ER V I C E C O M M IS S IO N S
3 1 5. P ubli c Servi ce Com m i s si ons f or the Uni on a nd f or the S ta tes . —
(1 ) Su bj ect t o th e p rovi s i ons o f t h i s arti cle, t h ere s h all b e a Pu b li c
Servi ce Commi ss i on for t h e Uni on and a Pub li c Servi ce Commi s si on for
each St at e.
(2 ) Two or m ore St at es may agr ee t h at t h ere s h all b e on e Pub li c Servi ce
Commi s s i on for t h at grou p of St at es , and i f a res olu t i on t o that effect i s
p as s ed b y t h e Hou s e or, wh ere th ere are t wo Hou s es , b y each Hou s e of t h e
Le gi s lat u re o f each o f t h os e St at es , Parli amen t may b y la w p rov i d e for t h e
ap p oi nt ment of a J oi n t St at e Publi c Servi ce Commi s si on (referred t o in th is
Ch ap t er as J oin t Commi s si on ) t o s erve t h e n eeds of t h os e St at es.
(3 ) An y s u ch law as a fores ai d may con t ai n s u ch i n ci d en t al an d
con s eq u en ti al p rovi s i on s as may b e n eces s ary or d es i rab le fo r gi vi n g e ffect
t o t h e p u rp os es of t h e law.
(4 ) Th e Pu b li c Servi ce Commi ssi on for t h e Un i on, i f req u es t ed s o t o d o
b y t h e G overn or of a St at e may, wi t h th e ap p roval o f t h e Presid en t, agree
t o s erve all or an y o f t h e n eeds o f t h e St at e.
(5 ) Referen ces i n t h is Con s ti t ut i on t o t h e Un i on Pu b li c Servi ce
Commi s s i on or a St at e Pub li c Servi ce Commi s s i on s h all, u n les s th e con t ext
ot h erwi s e requ i res , b e con s t ru ed as referen ces t o t h e Commis sion s ervi n g
t h e n eed s of t h e Un i on or, as th e cas e may b e, t h e St at e as res p ects th e
p art i cu lar mat t er i n q u es t i on.
3 1 6. Appoi ntm ent a nd term of of fi ce of m em bers . —(1 ) Th e Ch ai rman
an d ot h er memb ers of a Pu b li c Servi ce Commi s s i on s h all b e ap p oi n t ed , in
t h e cas e of t h e
Un i on Commi s si on or a J oi nt Commis sion , b y t h e
Pres i d en t , an d in th e cas e of a St at e Commis si on , b y t h e G overn or of t h e
St at e:
Provi d ed t h at as n early as m ay b e on e -h al f o f t h e memb ers o f ever y
Pu b li c Servi ce Commi s si on s hall b e p ers on s wh o at th e d ates of t h ei r
res p ecti ve ap p oi nt ment s h ave h eld o ffi ce for at leas t t en years ei t h er u nd er
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
t h e G overn ment of In d i a or u n d er t h e G overn men t of a St at e, an d in
comp u t in g th e s aid p eri od o f t en years an y p eri od before t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Con s ti tu ti on d u rin g wh i ch a p ers on h as h eld offi ce
u n d er t h e Crown i n In di a or u nder t h e G overn men t of an In d i an St at e sh all
b e in clu d ed.
(1 A) If t h e offi ce of t h e Ch ai rman o f t h e Commis si on b ecomes vacan t or
i f an y s u ch Ch ai rman i s b y reas on of ab s en ce or for an y ot h er reas on
u n ab le t o p erform t h e d u t i es of h i s offi ce, t h os e d u t i es s h all, u n ti l s ome
p ers on ap p oin t ed u nd er clau s e (1 ) t o t h e vacan t offi ce h as en t ered on t h e
d u ti es th ereof or, as t h e cas e may b e, u n ti l t h e Ch ai rman h as res u med h is
d u ti es , b e p erformed b y s u ch one of t h e ot h er memb ers of t h e Commi s s i on
as
th e Presi d en t , i n t h e case of t h e Un i on Commi ss i on or a J oi n t
Commi s s i on,
and th e G overn or o f t h e St at e i n th e cas e o f a St ate
Commi s s i on, may ap p oi n t for t he p u rp os e.
(2 ) A memb er of a Pu b li c Servi ce Commi ss i on sh all h old o ffi ce fo r a
t erm o f s i x years fr om t h e d at e on wh i ch h e en t ers u p on hi s offi ce or u n t i l
h e at t ai ns , in th e cas e of t h e Un i on Commi ss i on , t h e age of s i x t y -fi ve
yea rs , an d i n th e cas e of a St a t e Commi s si on or a J oi n t Commi s si on , th e
age o f s i x t y-t wo yea rs , wh i ch ever i s earli er:
Provi d ed t h at —
(a ) a memb er of a Pu b li c Servi ce Commi s si on may, b y wri t i n g
u n d er h is h an d add res s ed , i n th e c as e of t h e Un i on Commis sion or a
J oi n t Commis si on , t o t h e Pres i d en t , an d in th e cas e of a St at e
Commi s s i on, t o th e G overn or of t h e St at e, resi gn hi s offi ce ;
(b ) a memb er o f a Pu b li c Servi c e Commi s s i on may b e remo ved from
h i s offi ce i n t h e mann er p rovi ded i n clau s e (1 ) or clau s e (3 ) of art i cl e
3 1 7.
(3 ) A p ers on wh o h old s offi ce as a memb er of a Pu b li c Servi ce
Commi s s i on sh all, on t h e exp i rat i on of h i s t erm of o ffi ce, b e ineli gi b le for
re-ap p oi n t ment t o th at offi ce.
3 1 7. Rem ova l a nd s us pens i on of a m em ber of a P ubl i c Servi ce
Com m i ss i on. —(1 ) Su b j ect t o t he p rovi s i on s of c lau s e (3 ), t h e Ch ai rman or
an y ot h er memb er of a Pu b li c Servi ce Commi s s i on s h all on l y b e removed
fr om h i s offi ce b y ord er o f t h e Pres i d en t on th e grou n d of mi s b eh avi ou r
aft er t h e Su p reme Cou rt, on referen ce b ein g mad e t o i t b y t h e Pres i d en t,
h as , on in qu i ry h eld in accord an ce wi th t h e p rocedu re p res crib ed i n th at
b eh alf u n d er art i cle 14 5, rep ort ed th at t h e Ch ai rman or s u ch other memb er,
as t h e cas e may b e, ou gh t on an y s u ch grou n d t o b e removed .
(2 ) Th e Pres i d en t , i n th e cas e o f t h e Un i on Commi s s i on or a J oi n t
Commi s s i on, and th e G overn or i n t h e cas e of a St at e Commi s si on , may
s u sp end from o ffi ce t h e Ch ai rman or an y ot h er memb er o f t h e Commi s s i on
i n res p ect of wh om a re feren ce h as b e en mad e t o t h e Su p reme Cou rt u nd er
clau s e (1 ) un t i l t h e Pres id ent h as p as s ed ord ers on recei pt of t h e rep ort of
t h e Sup reme Cou rt on su ch referen ce.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(3 ) Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g i n clau s e (1 ), t h e Pres id ent may b y ord er
remove from o ffi ce t h e Ch ai rman or an y ot h er memb er of a Pu bli c Servi ce
Commi s s i on i f t h e Ch ai rman or s u ch ot h er memb er, as t h e cas e may b e, —
(a ) is ad j ud ged an in s olven t ; or
(b ) en gages d u rin g h is t erm o f o ffi ce i n an y p ai d emp loymen t ou t si de
t h e d u ti es of h i s offi ce ; or
(c) i s , i n t h e opi ni on of t h e Pres i d en t , u n fi t t o con ti nu e in offi ce b y
reas on of i n fi rmi t y o f mi n d or bod y.
(4 ) If t h e Ch ai rman or an y ot h er memb er o f
a Pu b li c Servi ce
Commi s s i on i s or b ecomes in an y wa y c on cern ed or i n t eres t ed i n an y
con t ract or agreemen t mad e b y or on b eh alf o f t h e G overn ment o f In d i a or
t h e G overn ment of a St at e or part i cip at es in an y wa y i n th e p ro fi t t h ereof
or i n an y b en efi t or emolu men t ari s in g th erefrom ot h erwi s e t h an as a
memb er an d in common wi t h
t h e ot h er memb ers of an i n corp or at ed
comp an y, h e sh all, for t h e p u rpos es of clau s e (1 ), b e d eemed to b e gu i lt y
o f mi s b ehavi ou r.
3 1 8. P ow er to m a ke reg ul a ti ons as to condi ti ons of s ervi ce of
m em bers a nd s taff of the Com m i ss i on. —In t h e cas e of t h e Un i on
Commi s s i on or a J oi n t Commi ss i on , t h e Presi d en t and , i n th e cas e o f a
St at e Commis s i on , t h e G overn or of t h e St at e may b y regu lat i on s —
(a ) d et ermi n e t h e nu mb er of memb ers of t h e Commi ss i on an d t h ei r
con d i ti on s of s ervi ce; an d
(b ) make p rovi s i on wi t h resp ect t o t h e nu mb er of memb ers of t h e
s t aff o f t h e Commi s si on and th eir con d i ti on s of s ervi ce:
Provi d ed t h at t h e con di t i ons of s ervi ce o f a memb er o f a Pu b li c Servi ce
Commi s s i on s h all n ot b e vari ed t o h i s d is ad vant age aft er h i s ap poi n t ment .
3 1 9. P rohi bi ti on a s to the hol di ng of off i ces by m em bers of
Com m i ss i on on ceas i ng to be s uch m em bers . —On ceasi ng t o h old
o ffi ce—
(a ) t h e Ch ai rman of t h e Un i on Pu b li c Servi ce Commi ss i on sh all b e
i n eli gi b le for fu rt h er emp loyme n t eit h er u nd er th e G overn men t o f In d i a
or u n d er th e G overn men t of a St at e;
(b ) t h e Ch ai rman of a St at e Pu b li c Servi ce Commi s si on s h all b e
eli gi b le for ap p oi n t men t as th e Ch ai rman or an y ot h er memb er o f t h e
Un i on Pub li c Servi ce Commi s sion or as t h e Ch ai rman of an y ot h er St at e
Pu b li c Servi ce Commi s s i on , b ut n ot fo r an y ot h er emp lo y men t ei t h er
u n d er t h e G overn ment of In d i a or u nd er t he G overn ment of a St at e;
(c) a memb er ot h er t h an t h e Chai rman of t h e Un i on Pu b li c Servi ce
Commi s s i on s h all b e eli gi b le for ap p oi n t men t as th e Ch ai rman of t h e
Un i on Pu b li c Servi ce Commi s s ion or as t h e Ch a i rman of a St at e Pu b li c
Servi ce Commi s si on , b ut n ot for an y ot h er emp loymen t ei t h er un d er t he
G overn men t of In d i a or u n d er t he G overn men t of a St at e;
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(d ) a memb er oth er t h an th e Ch ai rman of a St at e Pub li c Servi ce
Commi s s i on s h all b e eli gi b le for ap p oi n t men t as th e Ch ai rman or an y
ot h er memb er of t h e Uni on Pu b li c Servi ce Commis s i on or as th e
Ch ai rman of t h at or an y ot h er St at e Pub li c Servi ce Commis s i on, b ut n ot
for an y ot h er emp lo ymen t ei t h er u n d er t h e G overn men t of In d i a or u n d er
t h e G overn men t of a St at e.
3 2 0. F uncti ons of P ubli c Servi ce Com m i s si ons . —(1 ) It s h all b e t h e
d u t y o f t h e Un i on and t he St ate Pu b li c Servi ce Commi ss i on s t o con d u ct
ex amin at i ons for ap p oi n t men ts t o t h e s ervi ces of t h e Uni on and th e
s ervi ces of t h e St at e res p ect i vely.
(2 ) It s h all als o b e th e d ut y o f t h e Un i on Pub li c Servi ce Commis s i on , i f
req u est ed b y an y t wo or more St at es s o t o d o, t o as s is t t h os e St at es i n
frami n g an d op erat in g s ch emes of j oi n t recru i t men t for an y s ervi ces for
wh i ch can di d at es p oss ess in g s p eci al q u ali fi cat i on s are r eq ui red .
(3 ) Th e Un i on Pu b li c Servi ce Commi s s i on or t h e St at e Pub lic Servi ce
Commi s s i on, as t h e cas e may b e, s h all b e con s u lt ed —
(a ) on all mat t ers relat i n g t o met h od s of recru i t men t t o ci vi l
s ervi ces and for ci vi l p os t s ;
(b ) on th e p rin ci p les t o b e fol l o w ed i n maki n g ap p oi nt ment s t o ci vi l
s ervi ces and p ost s an d in maki n g p romot i on s an d t ran s fers from on e
s ervi ce t o an ot h er an d on th e su it abi li t y o f can d id at es for s u ch
ap p oi nt ment s , p romot i on s or t ran s fers ;
(c) on al l d i s ci p li n ary mat t ers affect i n g a p ers on s ervi n g u n d er t h e
G overn men t of In d i a or t h e G overn men t of a St at e i n a ci vi l cap aci t y,
i n clu di n g memori als or p eti t i ons relat i n g t o s u ch matt ers ;
(d ) on an y c lai m b y o r i n res p ect of a p ers on wh o i s s ervi n g or h as
s erved un d er t h e G overn men t of In d i a or t h e G overn men t of a St at e or
u n d er th e Crown i n In d i a or un der t h e G overn men t of an In d i an St at e, in
a ci vi l cap acit y, t h at an y cos t s in cu rred b y h i m i n d efen di ng lega l
p roceed i n gs i ns t it ut ed again s t hi m i n res p ect of act s d on e or p urp ort i n g
t o b e d on e in t he ex ecut i on of h i s d ut y s h ou ld b e p aid ou t o f t h e
Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of In d i a, or, as th e cas e may b e, out of t h e
Con s oli d at ed Fu nd of t h e St at e;
(e) on an y clai m for t h e award of a p en s i on in resp ect of i n ju ri es
s u st ain ed b y a p ers on wh i le s ervi n g u nd er t h e G overn ment of In d i a or
t h e G overn men t of a St at e or u n d er t h e Crown in In d i a or un d er th e
G overn men t of an In d i an St at e, i n a ci vi l cap acit y, an d an y q u es t i on as
t o t h e amoun t of an y s u ch award ,
an d i t s h all b e th e d ut y o f a Pu b li c Servi ce Commi ss i on t o ad vi s e on an y
mat t er s o referred t o t h em and on an y ot h er matt er wh i ch t h e Pres i d en t , or,
as t h e cas e may b e, th e G overn or o f t h e St at e, may re fer t o t h em:
Provi d ed th at t h e Pres id en t as res p ects th e all -In d i a s ervi ces and als o as
res p ects oth er s ervi c es an d p os t s in conn ect i on wi th t h e affai rs of t h e
Un i on , and t h e G overn or, as res p ect s oth er s ervi ces an d p os ts in
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
con n ect i on wi th th e affai rs of a St at e, may make regu lat i on s s p eci fyi n g t h e
mat t ers in wh i ch eit h er gen erall y, or i n an y p art i cu lar clas s o f cas e or i n
an y p art i cu lar ci rcu mst an ces , i t s h all n ot b e n eces s ary for a Pu b li c Servi ce
Commi s s i on t o b e cons u lt ed.
(4 ) Not h i n g i n clau s e (3 ) s h all req u i re a Pub li c Servi ce Commi s s i on t o
b e con s u lt ed as res p ect s th e man n er in wh i ch an y p ro vi s i on referred t o i n
clau s e (4 ) of art i cle 16 may b e mad e or as resp ect s th e man n er i n wh i ch
effect ma y b e gi ven t o t h e p rovis i on s of art i cle 3 35 .
(5 ) All regu lat i on s mad e u nd er th e p rovi s o t o clau s e (3 ) b y t h e Pres i d en t
or t h e G overn or o f a St at e s h all b e lai d for n ot l es s t h an fou rt een d ays
b efore each Hou s e o f Par li amen t or t h e Hou s e or each Hou s e of t h e
Le gi s lat u re o f t h e St at e, as th e cas e may b e, as s oon as p os s i b le aft er t h e y
are mad e, an d sh all b e s u b j ect t o s u ch mod i fi cat i ons , wh eth er b y wa y o f
rep eal or amen d men t , as b ot h Hou s es of Pa rli amen t or t h e Ho u s e or b ot h
Hou s es of t h e Le gi s lat u re of t h e St at e may make d u ri n g t h e s es si on in
wh i ch t h ey are s o lai d .
3 2 1. P ow er to extend f uncti ons of P ubli c Servi ce Com mi ss i ons . — An
Act mad e b y Par li amen t or, as t h e cas e may b e, t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e
may p rovi d e fo r t h e ex erci s e of ad d i ti on al fu n ct i on s b y t h e Un i on Pu b li c
Servi ce Commi s s i on or t h e St at e Pu b li c Servi ce Commi s s i on as res p ects
t h e s ervi ces of t h e Uni on or th e St at e an d als o as res p ect s t h e s ervi ces of
an y loca l au t h ori t y or ot h er b od y corp o rat e con s t it u t ed b y la w or o f an y
p u b li c i ns t it ut i on .
3 2 2. Expens es of P ubl i c Servi ce Com m i s si ons . — Th e ex p en ses o f t h e
Un i on or a St at e Pu b li c Serv i ce Commi s s i on, i n clu di n g any s alari es ,
all owan ces an d p ens i on s p ayab le t o or i n res p ect of t h e memb ers or s t aff o f
t h e Commis si on , sh all b e ch arged on th e Cons oli d at ed Fu n d of In d i a or, as
t h e cas e may b e, t h e Cons oli d at ed Fu n d of t h e St at e.
3 2 3. Reports of P ubli c Servi ce Com m is s i ons . — (1 ) It s h all b e t h e d ut y
o f t h e Un i on Comm i s s i on t o p res en t ann u ally t o t h e Pres i d ent a rep ort as t o
t h e work d on e b y t h e Commi s s i on an d on recei pt of s u ch rep ort t h e
Pres i d en t sh all cau s e a cop y t h ereof t o get h er wi t h a memoran d u m
ex p lai ni n g, as res p ect s t h e cas es , i f an y, wh ere t h e ad vice of t h e
Commi s s i on was n ot accep t ed , t h e reas ons for s u ch n on -accep tan ce t o b e
lai d b efore each Hou s e of Par li a men t .
(2 ) It s h all b e t h e d ut y o f a St at e Commi s s i on t o p res ent ann u ally t o t h e
G overn or o f t h e St ate a rep ort as t o th e work d on e b y t h e Commi s si on , an d
i t sh all b e t h e d ut y o f a J oi n t Commi s si on t o p res en t ann uall y t o t h e
G overn or o f each o f t h e St at es t h e n eed s of wh i ch are s erved by t h e J oi n t
Commi s s i on a rep ort as t o t h e work d on e b y t h e Commi s s i on i n relat i on t o
t h at St at e, an d in eit h er cas e t h e G o vern or, s h all, on recei p t of s u ch rep ort,
cau s e a cop y t h ereof t oget h er w i t h a memoran du m ex p lai ni n g, as res p ects
t h e cas es , i f an y, wh ere t h e advi ce o f t h e Commi s s i on was n ot accep t ed ,
t h e reas on s for s u ch n on -accep t an ce t o b e lai d b efore t h e Legi s lat u re of t h e
St at e.
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P ART XI VA
TRIB UN A LS
3 2 3 A. Adm i ni s tra ti ve tri bunals . —(1 ) Parli amen t may, b y la w, p rovi d e
for t h e adj ud i cati on or t ri al by ad mi n i s t rat i ve t ri bu n als of d i s pu t es and
comp lai n t s wit h resp ect t o recrui t ment and con di t i ons of s ervi ce o f p ers on s
ap p oi nt ed t o p ub li c s ervi ces an d p os t s i n conn ect i on wit h t h e affai rs of t h e
Un i on or o f an y St at e or o f an y loca l o r ot h er au t h ori t y wi t h i n th e t erri t ory
o f In d i a or u n d er t h e cont rol of t h e G overn men t of In d i a or o f an y
corp orat i on own ed or con t rolled b y t h e G overn men t .
(2 ) A law mad e u nd er clau s e (1 ) may —
(a ) p rovi d e for t h e est ab li sh men t of an ad min is t rati ve t rib un al for
t h e Un i on and a s ep arat e ad min i st rat i ve t rib un al for each St at e or for
t wo or more St at es ;
(b ) s p eci fy t h e j u ris d i ct i on , p owers (i n clu di n g t h e p ower t o p u n ish
for con t emp t ) an d au th ori t y wh i ch may b e ex erci s ed b y each o f t h e s ai d
t ri bu n als ;
(c) p rovi d e for t h e p roced u re (in clu d in g p rovi s i ons as t o li mi t at i on
an d ru les of evi d en ce) t o b e fo ll owed b y t h e s ai d t ri bu n als ;
(d ) ex clud e t h e j u ri sd i cti on of all cou rt s , ex cep t t h e ju ri sd i ct ion of
t h e Su p reme Cou rt u nd er arti cle 1 36 , wit h res p ect t o th e d i sp u t es or
comp lai n t s referred t o in clau s e (1 );
(e) p rovi d e for t h e t ran s fer t o each s u ch ad min is t rati ve t ri bu nal o f
an y cas es p en d in g b efore an y co u rt or ot h er au t h ori t y i mmed i at ely
b efore t h e es t ab li s h men t of s u ch t ri bu n al as wou ld h ave b een wit h in th e
j u ris di ct i on of s u ch t rib un al i f t h e cau s es of act i on on wh i ch s uch s ui t s
or p roceed i n gs are bas ed h ad aris en aft er s u ch est ab lis h men t ;
(f ) rep eal or amen d an y ord er m ad e b y t h e Pres i d ent u nd er clau se (3 )
o f art i cle 3 7 1 D;
(g ) con t ai n su ch su pp lemen tal, i n ci d ent al an d con s equ en t i al
p rovi s i on s (i n clu di n g p rovi s i ons as t o fees ) as Parli amen t may d eem
n eces s ary for t h e e ffect i ve fu n ct i on in g o f, an d for t h e s p eed y d i sp os al
o f cas es b y, an d th e en forcemen t of t h e ord ers of, s u ch t rib un als .
(3 ) Th e p rovi s i on s of t h i s arti cle s h all h ave effect n ot wi t hs t and in g
an yt h i n g i n an y ot h er p rovi s i on o f t h i s Con st i tu ti on or i n an y ot h er law for
t h e ti me b ei n g in force.
3 2 3B. Tri buna l s f or other matters . — (1 ) Th e ap p rop ri at e Legi s lat u re
may, b y law, p rovi d e for t h e ad j ud i cat i on or t ri al b y t ri bu nals o f an y
d i sp ut es , comp lain t s, or o ffen ces wi t h res p ect t o all or an y o f t h e mat t ers
s p eci fi ed i n clau s e (2 ) wi th respect t o wh i ch s u ch Legi s lat u re h as p ower t o
make laws .
(2 ) Th e matt ers referred t o i n clau s e (1 ) are th e fo ll owi n g, n amel y: —
(a ) lev y, as s es s ment , collect i on an d en forcemen t of an y t ax ;
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(b ) forei gn ex ch an ge, i mp ort and exp ort acros s cus t oms fron t i ers ;
(c) i n du st ri a l and lab ou r d is pu t es ;
(d ) lan d reforms b y wa y o f acq u i s it i on b y t h e St at e of an y es t at e as
d efi n ed i n arti cle 3 1 A or o f an y ri gh t s t h erein or t h e ex t in gu is hmen t or
mod i fi cat i on of an y s u ch ri gh t s or b y wa y o f cei li n g on a gri cu lt u ral lan d
or i n an y ot h er w a y;
(e) cei li n g on u rb an p rop ert y;
(f ) elect i on s t o ei t h er Hou s e o f Parli amen t or t h e Hou s e or ei t h er
Hou s e o f t h e Le gi s lat u re of a S t at e, bu t ex clu di n g t h e mat t ers referred
t o i n arti cle 3 29 and arti cle 3 29A;
(g ) p rod u ct i on , p rocu remen t , s up p ly an d d i s t ri bu t i on of food -s t u ffs
(i n clu di n g edi b le oi ls eeds and oi ls ) an d s u ch oth er good s as th e
Pres i d en t may, b y p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on , d eclare t o b e es s en ti al go od s for
t h e p u rp os e of t h is arti cle an d con t rol o f p ri ces of s u ch good s ;
(h ) ren t, it s regu lat i on and co n trol an d t en an cy i s s u es in clu di n g t h e
ri gh t , ti t le and in t erest of lan d lo rd s and t en ant s ;
(i ) offen ces agai n s t laws wi t h res p ect t o an y o f t h e mat t ers s p ecifi ed
i n su b -clau s es (a ) t o ( h ) an d fees i n res p ect of an y o f t h os e mat ters ;
(j ) an y mat t er i n ci d ent al t o an y o f t h e mat t ers sp eci fi ed i n s u b clau s es ( a ) t o ( i ).
(3 ) A law mad e u nd er clau s e (1 ) may —
(a ) p rovi d e for t h e es t ab li s hment of a h i erarch y o f t ri b u n als ;
(b ) s p eci fy t h e j u ris d i ct i on , p owers (i n clu di n g t h e p ower t o p u n ish
for con t emp t ) an d au th ori t y wh i ch may b e ex erci s ed b y each o f t h e s ai d
t ri bu n als ;
(c) p rovi d e for t h e p roced u re (in clu d in g p rovi s i ons as t o li mi t at i on
an d ru les of evi d en ce) t o b e fo ll owed b y t h e s ai d t ri bu n als ;
(d ) ex clud e t h e j u ri sd i cti on of all cou rt s , ex cep t t h e ju ri sd i ct ion of
t h e Sup reme Cou rt un d er arti cle 1 3 6 , wit h resp ect t o all or an y o f t h e
mat t ers falli n g wi t h i n t h e j u ri sd ict i on of t h e s aid t ri bu n als ;
(e) p rovi d e for t h e t ran s fer t o each s u ch t rib un al o f an y cas es
p en di n g b efore an y cou rt or an y ot h er au th ori t y i mmed i at e ly b e fore t h e
es t ab lis h men t of s u ch t ri bu nal as wou ld h ave b een wi th i n th e
j u ris di ct i on of s u ch t rib un al i f t h e cau s es of act i on on wh i ch s uch s ui t s
or p roceed i n gs are bas ed h ad aris en aft er s u ch est ab lis h men t ;
(f ) con t ain s u ch su pp lemen tal, i n cid ent al an d con s equ en t i al
p rovi s i on s (in clu di n g p rovi s ion s as t o fees ) as th e app rop ri ate
Le gi s lat u re may d eem n ecess ary for t h e effect i ve fu n ct i on i n g of, an d for
t h e s p eed y d i s p os al of cas es b y, an d t h e en forcemen t of t h e ord ers of,
s u ch t rib un als .
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(4 ) Th e p rovi s i o n s of t h i s arti cle s h all h ave effect n ot wi t hs t and in g
an yt h i n g i n an y ot h er p rovi s i on o f t h i s Con st i tu ti on or i n an y ot h er law for
t h e ti me b ei n g in force.
Exp l a na ti on . —In th i s art i cle, “ap p rop ri at e Legi s lat u re”, i n relat i on t o
an y mat t er, means Parli amen t or, as t h e cas e may b e, a St at e Le gi s lat u re
comp et en t t o make la ws wi t h res p ect t o s u ch mat t er in accord ance wi t h t he
p rovi s i on s of Part XI.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XV
ELECTIONS
3 2 4. Superi ntendence, di recti on a nd control of el ecti ons to be ves ted
i n a n El ecti on Com m i ss i on. — (1 ) Th e s u p eri n t en d en ce, di rect i on and
con t rol o f t h e p rep arat i on of t h e elect oral r ol ls for, an d t h e cond u ct of, all
elect i on s t o Parli amen t an d to t h e Legi s lat u re o f eve r y St at e an d of
elect i on s t o th e offi ces o f Pres i d en t and Vi ce -Pres i d en t h eld u nd er th is
Con s t it ut i on sh all b e ves t ed i n a Commis s i on (referred t o i n th i s
Con s t it ut i on as t h e Elect i on Commi s si on ).
(2 ) Th e E lect i on Commi s s i on s h all c on s i s t of t h e Ch i ef Elect i on
Commi s s i on er an d s u ch nu mb er o f ot h er Elect i on Commi s s i on ers, i f an y, as
t h e Presi d en t may from t i me t o t i me fi x and t h e ap p oin t men t of t h e Chi ef
Elect i on Commi s s i on er and ot h er Elect i on Commi s s i on ers sh all, s u bj ect t o
t h e p rovi s i on s of an y la w mad e i n t h at b eh alf b y Par li amen t , be mad e b y
t h e Presi d en t .
(3 ) Wh en an y ot h er Elect i on Commi s s i on er i s s o app oi nt ed t he Ch i ef
Elect i on Commi s si on er sh all act as th e Ch ai rman of th e Elect i on
Commi s s i on.
(4 ) Before each gen eral elect i o n t o th e Hou s e of t h e Peop le an d t o t he
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb l y o f each S t at e, and b efore t h e fi rs t gen eral elect i on
an d th ereaft er b efo re each b i enn i al elect i on t o t h e Le gi s lat i ve Cou n ci l o f
each St at e h avi n g s u ch Cou n ci l, t h e Presi d en t may als o ap p oi n t aft er
con s u lt at i on wit h t h e Elect i on Commi s s i on s u ch Regi on al Commi s si on ers
as h e may con s i d er n eces s ary t o as s i s t th e Elect i on Commi s si on i n t h e
p erforman ce o f t h e fu n ct i on s con ferred on t h e Commis si on b y cl au s e (1 ).
(5 ) Su b j ect t o t h e p rovi s i ons o f an y la w mad e b y Par li amen t , th e
con d i ti on s of s ervi ce an d t enu re o f o ffi ce o f t h e Elect i on Co mmi s si on ers
an d th e Regi on al Commi s si on ers s h all b e s u ch as t h e Presi d en t may b y ru le
d et ermin e:
Provi d ed t h at th e Chi ef Elect i on Commi s si on er sh all n ot b e removed
fr om h i s offi ce ex cep t i n li ke man n er and on t h e li ke grou n d s as a J u d ge of
t h e Su p reme Cou rt and t h e con d it i ons of s e rvi ce o f t h e Ch i ef E lect i on
Commi s s i on er s h all n ot b e vari ed t o h i s di s ad van t age aft er h i s
ap p oi nt ment :
Provi d ed fu rt h er th at an y ot h er Elect i on Commi s si on er or a Regi on al
Commi s s i on er sh all n ot b e removed from o ffi ce ex cep t on t h e
recommen d at i on of t h e Ch i ef El ect i on Commis s i on er.
(6 ) Th e Pres i d ent , or t h e G overn or o f a St at e, s h all, wh en s o r eq u est ed
b y t h e Elect i on Commi s s i on , make avai lab le t o t h e Elect i on Com mi s si on or
t o a Regi on al Commi s s i on er s u ch s t aff as ma y b e n eces s ar y for t h e
d i s ch arge o f t h e fu n ct i on s con ferred on t h e Elect i on Commi s s i on b y c lau s e
(1 ).
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
3 2 5. No pers on to be i nel i g i bl e f or i ncl usi on i n, or t o cl a i m to be
i ncl uded i n a s pecia l , el ectoral rol l on g rounds of rel ig i on, ra ce, cas te
or s e x. — Th ere s h all b e on e gen eral e lect oral ro ll f or ever y t erri t ori al
con s t it u en cy for e lect i on t o ei ther Hou s e of Par li amen t or t o t he Hou s e or
ei t h er Hou s e of t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e an d n o p ers on s h all b e i n eli gi b le
for i n clu s i on in an y s u ch roll or clai m t o b e i n clu d ed i n an y s p eci al
elect oral r ol l for an y s u ch con st i tu en cy on grou n d s on ly o f re li gi on , race,
cas t e, s ex or an y o f t h em.
3 2 6. El ecti ons to the Hous e of the P eopl e a nd to the Leg i sl a ti ve
As s em bl i es of Sta tes to be on t he ba s i s of a dul t s uff ra g e. — Th e elect i on s
t o t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le an d t o t h e Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f ever y St at e
s h all b e on th e b as is of ad u lt s u ffra ge; t h at i s t o s ay, ever y p ers o n wh o i s a
ci t i zen of In d i a an d wh o is n ot les s th an ei gh t een years of a ge o n s u ch d at e
as may b e fi x ed i n th at b eh alf b y or u n d er an y law ma d e b y t h e ap p rop ri at e
Le gi s lat u re an d is n ot ot h erwis e d i sq u ali fi ed un d er t h is Con st i tut i on or an y
law mad e b y t h e ap p rop ri at e Legi s lat u re on t h e grou n d of n on -res i d en ce,
u n s oun dn ess of mi n d , cri me or corru p t or i llega l p ract i ce, s h all b e en ti t led
t o b e re gi s t ered as a vot er at an y s u ch elect i on .
3 2 7. P ow er of Pa rli am ent to ma ke provi s i on w i th res pect to el ecti ons
to Leg i s la tures . — Su b j ect to t h e p rovi s i on s of t h i s Con s t it u ti on ,
Parli amen t may fr om t i me t o t i me b y la w make p rovi s i on wi t h res p ect t o
all mat t ers relat i n g t o, or i n co n n ecti on wi t h , elect i on s t o ei ther Hou s e o f
Parli amen t or t o th e Hou s e or ei t h er Hou s e of t h e Le gi s lat u re of a St at e
i n clu di n g th e p rep arat i on of elect oral ro lls , t h e d eli mit at i on of
con s t it u en ci es an d all ot h er mat t ers n eces s ary f or s ecu ri ng
the due
con s t it u ti on of s u ch Hou s e or Hou s es .
3 2 8. P ow er of Leg is l a ture of a Sta te to m a ke pro vi s i on w i th res pect
to el ecti ons to s uch Leg i s l a ture. —Su bj ect t o t h e p rovi s i on s of t h i s
Con s t it ut i on an d i n s o far as p rovi s i on in th at b eh alf i s n ot mad e b y
Parli amen t , th e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e may fr om t i me t o t i me by la w make
p rovi s i on wi t h res p ect t o all mat t ers relat i n g t o, or i n conn ect i on wi t h , t h e
elect i on s t o t h e Hou s e or ei t her Hou s e o f t h e Le gi s lat u re o f t h e St at e
i n clu di n g t h e p rep arati o n of e le ct oral r ol ls an d all ot h er mat t ers n ecess ary
for s ecu ri n g th e du e con st it u ti on of s u ch Hou s e or Hou s es .
3 2 9. B a r to i nterf erence by courts i n el ectora l ma tters . —
Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g in th is Con s t it ut i on —
(a ) t h e vali di t y o f an y la w relat i n g t o t h e d eli mi t at i on of
con s t it u en ci es or t h e allot men t o f s eat s t o s u ch con st i tu en ci es , mad e or
p u rp orti n g t o b e mad e u nd er art i cle 3 27 or art i cle 3 2 8, s h all n ot b e
called i n q u es ti on in an y cou rt ;
(b ) n o elect i on t o eit h er Hou se of Par li amen t or t o t h e Hou se or
ei t h er Hou s e of t h e Legi s lat u re of a St at e sh all b e called in q u est i on
ex cep t b y an e lect i on p et it i on p res ent ed t o s u ch aut h ori t y an d i n s u ch
man n er as may b e p rovi d ed for b y or u n d er an y law mad e b y t h e
ap p rop ri at e Legi s lat u re.
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3 2 9 A. [S p eci al p ro vi si o n a s t o el ecti o ns t o Pa r li a ment in t h e ca s e of
Pr i me Mi n is t er an d S p ea ker. ]
Rep . b y th e Con st it u ti on (Fo r t y -fo ur th
Amen d men t ) Act , 19 78 , s . 36 (w.e.f . 20 -6 -1 9 7 9 ).
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PART XVI
SPECIAL PROVISIONS R ELATING
TO CERTAIN CLASSES
3 3 0. Res erva ti on of s ea ts f or S chedul ed Ca s tes a nd Schedul ed Tri bes
i n the Hous e of the P eopl e. —(1 ) Seats sh all b e res erved i n the Hou s e of
t h e Peop le for —
(a ) t h e Sch edu led Cast es ;
(b ) th e Sch edu led Tri b es ex cep t t h e Sch ed u led Tri b es in t h e
au t on omou s d i st ri cts of As s am; an d
(c) t h e S ch edu led Tri b es i n t h e au t on omou s d i st ri cts of As s am.
(2 ) Th e n u mb er of s eat s res erved i n an y St at e or Un i on t erri t ory for t h e
Sch ed u led Cas t es or t h e Sch eduled Tri b es un d er claus e (1 ) s h all b ear, as
n earl y as may b e, t h e s ame p roport i on t o t h e t ot al n u mb e r of s eat s allot t ed
t o t h at St at e or Uni on t erritor y i n t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le as th e
p op u lat i on of t h e Sch ed u led Cast es in t h e St at e or Un i on t erri t ory or o f t h e
Sch ed u led Tri b es in th e St at e or Un i on t erri t ory or p art of t h e St at e or
Un i on t errit ory, as t h e cas e may b e, i n resp ect of wh i ch s eat s are s o
res erved , b ears t o t h e t ot al p op ulat i on of t h e St at e or Un i on t errit or y.
(3 ) Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g con t ai n ed i n clau s e (2 ), t h e numb er of
s eat s res erved i n t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le for t h e Sch ed u led Trib es i n t he
au t on omou s d is t ri ct s of As s am s h all b ear t o t h e t ot al n u mb er o f s eat s
all ot t ed t o th at St at e a p rop ort i on n ot les s th an t h e p opu lat i on of t h e
Sch ed u led Tri b es i n t h e s aid au t on omou s d is t ri ct s b ears to t h e t ot al
p op u lat i on of t h e St at e.
Exp l a na ti on . —In t hi s arti cle an d in arti cle 3 3 2, t h e exp res si on
“p op u lat i on ” mean s t h e p op u lat i on as as cert ai n ed at t h e las t p reced in g
cen s us of wh i ch th e relevan t fi g u res h ave b een p ub li s h ed :
Provi d ed t h at t h e referen ce i n t h is Exp la na t io n t o t h e las t preced i n g
cen s us of wh i ch t h e relevan t fi gu res h ave b een p ub li sh ed sh all, u n t i l t h e
relevan t fi gu res for t h e fi rs t cen s us t aken aft er th e year 2 02 6 h ave b een
p u b lis h ed , b e con s t ru ed as a referen ce t o t h e 20 01 cens us .
3 3 1. Repres enta ti on of the Ang l o -I ndia n Comm uni ty i n the Hous e of
the P eopl e. — Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g i n arti cle 8 1 , th e Presi den t may, i f
h e i s of op i n i on th at th e Angl o -In d i an commun it y i s n ot ad equ at ely
rep res ent ed in th e Hou s e of t h e Peop le, n omi n at e n ot more t h an t wo
memb ers of t h at commun it y t o t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le.
3 3 2. Res erva ti on of s ea ts f or Schedul ed Ca s tes a nd Schedul ed Tri bes
i n the Leg is la ti ve As s em bli es of the Sta tes . — (1 ) Seats sh all b e res erved
for t h e Sch ed u led Cas t es an d th e Sch edu led Tri b es , ex cept t he Sch ed u led
Tri b es in t h e au t on omou s di s t rict s of As s am, i n th e Legi s lat i v e As s emb ly
o f ever y St at e.
141
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2 ) Seat s sh all b e res erved als o for t h e au t on omou s di s t ri cts i n t h e
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e St ate of As s am.
(3 ) Th e n u mb er of s eat s res erved for t h e Sch edu led Cas t es or t h e
Sch ed u le d Trib es i n th e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f an y St at e u nd er clau s e (1 )
s h all b ear, as n early as may b e, t h e s ame p rop ort i on t o t h e t ot al n u mb er of
s eat s in th e Ass emb l y as th e pop u lat i on of t h e Sch edu led Cast es i n th e
St at e or o f t h e Sch ed u led Trib es i n th e St at e or p art of t h e St at e, as th e
cas e may b e, in res p ect of wh i ch s eat s are s o res erved , b ears to t h e t ot al
p op u lat i on of t h e St at e.
(3 A) Not wi t h s t and in g an yt h i n g con t ai n ed i n clau s e (3 ), un ti l t h e t aki n g
effect , u n d er art i cle 1 7 0, of t h e re -ad j u s t ment , on t h e b as i s of t h e fi rs t
cen s us aft er th e year 2 0 26 , of t h e n umb er of s eat s i n th e Le gi s lat i ve
As s emb li es of t h e St at es of Ar u n ach al Prad es h , Megh alaya, M i zoram an d
Nagalan d , t h e s eats wh i ch sh all b e res erved for t h e Sch edu led Tri b es i n t h e
Le gi s lat i ve As s e mb ly o f an y s u ch St at e s h all b e, —
(a ) i f all t h e s eats i n t h e Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f s u ch St at e i n
ex i st en ce on th e d at e of comi ng i n t o force o f t h e Con st i tu ti on (Fi ft y s even t h Amend men t ) Act , 19 87 (h ereaft er i n t h is clau s e referred t o as
t h e ex i st in g As s emb ly) are h eld b y memb ers of t h e Sch edu led Tri b es ,
all t h e s eat s ex cept on e;
(b ) in an y ot h er cas e, s u ch n u mb er of s eat s as b ears t o th e t ot al
n u mb er of s eat s , a p rop ort i on not les s t h an t h e nu mb er (as on t h e s aid
d at e) of memb ers b elon gi n g t o t h e Sch edu led Tri b es i n th e ex i st in g
As s emb ly b ears t o t h e t ot al nu mb er of s eat s i n t h e ex is ti n g As s emb ly.
(3 B) Not wi t hs t an d in g an yt h in g con t ain ed in clau s e (3 ), un ti l t h e re ad j us t men t , un d er art i cle 1 70 , takes effect on th e b as is of t h e fi rs t cens u s
aft er t h e year 2 0 2 6 , of t h e n u mb er of s eat s i n t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f
t h e St at e of Tri p u ra, t h e s eat s wh i ch sh all b e res erved for t h e Sch edu led
Tri b es i n t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb l y s h all b e, s u ch n u mb er of s e at s as b ears
t o t h e t ot al n u mb er of s eat s , a p rop o rt i on n ot les s t h an t h e n umb er, as on
t h e d at e of c omi n g i n t o for ce o f t h e Con s t it u ti on (Seven t y -s econ d
Amen d ment ) Act , 1 99 2 , of memb ers b elon gi n g t o t h e Sch edu led Tri b es in
t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly i n exi s t en ce on t h e s aid d at e b ears to t h e t ot al
n u mb er of s eat s i n t hat As s emb ly.
(4 ) Th e n u mb er of s eat s res erved for an au t on omou s d i s t ri ct i n th e
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e St at e of As s am s h all b ear t o th e t ot al n u mb er
o f s eat s i n t h at Ass emb ly a p ro p ort i on n ot les s th an th e p opu lat i on of t h e
d i st ri ct b ear s t o t h e t ot al p op u lat i on of t h e St at e.
(5 ) Th e con st it u en ci es for t h e s eat s res erved for an y au t on omou s d is t ri ct
o f As s am s h all n ot comp ri s e an y area ou t s id e th at d is t ri ct .
(6 ) No p ers on wh o i s n ot a memb er of a Sch ed u led Tri b e o f an y
au t on omou s di s t ri ct of t h e St at e o f As s am s h all b e eli gi b le for elect i on t o
t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb l y o f t h e St at e from an y con s t i t u ency o f t h at
d i st ri ct :
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Provi d ed t h at for e lect i on s t o t h e Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e St at e of
As s am, th e rep res en t at i on of t h e Sch ed u led Tri b es an d n on -Sch ed u led
Tri b es i n th e con s t it u en ci es i nclu d ed i n th e Bod olan d Terri t ori al Areas
Di s t ri ct , s o n ot i fi ed , an d ex i sti n g p ri or t o t h e cons t it ut i on of B od olan d
Terri t ori al Areas Di s t ri ct , s h all b e main t ain ed.
3 3 3. Repres enta ti on of the Ang l o -I ndi a n com m uni ty i n the
Leg i sl a ti ve As s em bl i es of the Sta tes . — Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g in
art i cle 1 7 0, t h e G overn or o f a St at e may, i f h e i s of op i n i on t h at t h e An glo In d i an commun i t y n eed s rep res en t ati on in th e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e
St at e and i s n ot ad e q u at ely rep res en t ed t h erei n , n omi n at e on e memb er of
t h at commu ni t y t o t h e As s emb ly.
334. Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after sixty years.—
Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this Part, the provisions of this
Constitution relating to—
(a) the reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the
House of the People and in the Legislative Assemblies of the States; and
(b) the representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the People and
in the Legislative Assemblies of the States by nomination,
shall cease to have effect on the expiration of a period of sixty years from the commencement
of this Constitution:
Provided that nothing in this article shall affect any representation in the House of the
People or in the Legislative Assembly of a State until the dissolution of the then existing
House or Assembly, as the case may be.
335. Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.—The
claims of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes shall be taken into
consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration, in the
making of appointments to services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of
a State:
Provided that nothing in this article shall prevent in making of any provision in favour of
the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes for relaxation in qualifying
marks in any examination or lowering the standards of evaluation, for reservation in matters
or promotion to any class or classes of services or posts in connection with the affairs of the
Union or of a State.
336. Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services.— (1) During
the first two years after the commencement of this Constitution, appointments of members of
the Anglo-Indian community to posts in the railway, customs, postal and telegraph services of
the Union shall be made on the same basis as immediately before the fifteenth day of August,
1947.
During every succeeding period of two years, the number of posts reserved for the
members of the said community in the said services shall, as nearly as possible, be less by ten
per cent. than the numbers so reserved during the immediately preceding period of two years:
Provided that at the end of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution all such
reservations shall cease.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) Nothing in clause (1) shall bar the appointment of members of the Anglo-Indian
community to posts other than, or in addition to, those reserved for the community under that
clause if such members are found qualified for appointment on merit as compared with the
members of other communities.
337. Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit of AngloIndian community.— During the first three financial years after the commencement of this
Constitution, the same grants, if any, shall be made by the Union and by each State for the
benefit of the Anglo-Indian community in respect of education as were made in the financial
year ending on the thirty-first day of March, 1948.
During every succeeding period of three years the grants may be less by ten per cent. than
those for the immediately preceding period of three years :
Provided that at the end of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution such
grants, to the extent to which they are a special concession to the Anglo-Indian community,
shall cease:
Provi d ed fu rt h er t h at n o edu cat i on al i n st i tu ti on s h all b e en t i t led t o
recei ve an y gran t u n d er t h is art i cle u n les s at leas t fort y p er c en t . of t h e
an n ual ad mi ss i ons th erein are mad e avai lab le t o memb ers of commu n it i es
ot h er t h an th e An glo -In d i an commu ni t y.
338. National Commission for Scheduled Castes.— (1) There shall be a Commission
for the Scheduled Castes to be known as the National Commission for the Scheduled Castes.
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the
Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice- Chairperson and three other Members and
the conditions of service and tenure of office of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other
Members so appointed shall be such as the President may by rule determine.
(3 ) Th e Ch ai rp ers on , Vi ce -Chai rp ers on an d oth er Memb ers o f t h e
Commi s s i on s h all b e ap p oin t ed b y t h e Pres i d en t b y warran t u nder h i s h and
an d s eal.
(4 ) Th e Commi ss i on s h all h ave th e p ower t o regu lat e i t s own p roced u re.
(5 ) It s h all b e t h e d ut y o f t h e Commi s si on —
(a ) t o i n vest i gat e and moni t or all mat t ers relat i n g t o t h e s afegu ard s
p rovi d ed for t h e Sch ed u led Ca stes u nd er th i s Con st i tu ti on or un d er an y
ot h er law for t h e t i me b eing i n force or u n d er an y ord er o f t h e
G overn men t an d t o evalu at e t h e worki n g o f s u ch s afegu ard s ;
(b ) t o i nq u i re i nt o s p eci fi c comp lai n t s wit h resp ect t o t h e
d ep ri vati on of ri gh t s and s af egu ard s of t h e Sch ed u led Cas t es ;
(c) t o p art i cip at e and ad vi s e on t h e p lann in g p roces s of s oci o econ omi c d evelop men t o f t h e Sch ed u led Cas t es and t o eval u at e t h e
p rogres s of t h ei r d evelop men t un d er th e Uni on and an y St at e;
(d ) t o p res en t t o t h e Pres id en t, an n uall y an d at s u ch ot h er t i mes as
t h e Commis s i on may d eem fi t , rep ort s up on th e worki n g o f t h os e
s afegu ard s ;
(e) t o make i n su ch rep ort s recommen d at i on s as t o th e meas u res t h at
s h ou ld b e t aken b y t h e Uni on or an y St at e for t h e effect i ve
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
i mp lemen t at i on of t h os e s afegu ard s an d ot h er meas u res for t h e
p rot ect i on , welfare an d s oci o -e con omi c d evelop men t of t h e Sch ed u led
Cas t es ; and
(f ) t o d is ch arge su ch ot h er fu nct i on s i n relat i on t o t h e p rot ect i on ,
wel fare an d d evelop men t and ad van cement of t h e Sch edu led Cas t es as
t h e Presi d en t may, s u b j ect t o t h e p rovi s i ons of an y law mad e b y
Parli amen t , b y ru le s p eci fy.
(6 ) Th e Pres id ent sh all cau s e all s u ch rep ort s t o b e lai d b efore each
Hou s e o f Parli amen t alon g wi t h a memoran d u m ex p lai ni n g th e act i on t aken
or p rop os ed t o b e t aken on t h e recommen d ati on s relat i n g t o th e Un i on and
t h e reas ons for t h e n on -accep t an ce, i f an y, o f an y of s u ch
recommen d at i ons .
(7 ) Wh ere an y s u ch rep ort , or any p art t h ereof, re lat es t o an y mat t er wi t h
wh i ch an y St at e G overn men t i s con cern ed , a cop y o f s u ch report s h all b e
forward ed t o t h e G overn or o f t h e St at e wh o s h all cau s e i t t o b e lai d b efore
t h e Legi s lat u re of t h e St at e alon g wi t h a memorand u m exp lai n in g th e
act i on t aken or p rop os ed t o b e t aken on th e recommen d ati on s relat i n g t o
t h e St at e and t h e reas ons for t h e n on -accep t an ce, i f an y, o f a n y o f s u ch
recommen d at i ons .
(8 ) Th e Commi s s i on s h all, wh i le i n ves t i gati n g an y mat t er refer red t o i n
s u b -clau s e ( a ) or i nq ui ri n g in t o an y c omp lai n t referred t o i n s ub -c lau s e ( b )
o f clau s e (5 ), h ave all t h e p owe rs of a ci vi l c ou rt t ryi n g a s u i t an d in
p art i cu lar i n res p ect of t h e fo l lo wi n g mat t ers, n amely : —
(a ) s u mmoni n g an d en forci n g t h e at t end an ce of an y p ers on from an y
p art of In d i a and ex amin i n g h i m on oat h ;
(b ) req ui rin g t h e d is cover y an d p rod u cti on of an y d ocu men t ;
(c) recei vi n g evi d en ce on affi d avi t s ;
(d ) req u is i ti on in g an y p u b li c record or cop y t h ereof from an y c ou rt
or o ffi ce;
(e) i s s ui n g commi s si on s for t h e ex ami n at i on of wi t n ess es an d
d ocu ment s ;
(f ) an y ot h er mat t er wh i ch th e Pres i d en t may, b y ru le, d et ermi n e.
(9 ) Th e Un i on and every St at e Govern men t sh all con s u lt t h e Commi s si on
on all maj or p o li c y mat t es affect i n g Sch edu led Cast es .
(1 0 ) In t h is art i cle, referen ces t o t h e Sch edu led Cas t es s h all b e
con s t ru ed as in clu d in g referen c es t o s u ch ot h er b ackwar d clas s es as th e
Pres i d en t may, on recei p t of t h e rep ort o f a C ommi s s i on ap p oin t ed u nd er
clau s e (1 ) of art i cle 3 4 0 , b y o rd er s p eci fy an d als o t o t h e A n glo -In d i an
commu n it y.
338A. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.—(1) There shall be a
Commission for the Scheduled Tribes to be known as the National Commission for the
Scheduled Tribes.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) Subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the
Commission shall consist of a Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and three other Members and
the conditions of service and tenure of office of the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other
Members so appointed shall be such as the President by rule determine.
(3) The Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson and other Members of the Commission shall be
appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.
(4) The Commission shall have the power to regulate its own procedure.
(5) It shall be the duty of the Commission—
(a) to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for
the Scheduled Tribes under this Constitution or under any other law for the time being
in force or under any order of the Government and to evaluate the working of such
safeguards;
(b) to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and
safeguards of the Scheduled Tribes;
(c) to participate and advise on the planning process of socio-economic
development of the Scheduled Tribes and to evaluate the progress of their development
under the Union and any State;
(d) to present to the President, annually and at such other times as the Commission
may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards;
(e) to make in such reports recommendation as to the measures that should be
taken by the Union or any State for the effective implementation of those safeguards
and other measures for the protection, welfare and socioeconomic development of the
Scheduled Tribes; and
(f) to discharge such other functions in relation to the protection, welfare and
development and advancement of the Scheduled Tribes as the President may, subject to
the provisions of any law made by Parliament, by rule specify.
(6) The President shall cause all such reports to be laid before each House of Parliament
along with a memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken on the
recommendations relating to the Union and the reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of
any such recommendations.
(7) Where any such report, or any part thereof, relates to any matter with which any
State Government is concerned, a copy of such report shall be forwarded to the Governor of
the State who shall cause it to be laid before the Legislature of the State along with a
memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken on the recommendations
relating to the State and the reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any of such
recommendations.
(8) The Commission shall, while investigating any matter referred to in sub-clause (a) or
inquiring into any complaint referred to in sub-clause (b) of clause (5), have all the powers
of a civil court trying a suit and in particular in respect of the following matters, namely: —
(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of India
and examining him on oath;
(b) requiring the discovery and production of any document;
(c) receiving evidence on affidavits;
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(d) requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office;
(e) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents;
(f) any other matter which the President may, by rule, determine.
(9) The Union and every State Government shall consult the Commission on all major
policy matters affecting Scheduled Tribes.
3 3 9. Control of the Uni on over the a dm i ni s tra ti on of Schedul ed Area s
a nd the w elf a re of Schedul ed Tri bes . —(1 ) Th e Presi d en t may at an y t i me
an d s h all, at th e exp i rati on of t en years fr om t h e com men cemen t of t h is
Con s t it ut i on b y ord er ap p oi nt a Commi s s i on t o rep ort on t h e admi n is t rat i on
o f t h e Sch edu led Areas an d t he wel fare o f t h e Sch ed u led Trib es i n t he
St at es .
Th e ord er ma y d efi n e t h e comp os i ti on , p owers an d p roced ure o f t h e
Commi s s i on and may con t ain such in cid ent al or an ci llar y p rovi s i on s as th e
Pres i d en t may con s i d er n ecess ary or d es i rab le.
(2 ) Th e ex ecu ti ve p ower o f t h e Un i on s h all ex t en d t o t h e gi vi n g o f
d i recti on s t o a St at e as t o t he d rawi n g up an d ex ecut i on of s ch emes
s p eci fi ed i n th e d i recti on t o b e es s ent i al for t h e welfare o f t h e Sch ed u led
Tri b es in th e St at e.
3 4 0. Appoi ntm ent of a Commi s si on to i nves ti g a te the conditi ons of
ba c kw a rd cla s s es . —(1 ) Th e Pres i d en t may b y ord er ap p oi nt a Commi s s i on
con s i st i n g of s u ch p ers on s as he t hi n ks fi t t o in ves t i gat e th e con d i ti on s of
s oci all y an d ed u cat i on all y b ack ward clas s es wi t hi n th e t errit ory o f In d i a
an d th e d i ffi cu lt i es u nd er wh i ch t h ey lab ou r an d t o make recom men d at i on s
as t o th e st eps th at s h ou ld b e taken b y t h e Un i on or an y St at e t o remove
s u ch d i ffi cu lt i es an d t o i mp rove t h ei r con di ti on an d as t o t h e gran t s t h at
s h ou ld b e mad e for t h e p u rpos e b y t h e Un i on or an y St a t e an d th e
con d i ti on s s ub j ect t o whi ch s uch gran ts sh ou ld b e mad e, an d t h e ord er
ap p oi nt in g s u ch Commi s si on s hall d efi n e t h e p roced u re t o b e fol lo wed b y
t h e Commis s i on.
(2 ) A Commi ss i on s o ap p oin t ed s h all i n ves ti gat e th e mat t ers referred t o
t h em and p res en t t o t h e Pres id en t a rep ort s ett in g ou t t h e fact s as fou n d b y
t h em an d makin g s u ch recommen d ati on s as th ey t h i n k p rop er.
(3 ) Th e Pres id en t sh all cau s e a cop y o f t h e rep ort s o p res en t ed t oget h er
wi t h a memoran du m exp lai n in g t h e acti on t aken th ereon t o b e lai d b efore
each Hou s e of Parli amen t .
3 4 1. Schedul ed Ca s tes . —(1 ) Th e Pres i d ent may wi t h res p ect t o an y
St at e or Un i on t erri t ory, an d wh ere i t i s a St at e, aft er con s u lt at ion wi t h t he
G overn or t h ereo f, b y p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on , s p eci fy t h e cas t es , races or t ri b es
or p art s of or grou p s wi t h in cas t es , races or t ri b es wh i ch s hall for t h e
p u rp os es of t h i s Con s t it ut i on b e d eemed t o b e Sch e d u led Cast es i n relat i on
t o t h at St at e or Un i on t erri t ory, as t h e cas e may b e.
(2 ) Parli amen t may b y law i n clu d e i n or ex clu d e from t h e li s t o f
Sch ed u led Cas t es sp eci fi ed i n a n ot i fi cat i on is su ed u nd er clau s e (1 ) an y
cas t e, race or t rib e or p art of or grou p wi t h in an y cas t e, race or t ri b e, bu t
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
s ave as afo res ai d a n ot i fi cat i on i s su ed un d er t h e s ai d clau s e sh all n ot b e
vari ed b y an y s u b s equ en t n ot i fi cat i on .
3 4 2. Schedul ed Tri bes . —(1 ) Th e Pres i d ent may wi t h res p ect t o an y
St at e or Un i on t erri t ory, an d wh ere i t i s a St at e, aft er con s u lt at ion wi t h t he
G overn or t h ereof, b y p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on , sp eci fy t h e t ri b es or t ri b al
commu n it i es or p art s of or gr ou p s wi t hi n t ri b es or t ri b al commu n it i es
wh i ch s h all for t h e p u rp os es o f t h i s Con s t i tu ti on b e d eemed t o b e
Sch ed u le d Tri b es in relat i on t o t h at St at e or Uni on t erri t ory, as th e cas e
may b e.
(2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes
specified in a notification issued under clause (1) any tribe or tribal community or part of or
group within any tribe or tribal community, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under
the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XVII
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
C H A P T ER I.—L A N G U AG E O F T H E U N IO N
3 4 3. Off i cia l l a ng uag e of the Uni on. —(1 ) Th e offi ci al lan gu age o f t h e
Un i on sh all b e Hi n d i i n Devan agari s crip t .
Th e form o f n u merals t o b e u s ed for t h e o ffi ci al p u rp os es of t h e Un i on
s h all b e t h e i nt ern at i on al form o f In d i an nu merals .
(2 ) Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g in clau s e (1 ), for a p eri od of fi ft een years
fr om t h e commen cement of t h is Con s ti tu t i on, th e En gli s h langu age s h all
con t i nu e t o b e us ed for al l t h e o ffi ci al p u rp os es of t h e Un i on for wh i ch i t
was b ein g u s ed i mmed i at ely b e fore s u ch commen cemen t :
Provi d ed t h at t h e Presi d en t may, d u ri n g t h e s aid p eri od , by o rd er
au t h oris e th e u s e of t h e Hin di lan gu age i n add i ti on t o t h e En gli s h lan gu age
an d of t h e Devan agari form o f n u merals i n ad di t i on t o t h e int ern ati on al
form o f In d i an n u merals for an y o f t h e offi ci al p u rp os e s of t h e Un i on .
(3 ) Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g in th i s art i cle, Parli ament may b y la w
p rovi d e for t h e u s e, aft er t h e s aid p eri od of fi ft een years , o f —
(a ) t h e En gli s h lan gu age, or
(b ) t h e Devan agari fo rm o f n u merals ,
for s u ch p u rp os es as may b e s p eci fi ed i n t h e law.
3 4 4. Com mi ss i on a nd Com mi ttee of Pa rl iam ent on off i cial
l a ng ua g e.—(1 ) Th e Pres id ent s hall, at t h e exp i rat i on of fi ve yea rs from t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Con s t it uti on an d t h ereaft er at t h e exp i rati on o f t en
yea rs from s u ch commen cemen t, b y ord er co n s t it u t e a Commiss i on whi ch
s h all con s i st of a Ch ai rman an d s u ch oth er memb ers rep resen t in g th e
d i fferen t lan gu ages s p eci fi ed i n t h e Ei gh t h Sch edu le as t h e Pres i d en t may
ap p oi nt , an d t h e ord er s h all d efi n e t h e p rocedu re t o b e fo ll o wed b y t h e
Commi s s i on.
(2 ) It s h all b e t h e d u t y o f t h e Commi s s i on t o make recommen d at i on s t o
t h e Presi d en t as t o —
(a ) th e p rogres s i ve u s e of t h e Hi n di lan gu age for t h e offi ci al
p u rp os es of t h e Un i on ;
(b ) res t ri ct i ons on th e us e of t h e En gli s h lan gu age for al l or an y o f
t h e offi ci a l p u rp os es of t h e Un i on ;
(c) t h e lan gu age t o be us ed for all or an y o f t h e pu rp os es men tion ed
i n arti cle 3 48 ;
(d ) t h e form o f n u merals t o b e u s ed for an y on e or more s p eci fi ed
p u rp os es of t h e Un i on ;
(e) an y ot h er mat t er referred t o t h e Commi ss i on b y t h e P res id ent as
regard s t h e offi ci al lan gu age o f t h e Un i on and t h e lan gu age for
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
commu n i cat i on b et ween t h e Union an d a St at e or b et ween on e St at e and
an ot h er and th ei r u s e.
(3 ) In maki n g t h ei r recommendat i on s u nd er clau s e (2 ), t h e Commi s si on
s h all h ave d u e rega rd t o t h e i n du s t ri al, cu lt u ral an d s ci en t i fi c ad van cement
o f In d i a, an d t h e j us t clai ms and th e in t erest s of p ers on s b elon gi n g t o t he
n on -Hi n d i sp eaki n g areas i n regard t o t h e pu b li c s ervi ces .
(4 ) Th ere s h all b e con s t it u t ed a Commi t t ee con si s ti n g of t h i rt y memb ers ,
o f wh om t wen t y s h al l b e memb ers of t h e Hou s e o f t h e Peop le an d t en sh all
b e memb ers of t h e Cou n ci l o f St at es t o b e elect ed res p ecti vel y b y t h e
memb ers of t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le an d th e memb ers of t h e Cou n ci l of
St at es i n accord an ce wi th th e s ys t em o f p rop ort i on al rep res en t ati on b y
mean s of t h e si n gle t ran s ferab le vot e.
(5 ) It s h all b e t h e d u t y o f t h e Commi t t ee t o ex amin e t he
recommen d at i ons of t h e Commi s s i on con st i tu t ed u nd er clau s e (1 ) an d t o
rep ort t o t h e Pres id ent th ei r op ini on t h ereon .
(6 ) Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g in art i cle 3 4 3, t h e Presi d en t may, a ft er
con s i d erat i on of t h e rep ort re ferred t o i n clau s e (5 ), i s s u e direct i on s in
accord an ce wi t h t h e wh ole or an y p art o f t h at rep ort .
C H AP T E R II. —R E G I O N A L L A N G U A G E S
3 4 5. Off i ci a l la ng ua g e or lang ua g es of a Sta te. —Su b ject t o t h e
p rovi s i on s of art i cles 34 6 an d 34 7 , t h e Legi s lat u re of a St at e may b y law
ad op t an y on e or more o f t h e lan gu ages in us e in th e St at e or Hi n di as th e
lan gu age or lan gu ages t o b e u s ed for a l l or an y o f t h e o ffi ci al p u rp os es of
t h at St at e:
Provi d ed t h at , u nt i l t h e Legi s la t u re of t h e St at e ot h erwis e p rovi d es b y
law, t h e En gli s h lan gu age s h all c on t i nu e t o b e u s ed for t h os e offi ci al
p u rp os es wi t hi n th e St at e for w h i ch i t was b ein g u s ed i mmed i at el y b e fore
t h e commen cemen t of t h is Con sti t ut i on .
3 4 6. Off i ci a l l a ng uag e f or com m uni ca ti on betw een one Sta te a nd
a nother or betw een a Sta te and the Uni on. —Th e lan gu age for t h e t i me
b ei n g au t h oris ed for u s e i n t h e Un i on for o ffi ci al p u rp os es sh all b e t h e
o ffi ci al lan gu age for commu n i cat i on b et we en on e St at e and anot h er St ate
an d b et ween a St at e an d t h e Un ion :
Provi d ed th at i f t wo or more St at es agree th at t h e Hi nd i lan gu age s h ou ld
b e t h e offi ci al lan gu age for c ommu n i cat i on b et ween su ch St at es , t h at
lan gu age ma y b e u s ed for s u ch commu n i cat i on .
3 4 7. Speci al provi s i on rel a ti ng to l a ng ua g e s poken by a s ecti on of the
popul a ti on of a Sta te. —On a d eman d b ein g mad e in th at b eh alf t h e
Pres i d en t may, i f h e i s s at is fi ed th at a s ub st ant i al p rop ort ion of t h e
p op u lat i on of a St at e d es i re t h e u s e of an y lan gu age s p oken b y t h em t o b e
recogn i s ed b y t h at St at e, d i rect t h at su ch lan gu age s h all als o b e o ffi ci all y
recogn i s ed th rou gh ou t th at St at e or an y p art t h ereof for s u ch p u rp os e as he
may s p eci fy.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
C H AP T E R III. — L A N G U A G E O F T H E S U P R E M E C O U R T ,
HIGH COURTS, ETC.
3 4 8. L a ng ua g e to be us ed i n the Suprem e C ourt a nd i n t he Hi g h
Courts a nd f or Acts , Bi l ls , etc. —(1 ) Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g i n t h e
foreg oi n g p rovi s i on s of t h i s Part , un ti l Parli amen t b y law ot h erwi s e
p rovi d es —
(a ) all p roceed i n gs in th e Sup reme Cou rt and in ever y Hi gh Cou rt ,
(b ) t h e au th ori t ati ve t ext s —
(i ) of al l Bi lls t o b e in t rod u ced or amend ment s th eret o t o be
moved i n ei t h er Hou s e of Parl i amen t or i n t h e Hou s e or ei th er
Hou s e of t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e,
(i i ) of all Act s p ass ed b y Parl i amen t or th e Legi s la t u re of a
St at e an d of all Ord i n an ces p romu lgat ed b y t h e Presi d en t or t h e
G overn or o f a St at e, an d
(i i i ) of al l ord ers , ru les , regu lati on s an d b ye -laws i s s u ed u nd er
t h is Con s ti t ut i on or u n d er an y law mad e b y Par li amen t or t h e
Le gi s lat u re of a St at e,
s h all b e i n t h e En gli s h lan gu age.
(2 ) Not wi t h s t an d in g an yt h i n g i n s u b -clau s e ( a ) o f c lau s e (1 ), t h e
G overn or o f a St at e may, wi t h t h e p revi ou s con s en t of t h e Pres i d en t ,
au t h oris e th e u s e of t h e Hin d i lan gu age, or an y ot h er lan gu age u s ed for an y
o ffi ci al p u rp os es of t h e St at e, in p roceedi n gs i n t h e Hi gh Cou rt h avi n g its
p ri n ci p al s eat in th at St at e:
Provi d ed t h at n ot h in g in th is clau s e s h all ap p ly t o an y j u d gmen t , d ecree
or ord er p as s ed or mad e b y s u ch Hi gh Cou rt .
(3 ) Not wi t h st and i n g an yt h i n g i n s u b -clau s e ( b ) of clau s e (1 ), wh ere t he
Le gi s lat u re o f a St at e h as p res cri b ed an y lan gu age ot h er t h an th e En gli s h
lan gu age fo r u s e i n Bi lls i n t rodu ced in , or Act s p as s ed b y, t h e Le gi s lat u re
o f t h e St at e or i n Ord in an ces p romu lgat ed b y t h e G overn or of t h e St at e or
i n an y or d er, ru le, regu lat i on or b ye -la w re ferred t o i n p aragrap h ( i i i ) of
t h at su b -clau s e, a t ran s lati on of t h e s ame in t h e En gli s h lan gu age p u b li sh ed
u n d er th e au th ori t y o f t h e G overn or o f t h e St at e i n t h e Offi ci al G azet t e of
t h at St at e s h all b e d eemed t o b e t h e au t h ori tat i ve t ext t h ereo f i n t h e
En gli s h lan gu age u n d er t hi s art icle.
3 4 9. Specia l procedure f or ena ctm ent of certa i n l aw s rela ti ng to
l a ng ua g e.—Du rin g t h e p eri od of fi ft een years from t h e commen cement of
t h is Con s ti tu t i on, n o Bi ll or am en d men t maki n g p r ovi s i on for t h e lan gu age
t o b e u s ed for an y o f t h e p u rp os es ment i on ed i n clau s e (1 ) of art i cle 3 48
s h all b e in t rod u ced or moved in eit h er Hou s e of Parli amen t wi t h ou t t he
p revi ou s s an ct i on of t h e Pres i den t , and t h e Presi d en t sh all n o t gi ve h i s
s an cti on t o t h e i nt rod u cti on of an y s u ch Bi ll or t h e movi n g o f an y s u ch
amen d men t ex cept aft er h e h as t aken i n t o con si d erat i on th e
recommen d at i ons of t h e Commi ss i on con st i tu t ed un d er claus e (1) o f art i cle
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
3 4 4 an d th e rep ort of t h e Commi t t ee con st it u t ed un d er clau s e (4 ) o f t h at
art i cle.
C H AP T E R IV. —S P E C I A L D I R E C T I V E S
3 5 0. La ng uag e to be us ed i n repres enta ti ons f or redres s of
g ri eva nces .—Ever y p ers on s h all b e en t it led t o s u bmi t a rep res en t ati on for
t h e red ress of an y gri e van ce t o an y o ffi cer o r au t h ori t y o f t h e Un i on or a
St at e i n an y o f t h e lan gu ages u s ed i n t h e Un i on or i n t h e St at e, as t h e cas e
may b e.
3 5 0 A. Fa cil i ti es f or i ns tructi on i n m other -tong ue a t pri m a ry s ta g e. —
It s h all b e t h e en d eavou r of ever y St at e an d of ever y loca l au t h ori t y wi t h in
t h e St at e t o p rovi d e ad eq u at e faci li t i es for i n s t ru ct i on i n t h e mot h er -t on gu e
at t h e p ri mary s t age o f ed u cat i on t o ch i ld ren b elon gi n g t o li n gu i s t ic
mi n ori t y gr ou p s ; an d t he Pres i den t may i s s u e s u ch d i rect i ons to an y St at e
as h e con s id ers n eces s ary or p rop er for s ecu ri n g t h e p rovi s i on of s u ch
faci li t i es .
3 5 0B. Specia l Offi cer f or l i ngui s ti c m i nori ti es . —(1 ) Th ere sh all b e a
Sp eci al Offi cer for li n gu i s ti c min ori t i es t o b e ap p oin t ed b y t h e Pres i d en t .
(2 ) It s h all b e t h e du t y o f t h e Sp eci al Offi cer t o i n ves t i gat e all mat t ers
relat i n g t o t h e s afegu ard s p rovi d ed for li n gu i s t i c min ori t i es u nd er th i s
Con s t it ut i on an d rep ort t o the Pres id ent u p on t h os e matt ers at su ch
i n t ervals as th e Pres id ent may d i rect , an d t h e Presi d en t s h all cau s e all s u ch
rep ort s t o b e laid b efore each Hou s e of Par li ame n t , an d sen t t o th e
G overn men t s of t h e St at es con cern ed .
3 5 1. Di recti ve f or devel opm ent of the Hi ndi la ng ua g e. —It s h all b e t h e
d u t y of t h e Un i on t o p romot e the s p read of t h e Hin di lan gu age, t o d evelop
i t s o th at it may s erve as a med iu m of ex p res s i on for a l l t h e elemen t s of t h e
comp os i t e cu lt u re of In d i a an d t o s ecu re i t s en ri ch men t b y a s s i mi lat i n g
wi t h ou t i nt erferi n g wi t h it s geniu s , t h e forms , s t yle an d ex p res s ion s u s ed in
Hi n d us t an i and i n t h e ot h er lan gu ages of In d i a sp eci fi ed i n t h e Ei ght h
Sch ed u le, an d b y d rawi n g, wh erever n ecess ary or d es i rab le, for i t s
vocab u lar y, p ri mari l y on San s kri t and s econd ari ly on ot h er lan gu ages .
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
P ART XVI I I
EMERG ENCY PRO V IS IO NS
3 5 2. P rocl am a ti on of Em erg ency . —(1 ) If t h e Pres i d ent i s s ati sfi ed t h at
a grave emer gen c y ex i s t s wh ereb y t h e s ecu ri t y o f In d i a or o f a n y p art o f
t h e t erri t ory t h ereo f i s t h reat ened , wh et h er b y war or ex t ern al aggres s i on
or armed reb elli on , h e may, b y Proclamat i on , make a d eclarati on t o th at
effect i n res p ect of t h e wh ole of In d i a or o f s u ch p art of t h e t errit ory
t h ereof as may b e s p eci fi ed i n t he Proclamat i on .
Exp l a na ti on . —A Proclamat i on of Emergen c y d eclari n g t h at t h e s ecu rit y
o f In d i a or an y p art o f t h e t erri t ory t h ereof i s t h reat en ed b y war or b y
ex t ern al aggres s i on or b y arme d reb elli on ma y b e mad e b e fore t h e act u al
occu rren ce of war o r o f an y s u c h aggres s i on or reb elli on , i f t h e Pres i d ent
i s s at is fi ed t h at th ere is i mmi n ent d an ger t h ereof.
(2 ) A Proclamat i on i s s u ed un d er clau s e (1 ) may b e vari ed or rev oked b y
a s ub s equ ent Proclamat i on .
(3 ) Th e Presi d en t sh all n ot i ssu e a Proclamat i on u nd er clau s e (1 ) or a
Proclamat i on var yi n g s u ch Proclamat i on u n les s th e d ecis i on of t h e Un i on
Cab i n et (th at i s t o s ay, t h e Cou n ci l con si s ti n g of t h e Pri me Mi n is t er an d
ot h er Mi ni st ers of Cab i n et rank ap p oi n t ed un d er arti c le 7 5 ) th at su ch a
Proclamat i on ma y b e i s su ed h as b een commun i cat ed t o h i m i n wri t in g.
(4 ) Ever y Pr oclamat i on i s su ed un d er th is art icle s h all b e lai d b efore each
Hou s e o f Par li amen t an d s h all, ex cep t wh ere it i s a Proclamat i on revoki n g
a p revi ou s Proclamat i on , ceas e t o op erat e at th e exp i rat i on of on e mon th
u n les s b efore t h e exp i rati on o f t h at p eri od it h as b een ap p roved b y
res olu t i on s of b ot h Hou s es of Parli amen t :
Provi d ed t h at i f an y s u ch Proclamat i on (n ot b ein g a Proclamat i on
revo ki n g a p revi ou s Proc lama t i on ) i s i s su ed at a t i me wh en t he Hou s e o f
t h e Peop le h as b een d is s olved , or t h e d i s s olu t i on of t h e Ho u s e of t h e
Peop le t akes p lace d u ri n g t h e p eri od o f on e m on t h referred t o i n t h is
clau s e, an d i f a res olu t i on ap p rovi n g t h e Proclamat i on h as b een p ass ed b y
t h e Coun ci l of St at es , b ut n o res olu t i on wi th res p ect t o su ch Proclamat i on
h as been p as s ed b y t h e Hou s e o f t h e Peop le b efore t h e ex p i rat i on of t h at
p eri od , th e Proclamat i on s h all ceas e t o op erat e at th e exp i rati on of t h i rt y
d ays fr om t h e d at e on whi ch th e Hou s e of t h e Peop le fi rs t s it s aft er i ts
recon s t it u ti on , un les s b efore t h e ex p i rat i on of t h e s ai d p eri od of t h i rt y d a ys
a res olu t i on app rovi n g t h e Proclamat i on h as b een als o p as s ed by t h e Hou s e
o f t h e Peop le.
(5 ) A Pr oclamat i on s o ap p rove d s h all, u n l es s revoked , ceas e t o op erat e
on t h e ex pi rat i on of a p eri od of s i x mon t hs from t h e d at e of t h e p as si n g of
t h e s econd of t h e res olu t i ons app rovi n g t h e Proclamat i on un d er clau s e (4 ):
Provi d ed t h at i f an d s o oft en as a res olu t i on ap p rovi n g t h e con t i nu an ce
i n force o f s u ch a Proclamat i on i s p ass ed b y b ot h Hou s es of Parl i amen t th e
Proclamat i on s h all, u n less revoked , con t in u e in force for a fu rt h er p eri od
153
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
o f s i x mon t h s from t h e d at e on wh i ch i t wou ld ot h erwi s e h ave ceas ed t o
op erat e u nd er th is clau s e:
Provi d ed fu rt h er t h at i f t h e d i s solu t i on o f t h e H ou s e o f t h e Peo p le t akes
p lace d u rin g an y s u ch p eri od of s i x mon th s an d a res olu t i on app rovi n g t h e
con t i nu an ce in force o f s u ch Proclamat i on h as b een p as s ed b y th e Cou n ci l
o f St at es bu t n o res olu t i on wi t h res p ect t o t h e con ti nu an ce i n force o f s u ch
Proclamat i on h as b een p as s ed by t h e Hou s e o f t h e Peop le d u ri n g t h e s aid
p eri od , t h e Proclamat i on sh all ceas e t o op erat e at th e ex pi rat ion of t h i rt y
d ays fr om t h e d at e on whi ch th e Hou s e of t h e Peop le fi rs t s it s aft er i ts
recon s t it u ti on un les s b efore t h e ex pi rat i on of t h e s ai d p eri od of t h i rt y
d ays , a res olu t i on ap p rovi n g t h e con t i nu an ce i n force o f t h e Proclamat i on
h as b een als o p as s ed b y t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le.
(6 ) For t h e p u rp os es of clau s es (4 ) an d (5 ), a res olu t i on m ay b e p as s ed
b y ei t h er Hou s e of Parli amen t on l y b y a maj ori t y o f t h e t ot al memb ers hi p
o f t h at Hous e and b y a maj ori t y o f n ot les s t h an t wo -t h i rds of t he Memb ers
o f t h at Hou s e p res ent and vot i n g.
(7 ) Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g con t ai n ed i n t h e foreg oi n g clau s es , th e
Pres i d en t s h all revo ke a Pro clamat i on i ss u ed un d er claus e (1 ) or a
Proclamat i on var yi n g s u ch Proclamat i on i f t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le p as s es
a res olu t i on d i s ap p rovi n g, or, as t h e cas e may b e, d i s ap provi n g t h e
con t i nu an ce i n force o f, s u ch Proclamat i on .
(8 ) Wh ere a n ot i ce i n wri ti n g si gn ed b y n ot les s t h an on e -t en th of t h e
t ot al n u mb er of memb ers of t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le h as b een gi ven , of
t h ei r in t ent i on t o move a res olut i on for d i s ap p rovi n g, or, as t he cas e may
b e, for d i s ap p rovi n g th e con t inu an ce in force o f, a Pr oclamat i on i s su ed
u n d er clau s e (1 ) or a Proclamat ion var yi n g s u ch Proclamat i on , —
(a ) t o t h e Sp eaker, i f t h e Hou s e i s in s es si on ; or
(b ) t o t h e Pres id ent , i f t h e Hou se i s n ot in s es s i on ,
a s p eci al s it t in g of t h e Hou s e sh all b e h eld wi t h i n fou rt een d ays fr om t h e
d at e on wh i ch su ch n ot i ce i s recei ved b y t h e Sp eaker, or, as t h e cas e ma y
b e, b y t h e Presi d en t , for t h e pu rp os e of con s i d eri n g su ch res olu t i on .
(9 ) Th e p ower c on ferred on t h e Pres i d en t b y t h i s art i cle s h all i nclu d e t h e
p ower t o i s s u e d i fferen t Procl amat i on s on d i fferen t grou n d s , b ei n g war
or ex t ern al ag gres s i on or arme d reb elli on or i mmi n ent d an ger o f war or
ex t ern al aggres s i on or armed reb elli on , wh et h er or n ot t h ere i s a
Proclamat i on alread y i s s u ed by t h e Pres i d ent un d er c laus e (1) an d s u ch
Proclamat i on i s in op erati on .
*
*
*
*
*
3 5 3. Eff ect of P rocl am a ti on of Em erg ency. —Wh i le a Proclamat i on
o f Emergen c y i s i n op erat i on, then —
(a ) n ot wi t hs t an d in g an yt h i n g i n t h is Con s ti t ut i o n , th e ex ecut i ve
p ower o f t h e Un i on s h all ex t en d t o t h e gi vi n g o f d i rect i on s t o an y St at e
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
as t o t h e man n er i n wh i ch th e ex ecu ti ve p ower
t h ereof i s t o b e
ex erci s ed ;
(b ) t h e p ower o f Parli amen t t o make la ws wi t h res p ect t o an y m at t er
s h all i n clu d e p ower t o make laws con ferri n g p owers an d imp os i n g
d u ti es , or au th ori si n g th e con ferri n g of p owers an d t h e i mp os i ti on of
d u ti es , up on t h e Un i on or offi cers an d aut h ori ti es of t h e Un i on as
res p ects th at matt er, n ot wit hst an di n g th at it is on e whi ch i s n ot
en u merat ed in th e Uni on Li s t :
Provi d ed t h at wh ere a Proclamat i on of Emergen c y i s i n op erat i on on ly
i n an y p art of t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a, —
(i ) t h e ex ecut i ve p ower of t h e U n i on t o gi ve d i rect i ons un d er clau s e
(a ), and
(i i ) th e p ower of Parli amen t t o make laws u n d er clau s e (b ),
s h all als o ex t en d t o an y St at e oth er th an a St at e in whi ch or in an y p art of
wh i ch t h e Proclamat i on of Em ergen c y i s in op erati on i f and in s o far as
t h e s ecu rit y o f In d i a or an y p a rt of t h e t erri t ory t h ereo f i s t h reat en ed b y
act i vi t i es i n or i n relat i on t o th e p art of t h e t errit ory o f In d i a i n wh i ch th e
Proclamat i on o f Emergen c y i s i n op erat i on .
3 5 4. Appl i ca ti on of provi s i ons rel a ti ng to di s tri buti on of revenues
w hi l e a P rocl am a ti on of Em erg ency is i n opera ti on. —(1 ) The Pres i d ent
may, wh i le a Proclamat i on of Emergen c y i s in op erat i on , b y ord er d i rect
t h at all or an y o f t h e p rovi s i on s of art i cles 2 68 t o 2 79 s h all for s u ch
p eri od , n ot ex t en di n g i n an y c as e b eyon d t h e ex pi rati on of t h e fi n an ci al
yea r i n wh i ch su ch Proclamat i on ceas es t o op erat e, as may b e sp eci fi ed in
t h e ord er, h ave effect s u bj ect t o s u ch ex cept i on s or mod i fi cati on s as h e
t h in ks fi t .
(2 ) Ever y ord er mad e u n d er clau s e (1 ) s h all, as s oon as ma y b e a ft er i t i s
mad e, b e lai d b efore each Hou s e of Par li amen t .
3 5 5. Duty of the Uni on to pro tect Sta tes a g ai ns t externa l a gg res si on
a nd i nternal dis turba nce. —It s h all b e t h e d ut y o f t h e Un i on t o p rot ect
ever y St at e a gai n s t ext ern al aggres s i on an d i nt ern al d is tu rb an ce an d t o
en s u re th at th e govern men t o f e ver y St at e i s carri ed on i n accord an ce wi t h
t h e p rovi s i on s of t h i s Con s ti tu t ion .
3 5 6. P rovi s i ons i n ca s e of fa i l ure of cons ti tuti ona l m a chi nery in
Sta tes . —(1 ) If t h e Pres i d ent , on recei p t of a rep ort fr om t h e G overn or o f a
St at e or ot h erwi s e, is s at i s fi ed t h at a s i tu ati on h as ari s en in wh i ch th e
G overn men t of t h e St at e cann ot b e carri ed on in accord an ce wi t h t he
p rovi s i on s of t h i s Con s ti tu t i on, th e Pres id ent may b y Pr oclamat i o n —
(a ) as s u me t o h ims elf a ll or an y o f t h e fu n ct i on s of t h e G overn ment
o f t h e St at e and all or an y o f t h e p owers ves t ed i n or ex ercis ab le b y t h e
G overn or or an y b od y o r au t h ori t y i n th e St at e
ot h er th an t h e
Le gi s lat u re of t h e St at e;
(b ) d eclare t h at th e p owers of t h e Legi s lat u re of t h e St at e s h all b e
ex erci s ab le b y or u n d er t h e au thori t y o f Parli amen t ;
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(c) make s u ch i n cid en t al an d con s eq u en ti al p rovi s i on s as ap p ear t o
t h e Pres i d en t t o b e n ecess ary or d es i rab le for gi vi n g effec t t o th e
ob j ect s of t h e Proc lamat i on , i n clu di n g p rovi s i on s for s u s p en d in g i n
wh ole or i n p art t h e op erat i on o f an y p ro vi s i on s of t h i s Cons t it u ti on
relat i n g t o an y b od y or au t h ori t y i n t h e St at e:
Provi d ed t h at n ot hi n g i n t hi s clau s e s h all au t h ori s e t h e Presi d ent t o
as s u me t o hi ms elf an y o f t h e p owers ves t ed in or ex ercis ab le b y a Hi gh
Cou rt , or t o s u s p en d in wh ole o r i n p art th e op erat i on of an y p rovi s i on o f
t h is Con st i tu ti on relat i n g t o Hi gh Cou rt s.
(2 ) An y s u ch Proclamat i on may b e revo ked or va ri ed b y a s u b s equ ent
Proclamat i on .
(3 ) Ever y Proclamat i on u n d er t h is arti cle sh all b e lai d b efor e each
Hou s e o f Par li amen t an d s h all, ex cep t wh ere it i s a Proclamat i on revoki n g
a p revi ou s Proclamat i on , ceas e t o op erat e at t h e ex pi rat i on of t wo mon t h s
u n les s b efore t h e exp i rati on o f t h at p eri od it h as b een ap p roved b y
res olu t i on s of b ot h Hou s es of Parli amen t :
Provi d ed t h at i f an y s u ch Proclamat i on (n ot b ein g a Proclamat i on
revo ki n g a p revi ou s Proc lamat i on ) i s i s su ed at a t i me wh en t he Hou s e o f
t h e Peop le i s d i s s olved or t h e d i s s olu t i on of t h e H ou s e o f t h e P eop le t akes
p lace d u rin g t h e p eri od of t wo mon t h s referred t o i n th i s clau se, an d i f a
res olu t i on app rovi n g t h e Procla mat i on h as b een p as s ed b y t h e Cou n ci l of
St at es , b ut n o res olu t i on wi th res p ect t o s u ch Proclamat i on h as b een
p as s ed b y t h e Hou s e of t h e People b efore t h e ex pi rat i on of t h at p eri od , t he
Proclamat i on s h all ceas e t o op e rat e at t h e ex pi rat i on of t h i rt y d ays from
t h e d at e on wh i ch t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le fi rs t s i ts aft er i t s recon s t it u ti on
u n les s b efore t h e ex p i rati on of t h e s ai d p eri od of t h i rt y d a ys a res olu t i on
ap p rovi n g t h e Proclamat i on h as b een als o p ass ed b y t h e Ho u s e of t h e
Peop le.
(4 ) A Proclamat i on s o ap p roved s h all, u n les s revoked , ceas e t o op erat e
on t h e ex pi rat i on of a p eri od of s i x mon th s from t h e d at e of i s s u e of t h e
Proclamat i on :
Provi d ed t h at i f an d s o oft en as a res olu t i on ap p rovi n g t h e con t i nu an ce
i n force o f s u ch a P roclamat i on i s p ass ed b y b ot h Hou s es of Parli amen t ,
t h e Proclamat i on s h all, u n les s revo ked , con t i nu e i n force fo r a fu rt h er
p eri od of s i x mon t hs from t h e d at e on wh i ch u nd er t hi s claus e i t wou ld
ot h erwi s e h ave ceas ed t o op erat e, bu t n o su ch Proclamat i on s hall i n an y
cas e remain in force for m ore t h an t h ree years :
Provi d ed fu rt h er t h at i f t h e d i s solu t i on o f t h e H ou s e o f t h e Peo p le t akes
p lace d u rin g an y s u ch p eri od of s i x mon th s an d a res olu t i on app rovi n g t h e
con t i nu an ce in force o f s u ch Proclamat i on h as b een p as s ed b y th e Cou n ci l
o f St at es , bu t n o res olu t i on with res p ect t o t h e cont in u an ce in force o f
s u ch Proclamat i on has b een p ass ed b y t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le d u rin g t h e
s ai d p eri od , t h e Proclamat i on sh all ceas e t o op erat e at t h e exp i rati on of
t h i rt y d a ys from t h e d at e on wh ich t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le fi rs t s i ts aft er
i t s recons ti t ut i on u n less b efore t h e ex pi rat i on of t h e s aid p eri od of t h i rt y
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
d ays a res olu t i on app rovi n g t h e con t i nu an ce in force o f t h e Proclamat i on
h as b een als o p as s ed b y t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le:
Provi d ed als o t h at i n t h e case o f t h e Proclamat i on i s s u ed un der clau s e
(1 ) on t h e 11 t h d ay o f Ma y, 1 9 8 7 wi t h resp ect t o th e St at e of P u n j ab , th e
referen ce i n t h e fi rs t p rovi s o t o t h i s clau s e t o “t h ree years ” s h all b e
con s t ru ed as a refer en ce t o fi ve yea rs .
(5 ) Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g con t ai n ed in clau s e (4 ), a res olu t i on wi th
res p ect t o th e con ti nu an ce in force o f a Proclamat i on ap p roved u nd er
clau s e (3 ) for an y p eri od b e yon d t h e ex pi rat i on of on e year fro m t h e d at e
o f i s s u e of s u ch Proc lamat i on s h all n ot b e p as s ed b y ei t h er Hou s e of
Parli amen t un les s —
(a ) a Proclamat i on of Emer gen cy i s i n op erati on , i n t h e wh ole o f
In d i a or, as t h e cas e may b e, i n th e wh ole or an y p art o f t h e St at e, at t he
t i me of t h e p as s in g of s u ch res olu t i on , and
(b ) th e Elect i on Commi ss i on cert i fi es t h at th e con t in u an ce in force o f
t h e Proclamat i on ap p roved u n d er clau s e (3 ) d u ri n g t h e p eri od sp eci fi ed
i n su ch res olu t i on i s n eces s ary on accou n t of d i ffi cu lt i es i n h old i n g
gen eral elect i on s t o t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e St at e con cern ed :
Provi d ed t h at n ot h in g in th is clau s e sh all ap p ly t o t h e Proclamat i on
i s su ed u nd er clau s e (1 ) on th e 1 1 th d ay o f Ma y, 1 9 8 7 wi t h resp ect t o t h e
St at e of Pu n j ab .
3 5 7. Exerci s e of l eg is l a ti ve po w ers under P rocla ma ti on i ss ued under
a rti cl e 3 56 . — (1 ) Wh ere b y a Proclamat i on i s su ed u nd er clau s e (1 ) of
art i cle 3 5 6 , it h as b een d eclared t h at th e p owers of t h e Legi s l at u re of t h e
St at e sh all b e ex erci s ab le b y or u n d er t h e au th ori t y o f Parli ame n t , it sh all
b e comp et en t —
(a ) for Par li amen t t o con f er on t h e Presi d en t t h e p ower o f t h e
Le gi s lat u re of t h e St at e t o make laws , an d t o au th ori s e t h e Presi d ent t o
d elegat e, s u b j ect t o s u ch con d iti on s as h e may t h i n k fi t t o i mpos e, t h e
p ower s o con ferred t o an y ot h er au th ori t y t o b e sp eci fi ed b y h im i n th at
b eh alf;
(b ) for Parli amen t , or for t h e P res i d en t or ot h er au th ori t y i n wh om
s u ch p ower t o make laws i s vest ed u nd er s ub -clau s e ( a ), t o make laws
con ferri n g p owers an d i mp os i n g d ut i es , or au th ori s in g t h e con ferri n g of
p owers an d th e i mp os it i on of d u ti es , u p o n t h e Uni on or offi cers an d
au t h orit i es t h ereof;
(c) for t h e Pres id ent t o au t h oris e wh en t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le i s
n ot i n s ess i on exp end i tu re fro m t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of t h e St at e
p en di n g th e s an cti on of s u ch expen d it u re b y Parli amen t .
(2 ) An y la w mad e i n ex erci s e o f t h e p ower o f t h e Le gi s lat u re o f t h e
St at e b y Parli amen t or t h e Pres id en t or ot h er au t h orit y re ferred t o i n su b clau s e ( a ) of clau s e (1 ) wh i ch Parli amen t or t he Pres id ent or s u ch ot h er
au t h orit y w ou ld n ot , b u t for t h e i s su e of a Proc lamat i on u n d er art i cle 3 56 ,
h ave b een comp et en t t o make sh all, aft er t h e Proclamat i on h as ceas ed t o
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
op erat e, con t in u e i n force u n ti l alt ered or rep ealed or amen d ed b y a
comp et en t Legi s lat u re or ot h er au t h orit y.
3 5 8. Sus pensi on of provi s i ons of a rti cl e 1 9 duri ng em e rg encies . —(1 )
Wh i le a Proclamat i on o f Emerg en cy d eclari n g t h at t h e s ecu rit y o f In d i a or
an y p art o f t h e t erri t or y t h ereo f i s t h reat en ed b y war or b y ex t ern al
aggres s i on i s in op erati on , n oth in g i n art i cle 19 s h all res t ri ct the p ower of
t h e St at e as d efi n ed i n Part III t o make an y law or t o t ake an y ex ecut i ve
act i on whi ch t h e St at e wou ld bu t for t h e p rovi s i on s con t ain ed i n t h at Part
b e comp et ent t o make or t o t ak e, b u t an y law s o mad e s h all, t o t h e ex t ent
o f t h e in comp et en cy, ceas e t o h ave effect as s oon as t h e Proclamat i on
ceas es t o op erat e, ex cep t as res p ects th in gs d on e or omi tt ed t o b e d on e
b efore t h e law s o ceas es t o h ave effect :
Provi d ed t h at wh ere s u ch Proclamat i on o f Emergen c y i s i n o p erat i on
on l y i n an y p art o f t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a, an y s u ch law m ay b e mad e, or an y
s u ch ex ecu ti ve act i on may b e t a ken , u n d er th is art i cle i n relat ion t o or i n
an y St at e or Un i on t errit ory i n whi ch or in an y p art of wh i ch t h e
Proclamat i on o f Emer gen cy i s n ot i n op erat i on , i f an d in s o far as t h e
s ecu rit y o f In d i a or an y p art o f t h e t erri t or y t h ereo f i s t h reat en ed b y
act i vi t i es i n or i n relat i on t o t he p art of t h e t erri t or y o f In d i a in wh i ch th e
Proclamat i on o f Emergen c y i s i n op erat i on .
(2 ) Not h i n g in clau s e (1 ) sh all ap p ly —
(a ) t o an y law wh i ch d oes n ot con t ain a recit a l t o t h e effect t h at
s u ch law i s i n relati on t o th e Proclamat i on o f Emer gen c y i n op erat i on
wh en it i s mad e; or
(b ) t o an y ex ecu t i ve act i on taken ot h erwi s e th an un d er a law
con t ai ni n g su ch a reci t al.
3 5 9. Sus pens i on of the enf orcem ent of the rig hts conf erre d by P a rt
I I I duri ng em erg enci es . —(1 ) Wh ere a Proc lamat i on o f Emer gen cy i s i n
op erat i on , th e Pres id en t may b y ord er d eclare t h at t h e ri gh t to mo ve an y
cou rt for t h e en forcemen t o f s u ch of t h e ri gh t s con ferred b y Pa rt III
(ex cep t art i cles 20 an d 2 1 ) as ma y b e men t i on ed i n t h e order an d all
p roceed i n gs p en d in g in an y cou rt for t h e en forcemen t of t h e ri gh t s s o
men t i on ed sh all remai n s u sp en d ed for t h e p eri od du ri n g wh i ch th e
Proclamat i on i s i n force or for s u ch sh ort er p eri od as may b e sp eci fi ed in
t h e ord er.
(1 A) Wh i le an ord er mad e u n d er clau s e (1 ) men t i oni n g an y o f t h e ri gh t s
con ferred b y Part III (ex cep t art i cles 2 0 an d 2 1 ) i s i n op erat i on , n ot h in g in
t h at Part con ferri n g t h os e ri gh ts s h all res t ri ct t h e p ower o f t h e St at e as
d efi n ed in t h e s aid Part t o make an y law or t o t ake an y ex ecu t i ve act i on
wh i ch t h e St at e wou ld bu t for t h e p rovi s i ons cont ain ed i n th at Part b e
comp et en t t o make or t o t ake, bu t an y la w s o mad e sh all, t o t he ex t en t of
t h e in comp et en cy, ceas e t o h ave effect as s oon as t h e ord er afo res ai d
ceas es t o op erat e, ex cep t as res p ects th in gs d on e or omi tt ed t o b e d on e
b efore t h e law s o ceas es t o h ave effect :
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Provi d ed th at wh ere a Proclamat i on of Emergen c y i s i n op erat i on on ly i n
an y p art o f t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a, an y s u ch law ma y b e mad e, o r an y s u c h
ex ecu ti ve act i on may b e t aken , u nd er th is arti cle i n relat i on to or i n an y
St at e or Un i on t erri t ory i n wh i ch or i n an y p art of wh i ch th e Proclamat i on
o f Emergen c y i s n ot i n op erati on, i f an d i n s o far as t h e s ecu ri t y o f In d i a or
an y p art o f t h e t erri t or y t h ereo f i s t h reat en ed b y act i vi t i es i n or i n relat i on
t o t h e p art of t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a i n whi ch t h e Procla mat i on of
Emergen c y i s i n op erat i on .
(1 B) Not h i n g in clau s e (1 A) sh all ap p l y —
(a ) t o an y law wh i ch d oes n ot con t ain a recit al t o t h e effect t h at
s u ch law i s i n relati on t o th e Proclamat i on o f Emer gen c y i n op erat i on
wh en it i s mad e; or
(b ) t o an y ex ecu t i ve act i on taken ot h erwi s e th an un d er a law
con t ai ni n g su ch a reci t al.
(2 ) An ord er mad e as afores ai d may ex t en d t o th e wh ole or an y p art of
t h e t er ri t ory o f In d i a:
Provi d ed th at wh ere a Proclamat i on of Emergen c y i s i n op erat i on on ly i n
a p art of t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a, an y s u ch ord er sh all n ot ex t en d to an y ot h er
p art of t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a u nles s th e Presi d en t , b ei n g s at is fi ed th at th e
s ecu rit y o f In d i a or an y p art o f t h e t erri t or y t h ereo f i s t h reat en ed b y
act i vi t i es i n or i n relat i on t o t he p art of t h e t erri t or y o f In d i a in wh i ch th e
Proclamat i on o f Emer gen c y i s i n op erat i on , con s id ers su ch ex t en s i on t o b e
n eces s ary.
(3 ) Ever y ord er mad e u n d er cl au s e (1 ) s h all, as s oon as ma y b e a ft er i t i s
mad e, b e lai d b efore each Hou s e of Par li amen t .
3 5 9 A. [Ap pl i ca t io n of t hi s Pa rt t o t h e St at e o f Pu nj ab . ] Rep . b y t h e
Co n st it ut i on (Si xt y -t h ir d Amendmen t ) Act , 19 89 , s. 3 (w.e.f . 6 -1 -1 9 90 ).
3 6 0. P rovi s i ons a s to fi na ncia l em erg ency . —(1 ) If t h e Pres i d en t i s
s at is fi ed th at a s it u at i on h as ari sen wh ereb y t h e fi n an ci al st abi li ty or cred i t
o f In d i a or o f an y p art o f t h e t erri t ory t h ereo f i s t h reat en ed , he ma y b y a
Proclamat i on make a d eclarat i on t o t h at effect .
(2 ) A Proclamat i on i s su ed u nd er clau s e (1 ) —
(a ) may b e revo ked or vari ed b y a s ub s equ ent Proclamat i on ;
(b ) s h all b e lai d b efore each Ho u s e of Parli amen t ;
(c) s h all ceas e t o op erat e at t he ex pi rat i on of t wo mon t h s , u nles s
b efore t h e ex p i rat i on of t h at p eri od i t h a s b een ap p roved b y res olu t i on s
o f b ot h Hou s es of Parli amen t :
Provi d ed t h at i f an y s u ch Proc lamat i on i s i ss u ed at a t i me wh en th e
Hou s e o f t h e Peop le h as b een d is s olved or t h e d i s s olu t i on of t h e Hou s e o f
t h e Peop le t akes p lace d u ri n g the p eri od of t wo m on t h s referred t o i n su b clau s e ( c), an d i f a res olu t i on ap p rovi n g t h e Proclamat i on h as been p ass ed
b y t h e Cou n ci l o f St at es , b u t n o res olu t i on wi th res p ect t o s u ch
Proclamat i on h as b een p as s ed b y t h e Hou s e of t h e Peop le b efore t h e
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
ex p i rat i on of t h at p eri od , t h e Proclamat i on s h all ceas e t o op erat e at t h e
ex p i rat i on of t h i rt y d a ys from t h e d at e on wh i ch th e Hou s e o f t h e Peop le
fi rs t s i ts aft er i t s recon s ti tu t i on u n less b efore t h e ex p i rat i on o f t h e s ai d
p eri od of t h i rt y d a ys a res olu t i on ap p rovi n g th e Proclamat i o n h as b een als o
p as s ed b y t h e Hou s e of t h e People.
(3 ) Du ri n g t h e p eri od an y s u ch Proclamat i on as i s ment i on ed in clau s e
(1 ) is in op erati on , t h e ex ecu t i ve au th ori t y o f t h e Un i on sh all ex t end t o t h e
gi vi n g o f d i rect i on s t o an y St at e t o ob s erve s u ch can on s of fi n an ci al
p rop ri et y as may b e s p eci fi ed in th e di rect i ons , an d t o t h e gi vi n g of s u ch
ot h er d i recti on s as t h e Pres i d en t may d eem n eces s ary an d ad eq uat e for t h e
p u rp os e.
(4 ) Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g i n t h is Con st i tu ti on —
(a ) an y s u ch d i recti on may i n clu d e —
(i ) a p rovi s i on req ui ri n g t h e red u cti on of s alari es an d all owa n ces
o f al l or an y c las s o f p ers on s servi n g i n con n ecti on wi t h th e affai rs
o f a St at e;
(i i ) a p rovi s i on requ i rin g all Mon e y Bi l ls or ot h er Bi l ls t o w h i ch
t h e p rovi s i ons of art i cle 2 0 7 ap p ly t o b e res erved for t h e
con s i d erat i on of t h e Pres i d en t aft er t h ey are p as s ed b y t h e
Le gi s lat u re of t h e St at e;
(b ) i t s h all b e comp et en t for t h e Pres id ent du rin g t h e p eri od an y
Proclamat i on i s s u ed u nd er t hi s art i cle i s i n op erati on t o i s s u e d irect i on s
for t h e redu ct i on of s alari es an d allowan ces of a ll or an y clas s of
p ers on s s ervin g i n con n ecti on wi t h t h e affai rs o f t h e Un i on i n clu d in g
t h e Ju d ges of t h e Su p reme Cou rt an d t h e Hi gh Cou rt s .
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PART XIX
MISCELLANEOUS
3 6 1. P rotecti on o f P res i dent and Governors a nd Ra jpram ukhs . —(1 )
Th e Pres id ent , or t h e G overn or or Raj p ramu kh of a St at e, sh all n ot b e
an s werab le t o an y cou rt for t h e ex erci s e an d p erforman ce o f t h e p owers and
d u ti es of h i s o ffi ce or for an y a ct d on e or p u rp ort i n g t o b e d on e b y h i m i n
t h e ex erci s e an d p erforman ce of t h os e p owers an d d ut i es :
Provi d ed t h at th e cond u ct of t h e Pres i d en t may b e b rou gh t u nd er revi ew
b y an y c ou rt , t ri bu n al or b od y a p p oi nt ed or d esi gn at ed b y ei t h er Hou s e o f
Parli amen t for t h e i n vest i gat i on o f a ch ar ge u n d er art i cle 61 :
Provi d ed fu rt h er t h at n ot h in g i n t hi s clau s e sh all b e con s t ru ed as
res t ri cti n g t h e ri gh t of an y p ers on t o b ri n g ap p rop ri at e p roceed in gs agai n st
t h e G overn men t of In d i a or t h e G overn men t of a St at e.
(2 ) No cri mi n al p roceed i n gs what s oeve r s h all b e in st i tu t ed or con t i nu ed
agai n s t th e Pres i d en t , or t h e G overn or o f a St at e, i n an y c ou rt d u rin g h is
t erm of o ffi ce.
(3 ) No p roces s for t h e arres t o r i mp ri s on men t of t h e Pres i d ent , or t h e
G overn or o f a St at e, s h all i s su e fr om an y c ou rt d u ri n g h is t erm of o ffi ce.
(4 ) No ci vi l p roceed i n gs i n wh i ch reli ef i s clai med agai n st th e Pres i d en t,
or t h e G overn or of a St at e, s h all b e i ns t it ut ed d u ri n g hi s t erm of o ffi ce i n
an y cou rt i n res p ect of an y act d on e or p u rp ort in g t o b e d on e b y h i m i n h i s
p ers on al cap aci t y, wh et h er b efore or a ft er h e en t ered u p on hi s offi ce as
Pres i d en t , or as G overn or o f s u ch St at e, un ti l t h e ex pi rati on of t wo m on t h s
n ex t aft er n ot i ce in wri ti n g h as b een d eli vered t o t h e Pres iden t or th e
G overn or, as th e cas e may b e, or left at h i s of fi ce s t at in g t h e n at u re of t h e
p roceed i n gs , t h e cau s e of act i on t h erefor, t h e n ame, d es cri pt i on and p lace
o f res i d en ce of t h e p art y b y w h om s u ch p roceed i n gs are t o be i ns t it ut ed
an d t h e reli ef wh i ch h e clai ms .
3 6 1 A. P rotecti on of publ i ca tion of proceedi ng s of Pa rli ament a nd
Sta te Leg i sl a tures . —(1 ) No p ers on s h all b e li ab le t o an y p roceed i n gs ,
ci vi l or cri mi n al, i n an y cou rt i n res p ect of t h e p u b li cat i on in a n ews p ap er
o f a s u b s t an t i ally t ru e rep ort o f an y p r oceed i n gs of ei t h er Hou s e o f
Parli amen t or t h e Leg i s lat i ve As s emb ly, o r, as t h e cas e may b e, ei th er
Hou s e of t h e Legi s lat u re, of a St at e, u n les s t h e pu b li cati on is p roved t o
h ave b een mad e wi th mali ce:
Provi d ed t h at n ot hi n g i n th i s clau s e s h all ap p ly t o t h e p u b li cat i on o f an y
rep ort of t h e p roceed i n gs o f a s ecret s i tt in g o f ei t h er Hou s e of Parli amen t
or t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb l y, or , as th e cas e may b e, ei t h er Hou s e of t h e
Le gi s lat u re, of a St at e.
161
165
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2 ) Clau s e (1 ) s h all ap p ly i n rel at i on t o rep ort s or mat t ers b road cas t b y
mean s of wi reles s t elegrap h y as p ar t of an y p rogramme or s ervi ce p rovi d ed
b y mean s of a b road cas ti n g st at i on as it ap p li es in relat i on t o rep ort s or
mat t ers p ub li sh ed i n a n ews p ap er.
Explanation.—In this article, “newspaper” includes a news agency report containing
material for publication in a newspaper.
3 61B . Dis qual if i ca ti on f or a ppoi ntm ent on rem unera ti ve pol i ti cal
pos t. —A memb er of a Hou s e b elon gi n g t o an y p oli t i cal p art y wh o i s
d i sq u ali fi ed for b ei n g a memb er o f t h e Hou s e u n d er p aragraph 2 of t h e
Ten t h Sch edu le s h all als o b e d is qu al i fi ed t o h old an y remu n erati ve
p oli t i cal p os t for d u rat i on of t he p eri od commen ci n g from t h e d at e of h i s
d i sq u ali fi cat i on t i ll t h e d at e on wh i ch t h e t erm of h i s offi ce as s u ch
memb er wou ld exp i re or t i ll t h e d at e on wh i ch h e con t es ts an elect i on t o a
Hou s e an d i s d eclared elect ed , wh i ch ever i s earli er.
Exp l an a ti on .- For t h e pu rp os es o f t h i s art i cle, —
(a ) th e ex p ress i on “Hou s e” h as t h e mean in g as si gn ed t o it i n
clau s e (a) of p aragrap h 1 of t h e Ten t h Sch edu le;
(b ) t h e ex p res si on “remu n erat i ve p ol i t i cal p ost ” mean s an y
o ffi ce—
(i ) u n d er t h e G overn men t of In d i a or t h e G overn men t of a
St at e wh ere th e s alary or remu n erat i on for s u ch o ffi ce i s p aid ou t
o f t h e p u b li c reven u e of t h e G overn men t of In d i a or t h e
G overn men t of t h e St at e, as t h e cas e may b e; or
(i i ) u nd er a b od y, wh et h er in corp orat ed or n ot , wh i ch is
wh ol l y or p art i all y own ed b y t h e G overn ment of In d i a or t h e
G overn men t of t h e St at e, an d th e s alary or remu n erat i on for s u ch
o ffi ce i s p ai d b y s u ch b od y,
ex cep t wh ere su ch s alary or rem u n erati on p ai d i s comp en s at ory i n n at u re.
362. [Rights and privileges of Rulers of Indian States.] Rep. by the Constitution (Twentysixth Amendment) Act, 1971, s. 2.
363. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties,
agreements, etc.—(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution but subject to the
provisions of article 143, neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall have
jurisdiction in any dispute arising out of any provision of a treaty, agreement, covenant,
engagement, sanad or other similar instrument which was entered into or executed before the
commencement of this Constitution by any Ruler of an Indian State and to which the
Government of the Dominion of India or any of its predecessor Governments was a party and
which has or has been continued in operation after such commencement, or in any dispute in
respect of any right accruing under or any liability or obligation arising out of any of the
provisions of this Constitution relating to any such treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement,
sanad or other similar instrument.
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(2) In this article—
(a) “Indian State” means any territory recognised before the commencement of this
Constitution by His Majesty or the Government of the Dominion of India as being such a
State; and
(b) “Ruler” includes the Prince, Chief or other person recognised before such
commencement by His Majesty or the Government of the Dominion of India as the Ruler
of any Indian State.
363A. Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy purses to be
abolished.—Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution or in any law for the time being in
force—
(a) the Prince, Chief or other person who, at any time before the commencement of
the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971, was recognised by the President
as the Ruler of an Indian State or any person who, at any time before such
commencement, was recognised by the President as the successor of such ruler shall, on
and from such commencement, cease to be recognised as such Ruler or the successor of
such Ruler;
(b) on and from the commencement of the Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment)
Act, 1971, privy purse is abolished and all rights, liabilities and obligations in respect of
privy purse are extinguished and accordingly the Ruler or, as the case may be, the
successor of such Ruler, referred to in clause (a) or any other person shall not be paid any
sum as privy purse.
3 6 4. Specia l provi s i ons a s to m a jor ports a nd a erodrom es . —(1 )
Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g i n t h is Con s ti t ut i on , t h e Presi d en t may b y p u b li c
n ot i fi cat i on di rect th at as fro m s u ch d at e as may b e s p ecifi ed i n th e
n ot i fi cat i on —
(a ) an y law mad e b y Par li amen t or b y t h e Legi s lat u re o f a St at e
s h all n ot ap p l y t o an y maj or p ort or aer od rome or s h all ap p l y t h eret o
s u bj ect t o su ch ex cept i ons or mod i fi cat i on s as may b e sp eci fi ed in th e
n ot i fi cat i on , or
(b ) an y ex i s t in g law s h al l ceas e t o h ave e ffect i n an y maj or p or t or
aerod rome ex cep t as res p ects t hi n gs d on e or omi t t ed t o b e d one b efore
t h e s ai d d at e, or s h all i n i ts appli cat i on t o s u ch p ort or aerod ro me h ave
effect s u b j ect t o s u ch ex cep ti on s or m od i fi cat i on s as may b e s p eci fi ed i n
t h e n ot i fi cat i on .
(2 ) In t h is arti cle —
(a ) “maj or p ort ” means a p ort d eclared t o b e a maj or p ort by or
u n d er an y law mad e b y Par li amen t or an y ex i s t in g law an d i n clu d es all
areas for t h e t i me b ei n g in clu d ed wi t hi n t h e li mi ts of s u ch p ort ;
(b ) “aerod rome” mean s aerod rome as d efi n ed for t h e pu rp os es of t h e
en act men t s relati n g t o ai rways , ai rcraft an d ai r n avi gat i on .
3 6 5. Ef f ect of f a il ure to com ply w i th, or to g i ve eff ect to, directi ons
g i ven by the Uni on. —Wh ere an y St at e h as fai led t o comp l y wi t h , or t o
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
gi ve effect t o, an y d i rect i ons given i n t h e ex ercis e of t h e ex ecut i ve p ower
o f t h e Un i on u nd er an y o f t h e p rovi s i on s of t h i s Con st i tu ti on , i t s h all b e
law fu l for t h e Pres i d ent t o h ol d t h at a s it u at i on h as aris en in wh i ch t h e
G overn men t of t h e St at e cannot b e carri ed on i n accord an ce wi t h t h e
p rovi s i on s of t h i s Con s ti tu t i on.
3 6 6. Defi ni ti ons . —In t hi s Cons t it u ti on , u n les s t h e con t ext ot h erwi se
req u i res , t h e fol lowi n g ex p res s ion s h ave t h e meani n gs h ereb y r es p ecti vel y
as s i gn ed t o th em, t h at i s t o s ay —
(1 ) “agri cu lt u ral i n come” mean s agri cu lt u ral i n come as d efi n ed for
t h e p u rp os es of t h e en actmen ts relat i n g t o In d i an i n come -t ax ;
(2 ) “an An glo -In d i an ” means a p ers on wh os e fat h er or an y of w h os e
ot h er male p rogen i t ors in th e male li n e i s or was of Eu rop ean d es cent
b u t wh o i s d omi ci led wi th in t he t erri t ory o f In d i a an d i s or was b orn
wi t h in su ch t erri t ory o f p aren t s h ab it u all y res i d en t t h erei n an d n ot
es t ab lis h ed th ere for t emp orar y p u rp os es on ly;
(3 ) “art i cle” mean s an art i cle of t h is Con st i tu ti on ;
(4 ) “b orr ow” i n clu d es t h e rai s in g o f mon e y b y t h e gran t o f
an n ui ti es , an d “loan ” s h all b e con s t ru ed accordi n gly;
*
*
*
*
*
(5 ) “clau s e” means a clau s e of t h e arti cle i n wh i ch t h e exp res s i on
occu rs ;
(6 ) “corp orat i on t ax ” mean s an y t ax on in come, s o far as th at t ax is
p ayab le b y comp an i es an d is a t ax i n th e cas e of wh i ch t h e foll owi n g
con d i ti on s are fu lfi l led : —
(a ) t h at it is n ot ch argeab le i n res p ect of agri cu lt u ral i n come;
(b ) t h at n o d edu ct i o n i n resp ect o f t h e t ax p ai d b y comp an i es is ,
b y an y en act ment s whi ch may ap p ly t o t h e t ax , au t h oris ed t o b e
mad e from d i vi d end s p ayab le b y t h e comp an i es t o in d i vid u als ;
(c) t h at n o p rovi s i on ex i s ts fo r t aki n g t h e t ax s o p ai d i nt o
accou n t i n compu ti n g for t h e p u rp os es of In d i an i n come -t ax t h e
t ot al i n come o f i n d i vi du als recei vi n g s u ch di vi d end s , or i n
comp u t in g t h e In di an i n come -t ax p ayab le b y, or re fu n d ab le t o, su ch
i n di vi du als ;
(7 ) “corres p on d i n g Provi n ce”, “c orres p on d in g In d i an St at e” or
“co rres p on d in g S t at e” means in cas es of d ou b t s u ch Provi n ce, In d i an
St at e or St at e as may b e d et ermi n ed b y t h e Pres i d en t t o b e th e
corres p on d in g Provi n ce, th e corres p on d in g In d i an St at e or t h e
corres p on d in g St at e, as th e case may b e, for t h e p arti cu lar purp os e in
q u est i on ;
(8 ) “d eb t ” in clu d es an y li ab i lit y i n resp ect of an y ob li gat i o n t o
rep ay cap i t al s u ms b y wa y o f an nu i ti es an d an y li ab i li t y u n d er an y
gu aran t ee, an d “d ebt ch arges ” s hall b e con s t ru ed accordi n gly;
(9 ) “es t at e d ut y” mean s a d u t y t o b e as s es s ed on or b y re fe ren c e t o
t h e p ri nci p al valu e, as cert ain ed i n accord an ce wi th s u ch ru les as may b e
165
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
p res crib ed b y or u n d er laws ma d e b y Par li amen t or t h e Le gi s lat u re of a
St at e relat in g t o th e d ut y, o f al l p rop ert y p as s in g up on d eath or d eemed ,
u n d er t h e p rovi s i ons of t h e s aid laws , s o t o p as s ;
(1 0 ) “ex i st in g law” mean s an y l aw, Ord i n an ce, ord er, b ye -law, ru le
or regu lat i on p as s ed or mad e b efore t h e commen cemen t o f t h i s
Con s t it ut i on b y an y Legi s lat u re, au th ori t y or p ers on h avin g p ower t o
make s u ch a law, Ord in an ce, order, b y e -la w, ru le or re gu lat i on ;
(1 1 ) “Fed eral C ou rt ” mean s th e Fed eral C ou rt con s t it ut ed un d er t h e
G overn men t of In d i a Act , 1 93 5 ;
(1 2 ) “go od s ” i n clud es all mat erials , commod i t i es, and art i cles ;
(1 3 ) “gu aran t ee” in clu d es an y ob li gat i on u n d ert aken b efore t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Con s t it ut i on t o make p a ymen t s i n t h e even t o f
t h e p rofi t s of an u n d ert akin g fal l i n g s h ort of a s p eci fi ed amoun t ;
(1 4 ) “Hi gh Cou rt ” mean s an y Cou rt wh i ch i s d eemed for t h e
p u rp os es of t h is Con st it u ti on to b e a Hi gh Cou rt for an y St at e and
i n clu d es —
(a ) an y Cou rt i n t h e t erri tor y o f In d i a con s t it ut ed or
recon s t it u t ed u nd er t hi s Cons ti tut i on as a Hi gh Cou rt , an d
(b ) an y ot h er Cou rt i n t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a wh i ch may b e
d eclared b y Parli amen t b y la w t o b e a Hi gh Cou rt for al l o r an y o f
t h e p u r p os es of t h i s Cons ti t ut i on;
(1 5 ) “In d i an St at e” means an y t erri t ory wh i ch t h e G overn ment of t h e
Domi n i on of In d i a recogn i s ed as s u ch a St at e;
(1 6 ) “Part ” means a Part of t h is Con s t it ut i on ;
(1 7 ) “p en si on ” means a p en si on , wh et h er con t ri bu t ory or n ot , o f an y
ki n d wh at s oever p ayab le t o or i n resp ect of an y p ers on , an d in clu d es
ret i red p ay s o p ayab le; a grat u i t y s o p ayab le an d an y s u m or s u ms s o
p ayab le b y wa y o f t h e ret u rn , wi t h or wi t h ou t i n t eres t th ereon or an y
ot h er ad di ti on th eret o, of s u b s cri p ti on s t o a p rovi d ent fu n d ;
(1 8 ) “Proc lamat i on o f Emer ge n cy” mean s a Proc lamat i on i s s u ed
u n d er clau s e (1 ) of art i cle 3 52 ;
(1 9 ) “p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on ” mean s a n ot i fi cat i on in th e G azet te o f
In d i a, or, as th e cas e may b e, t he Offi ci al G azet t e of a St at e;
(2 0 ) “rai lwa y” d oes n ot i n clu d e—
(a ) a t ramway wh o ll y wi t h i n a mu n i ci p al area, or
(b ) an y ot h er li n e o f commu n i cat i on wh oll y s i t u at e in on e St at e
an d d eclared b y Parli amen t b y la w n ot t o b e a rai lway;
*
*
*
*
*
(2 2 ) “Ru ler ” mean s th e Prin ce, Ch i ef or ot h er p ers on wh o, at an y
t i me b efore t h e commen cemen t of t h e Cons t it ut i on (Twent y -s i x t h
Amen d ment ) Act , 19 71 , was recogn i s ed b y t h e Presi d en t as t h e Ru ler o f
an In d i an St at e or an y p ers on wh o, at an y t i me b efo re s u ch
commen ceme n t , was recogn is ed b y t h e Presi d en t as t h e su cces s or of
s u ch Ru ler;
166
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2 3 ) “Sch ed u le” mean s a Sch edule t o t h i s Cons ti t ut i on ;
(2 4 ) “Sch edu led Cast es ” means s u ch cast es , races or t ri b es or part s
o f or grou p s wi t h in su ch cas t es , races or t ri b es as are d eemed u n d er
art i cle 3 41 t o b e Sch edu led Castes for t h e p u rp os es of t h i s Cons ti t ut i on ;
(2 5 ) “Sch edu led Tri b es ” mean s s u ch t rib es or t rib al commu ni t i es or
p art s of or gr ou p s wi th in su ch t ri b es or t rib al commu ni t i es as are
d eemed u nd er art i cle 3 42 t o b e Sch ed u led Tri b es for t h e p u rp os es of t h i s
Con s t it ut i on ;
(2 6 ) “s ecu rit i es ” i n clud es s t ock;
*
*
*
*
*
(2 7 ) “s u b -clau s e” means a su b -c lau s e of t h e clau s e i n wh i ch t h e
ex p ress i on occu rs ;
(2 8 ) “t ax at i on ” in clu d es th e i mp os it i on of an y t ax or i m p os t ,
wh et h er gen eral or loca l or s p eci al, and “t ax ” s h all b e con s t ru ed
accord i n gl y;
(2 9 ) “t ax on i n come” i n clu d es a t ax i n t h e n atu re of an ex ces s
p rofi t s t ax ;
(2 9 A) “t ax on th e s ale or p u rch as e of g ood s ” i n clu d es —
(a ) a t ax on t h e t rans fe r, ot h erwi s e t h an i n pu rsu an ce of a
con t ract , of p rop ert y i n an y go od s for cas h , d eferred p aymen t or
ot h er valu ab le con s i d erati on ;
(b ) a t ax on t h e t ran s fer o f p rop ert y i n go od s (wh et h er as good s
or i n s ome ot h er form) i n vol ved i n t h e ex ecu ti on of a w o rks
con t ract ;
(c) a t ax on t h e d eli ver y o f go od s on h i re -p u rch as e or an y
s ys t em o f p aymen t b y i n s t almen ts ;
(d ) a t ax on th e t ran s fer of t h e ri gh t t o us e an y good s for an y
p u rp os e (wh et h er or n ot for a s p eci fi ed p eri od ) for cas h , d eferred
p aymen t or ot h er valu ab le con s i d erat i on ;
(e) a t ax on t h e su pp ly o f go od s b y an y u n i n corp orat ed
as s oci ati on or b od y o f p ers on s t o a memb er th ereof for ca s h ,
d eferred p aymen t or ot h er valu a b le con s i d erat i on ;
(f ) a t ax on th e s up p ly, b y wa y o f or as p art of an y s ervi ce or i n
an y ot h er man n er wh ats oever, o f go od s , b ei n g food or an y ot h er
art i cle for h u man con s u mp ti on or an y d ri n k (wh et h er or n ot
i n t oxi cat in g), wh ere s u ch s up p ly or s er vi ce, i s for cas h , d efer red
p aymen t or ot h er valu ab le con s i d erat i on ;
an d s u ch t ran s fer, d eli very o r s u p p ly o f an y go od s sh all b e d eemed t o
b e a s ale of t h os e good s b y t h e p ers on makin g th e t ran s fer, d eliver y or
s u pp ly an d a p u rch as e of t h os e good s b y t h e p ers on t o wh om su ch
t ran s fer, d eli very or s u p p ly i s mad e;
(30 ) "Un i on t erri t ory " me an s an y Un i on t erri t ory s p eci fi ed in th e
Fi rs t Sch ed u le an d in clu d es any ot h er t erri t or y c omp ri s ed wi th i n th e
t erri t ory o f In d i a b u t n ot s p eci fied in th at Sch edu le.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
3 6 7. I nterpreta ti on. —(1 ) Un les s t h e cont ex t ot herwi s e requ ires , t h e
G en eral Clau s es Act , 18 97 , s h al l, s u b j ect t o an y ad ap t at i ons an d
mod i fi cat i on s th at may b e made t h erein un d er arti cle 3 72 , app l y for t h e
i n t erp ret ati on of t h i s Con st i tu tion as i t ap p li es for t h e i n t erp retat i on of an
Act of t h e Legi s lat u re o f t h e Domi n i on of In d i a.
(2 ) An y re feren ce i n t h is Cons ti t ut i on t o Act s or laws of, or mad e b y,
Parli amen t , or t o Act s or laws o f, or mad e b y, t h e Legi s lat u re of a St at e,
s h all b e con st ru ed as in clu di n g a referen ce t o an Ord in an ce mad e b y t h e
Pres i d en t or, t o an Ord i n an ce mad e b y a G overn or, as t h e cas e may b e.
(3 ) For t h e p u rp os es of t h i s Con s t it u ti on “forei gn St at e” mean s an y St at e
ot h er t h an In d i a:
Provi d ed t h at , su bj ect t o t h e p rovi s i on s of an y law mad e b y Pa rli amen t ,
t h e Pres id ent may b y ord er d ecl are an y St at e n ot t o b e a forei g n St at e for
s u ch pu rp os es as may b e s p eci fi ed in th e ord er.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XX
AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
3 6 8. P ow er of Pa rli am ent to a m end the Cons ti tuti on a nd pr ocedure
theref or. — (1 ) Not wi th st and ing an yt h i n g in th is Cons t it ut i on , Parli amen t
may i n ex erci s e of i t s con s tit u ent p o wer amen d b y wa y o f ad d i t i on ,
vari at i on or rep eal an y p rovi s i on of t h i s Con s ti tu t i on i n accord an ce wi th
t h e p roced u re lai d d own in th i s art i cle.
(2 ) An amen d ment of t h i s Cons t it u ti on may b e i n i t i at ed on l y b y t h e
i n t rodu ct i on of a Bi l l for t h e p u rp os e in ei t h er Hou s e of Parli amen t , and
wh en th e Bi ll i s p as s ed in each Hou s e b y a maj ori t y o f t h e t ot al
memb ersh ip of t h at Hou s e an d by a maj ori t y o f n ot les s th an t wo -t h i rds of
t h e memb ers of t h at Hou s e p resen t an d vot i n g, i t sh all b e p res en t ed t o t h e
Pres i d en t wh o sh all gi ve h i s as s ent t o th e Bi ll an d th ereu p on th e
Con s t it ut i on sh all s t and amend ed in accord an ce wit h t h e t erms of t h e Bi ll:
Provi d ed t h at i f s u ch amend men t s eeks t o make an y ch an ge i n —
(a ) art i cle 54 , art i cle 5 5, art i cle 7 3 , art i cle 16 2 or art i cle 2 4 1, or
(b ) Ch ap t er IV o f Part V, Ch ap t er V of Part V I, or Ch ap t er I o f
Part XI, or
(c) an y o f t h e Li s t s i n t h e Seven t h Sch edu le, or
(d ) th e rep res en t at i on of St at es i n Parli ament , or
(e) t h e p rovi s i on s of t h is art icle,
t h e amen dmen t sh all als o req u i re t o b e rat i fi ed b y t h e Legi s lat u res of n ot
les s t h an on e -h al f o f t h e St at es b y res o lu t i on s t o th at effect p as s ed b y
t h os e Legi s lat u res b efore t h e Bi ll maki n g p rovi s i on for s u ch amen d men t is
p res ent ed t o t h e Pres id ent for as s en t .
(3 ) Not h i n g i n art i cle 1 3 s h all ap p ly t o an y amen d ment mad e u nd er t h is
art i cle.
1 [(4 ) No amen d ment of t h i s Con s t it u ti on (in clu di n g th e p rovi s i ons of
Part III) mad e or pu rp ort in g t o h ave b een mad e un d er t hi s art i cle wh et h er
b efore or a ft er t h e commen cemen t of s ect i on 55 of t h e Con s t it uti on (Fort y s econ d Amen dmen t ) Act , 1 97 6 s h all b e called i n q u es ti on i n an y c ou rt on
an y gr ou n d .
(5 ) For t h e removal o f d ou b t s , i t is h ereb y d eclared t h at th ere s h all b e
n o li mi t at i on wh at ever on t h e con s ti tu en t p ower o f Par li amen t t o amen d b y
wa y o f ad d i t i on , vari ati on or rep eal t h e p rovi si on s of t h i s Con s t it ut i on
u n d er t hi s art i cle.]
1. Cls. (4) and (5) were ins. “in article 368 by s. 55 of the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976. This section
has been declared invalid by the Supreme Court in Minerva Mills Ltd. and Others Vs. Union of India and Others
(1980 ) 2 S.C.C. 591.
168
169
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XXI
TEMPORARY, TRANSITIO NAL AND SPECIAL
PROVISIONS
3 6 9. Tem pora ry pow er to Pa rl i am ent to ma ke l a w s w i th res pect to
certa i n ma tters i n the Sta te Li s t as if they w ere ma tters i n the
Concurrent Li s t. —Not wi t h s t an d in g an yt h i n g i n t hi s Con s t it u ti on ,
Parli amen t sh all, d u rin g a p eri od of fi ve years from t h e commen cement of
t h is Con s ti tu t i on , h ave p ower t o make laws wi t h res p ect t o t he fol l owi n g
mat t ers as i f t h ey were e n u merated in th e Con cu rren t Li s t , n amely: —
(a ) t rad e and commerce wi th i n a St at e i n, an d t h e p rodu cti on , s up p ly
an d di s t ri bu ti on of, c ot t on an d woo l len t ex t i les , raw cot t on (i nclu d i n g
gi n n ed cot t on and u n gi nn ed cot t on or ka p as ), cot t on s eed, p ap er
(i n clu di n g n ews p ri nt ), food -s t u ffs (i n clu d i n g ed ib le oi ls eed s an d oi l),
cat t le fod d er (i n clu d in g oi l -cakes an d ot h er con cen t rat es), coal
(i n clu di n g coke an d d eri vat i ves o f coa l), i ron , s t eel and mi ca;
(b ) offen ces agai n s t laws wi t h resp ect t o an y o f t h e mat t ers
men t i on ed in clau s e ( a ), j u ris di ct i on and p owers of a ll c ou rt s excep t th e
Su p reme Cou rt wi t h res p ect t o an y o f t h os e mat t ers , and fees i n res p ect
o f an y o f t h os e mat t ers bu t n ot in clu d in g fees t aken i n an y cou rt ;
b u t an y law mad e b y Par li amen t , w h i ch Parli ament wou ld n ot b u t for t h e
p rovi s i on s of t h i s art i cle h ave b een comp et ent t o make, s h all, t o t h e ex t en t
o f t h e in comp et en cy, ceas e t o h ave effect on t h e ex p i rat i on o f t h e s aid
p eri od , ex cept as resp ects th ings d on e or omi tt ed t o b e d on e b efore t h e
ex p i rat i on t h ereof.
1
3 7 0. Tem pora ry provi s i ons w ith res pect to the Sta te of J amm u a nd
Ka s hm i r. —(1 ) Not wi t hs t an di n g an yt h i n g i n t hi s Cons t it ut i on , —
(a ) t h e p rovi s i on s of art i cle 2 3 8 s h all n ot ap p ly i n relat i on t o t h e
St at e of J ammu and Kash mi r;
(b ) t h e p ower o f Par li amen t t o make laws for t h e s ai d St at e s h all b e
li mi t ed t o—
(i ) t h os e mat t ers in t h e Uni on Li s t an d th e Con cu rren t Li s t
wh i ch , in con su lt at i on wi th the G overn men t of t h e St at e, are
d eclared b y t h e Pres id ent t o corres p on d t o mat t ers sp eci fi e d in t h e
In s t ru ment of Acces s i on govern i n g t h e acces s i on of t h e St at e t o th e
Domi n i on
of In d i a as th e mat t ers wit h resp ect t o wh i ch t h e
Domi n i on Legi s lat u re ma y make laws for t h at St at e; and
(i i ) s u ch ot h er mat t ers i n th e s aid Li s t s as , wi th th e con cu rre n ce
o f t h e G overn ment of t h e St at e, t h e Presi d en t may b y ord er s p eci fy.
________________________________________________________________________________________
1. In exercise of the powers conferred by this article the President, on the recommendation of the Constituent
Assembly of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, declared that, as from the 17 th day of November, 1952, the
said art. 370 shall be operative with the modification that for the Explanation in cl. (1) thereof, the following
Explanation is substituted, namely:“Explanation – For the purposes of this article, the Government of the State means the person for the time
being recognised by the President on the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly of the State as the
*Sadar-I Riyasat of Jammu and Kashmir, acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers of the State for
the time being in office.”.
(Ministry of Law Order No. C.O. 44, dated the 15th November, 1952).
*Now “Governor”.
169
170
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Exp l a na ti on . — For t h e p u rp oses of
t h is art i cle, th e G overn men t
o f t h e St at e means t h e p ers on for t h e t i me b ein g recogn i sed b y t h e
Pres i d en t as t h e Mah araj a of J a mmu an d Kash mi r acti n g on t he ad vi ce o f
t h e Cou n ci l o f Mi n i s t ers for t h e t i me b ein g i n offi ce u n d er t h e Mah araj a’s
Proclamat i on d at ed t h e fi ft h d ay of March , 1 9 48 ;
(c) t h e p rovi s i on s of art i cle 1 an d of t h i s art i cle s h all ap p ly i n
relat i on t o t h at St at e;
(d ) s u ch of t h e ot h er p rovi s i ons of t h i s Con s ti tu t i on s h all ap pl y i n
relat i on t o t h at St at e s ub j ect t o s u ch ex cep ti on s and mod i fi cat i on s as t h e
Pres i d en t may b y ord er s p eci fy:
Provi d ed th at n o su ch ord er wh ich relat es t o th e mat t ers sp eci fi ed in t he
In s t ru ment of Acces s i on of t h e St at e referred t o i n p aragrap h ( i ) of s u b clau s e ( b ) s h all b e i s s u ed ex cep t i n con su lt at i on wi th t h e G overn men t of
t h e St at e:
Provi d ed fu rt h er t h at n o s uch ord er wh i ch relat es t o mat t ers oth er t h an
t h os e referred t o in th e las t p reced i n g p rovi s o s h all b e is su ed ex cep t wi th
t h e con cu rren ce of t h at G overn men t .
(2 ) If t h e con cu rren ce of t h e G overn men t of t h e St at e referr ed t o i n
p aragrap h ( i i ) of s u b -clau s e ( b ) o f c lau s e (1 ) or i n t h e s econ d p rovi s o t o
s u b -clau s e (d ) of t h at clau s e b e gi v en b efore t h e Cons t it u en t Ass emb ly for
t h e p u rp os e of frami n g t h e Cons t it u ti on of t h e St at e i s con vened , it s h all
b e p laced b efore s u ch As s emb ly for s u ch d eci si on as i t may t ake t h ereon .
(3 ) Not wi t h s t an d in g an yt h i n g i n t h e foreg oi n g p rovi s i on s o f t h i s ar t i cle,
t h e Pres id ent may, b y p u b li c n ot i fi cat i on , d eclare t h at t h is art i cle s h all
ceas e t o b e op erat i ve or s hall b e op erat i ve on ly wi t h su ch ex cep t i ons and
mod i fi cat i on s an d from s u ch d ate as h e may s p eci fy:
Provi d ed t h at t h e recommend ati on of t h e Con s t i t u en t Ass emb ly o f t h e
St at e referred t o i n clau s e (2 ) s h all b e n eces s ary b e fore t h e Pres i d ent
i s su es s u ch a n oti fi cat i on .
3 7 1. Speci al provi s i on w i th res pect to the Sta tes of M a ha ra shtra a nd
Guja ra t. — *
*
*
*
*
(2 ) Not wi t h st and in g an yt h i n g in t h is Con st it ut i on , t h e Pres i d en t may b y
ord er mad e wi t h res p ect t o th e St at e of Mah aras h t ra or Gu j arat, p rovi d e fo r
an y s p eci al res p on si bi li t y o f t h e G overn or for —
(a ) t h e est ab li sh men t of s ep arat e d e velop men t b oard s for Vi d ar b h a,
Marat h wad a, an d th e res t of Mah arash t ra or, as t h e cas e may b e,
Sau ras ht ra, Ku t ch and t h e rest o f G u j arat wi t h t h e p rovi si on t h at a
rep ort on th e worki n g of each o f t h es e b oard s wi ll b e p laced each year
b efore t h e St at e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly;
(b ) t h e eq ui t ab le al locat i on o f fu n ds for d evel op men t al ex p end it u re
over t h e s ai d areas , s ub j ect t o t h e req u i remen ts of t h e St at e as a wh ole ;
an d
171
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(c) an eq u it ab le arran gemen t p rovi d i n g
ad equ at e faci li t i es for
t ech ni cal ed u cati on and voca t i on al t rai n in g, an d ad equ at e opp ort u ni t i es
for emp lo ymen t i n s ervi ces u nder t h e cont rol o f t h e St at e G overn men t,
i n res p ect of al l t h e s ai d areas , s u bj ect t o t h e requ i remen t s of t h e St at e
as a wh ole.
3 7 1 A. Speci a l provi si on w i th res pect to the Sta te of Na g al and. —(1 )
Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g in th is Con s t it ut i on , —
(a ) n o Act of Parli amen t i n res pect of —
(i ) reli gi ou s or s oci al p ract i ces o f t h e Nagas ,
(i i ) Naga cu s t omary law an d p roced u re,
(i i i ) ad min is t rati on of ci vi l an d cri min al j us t ice in volvi n g
d eci si on s accordi n g t o Naga cu s tomar y la w,
(i v) own ers h ip and t ran s fer of la n d an d i t s res ou rces ,
s h all ap p ly t o t h e St at e of Naga lan d un les s th e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f
Nagalan d b y a res o lu t i on s o d ecid es ;
(b ) t h e G overn or o f Naga lan d s h all h ave s p eci al res p on s ib i li t y wi t h
res p ect t o law an d ord er i n t h e St at e of Naga lan d for s o l on g a s i n h is
op i n i on i n t ern al d i st u rb an ces occu rri n g in t h e Naga Hi lls -Tu en s an g Area
i mmedi at ely b e fore t h e format i on o f t h at St at e con t in u e th erein or i n
an y p art t h ereof an d i n th e d is ch arge o f h i s fu n ct i on s in relat i on t h eret o
t h e G overn or s h all, a ft er con s u lt i n g t h e Cou n ci l of Mi n i st ers , ex erci s e
h i s i nd i vid u al j ud gmen t as t o t he act i on t o b e t aken :
Provi d ed th at i f an y q u est i on ari s es wh eth er an y mat t er is or i s n ot a
mat t er as r es p ect s whi ch th e G overn or i s u nd er th i s s ub -clau s e req u i red t o
act in th e exerci s e of h i s in di vi du al j ud gmen t , t h e d eci s i on of t h e G overn or
i n hi s d is creti on s h all b e fi n al, and th e vali di t y o f an yt h i n g don e b y t h e
G overn or s h all n ot b e called i n q u es t i on on th e grou n d t h at he ou gh t or
ou gh t n ot t o have act ed i n t h e exerci s e of h i s in di vi du al j u d gment :
Provi d ed fu rt h er t h at i f t h e Pres i d en t on recei pt o f a rep ort from t h e
G overn or or ot h erwi s e is s ati s fi ed th at i t is n o lon ger n eces sar y for t h e
G overn or t o h ave s p eci al res p ons i bi li t y wi t h res p ect t o law an d ord er i n th e
St at e of Naga lan d , h e ma y b y or d er d i rect th at th e G overn or s h all ceas e t o
h ave s u ch res p ons ib i li t y wi t h effect from s u ch d at e as may b e sp eci fi ed in
t h e ord er;
(c) i n maki n g h is recomme nd at ion wi t h resp ect t o an y d eman d for a
gran t , th e G overn or o f Naga lan d sh all en s u re t h at an y mon e y p rovi d ed
b y t h e G overn men t of In d i a ou t o f t h e Con s oli d at ed Fu n d of In d i a for
an y s p eci fi c s ervi ce or pu rp os e i s i n clud ed in th e d emand for a gran t
relat i n g t o t h at s ervi ce or pu rp ose an d n ot in an y ot h er d emand ;
(d ) as from s u ch d ate as th e Govern or o f Na galan d may b y p u b li c
n ot i fi cat i on i n t hi s b eh alf s p ecify, t h ere s h all b e est ab lis h ed a regi on al
cou n ci l for t h e Tu en s an g d is t ri ct con s i st in g o f t h i rt y -fi ve memb ers and
t h e G overn or s h all i n h is di s creti on make ru les p rovi d in g for —
172
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(i ) th e comp osi t i on of t h e region al cou n ci l and t h e mann er in
wh i ch t h e memb ers of t h e regi onal cou n ci l s h all b e ch os en :
Provided that the Deputy Commissioner of the Tuensang district shall be the
Chairman ex officio of the regional council and the Vice-Chairman of the regional council
shall be elected by the members thereof from amongst themselves;
(ii) the qualifications for being chosen as, and for being, members of the
regional council;
(iii) the term of office of, and the salaries and allowances, if any, to be paid to
members of, the regional council;
(iv) the procedure and conduct of business of the regional council;
(v) the appointment of officers and staff of the regional council and their
conditions of services; and
(vi) any other matter in respect of which it is necessary to make rules for the
constitution and proper functioning of the regional council.
(2) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution, for a period of ten years from the date
of the formation of the State of Nagaland or for such further period as the Governor may, on
the recommendation of the regional council, by public notification specify in this behalf,—
(a) the administration of the Tuensang district shall be carried on by the Governor;
(b) where any money is provided by the Government of India to the Government of
Nagaland to meet the requirements of the State of Nagaland as a whole, the Governor
shall in his discretion arrange for an equitable allocation of that money between the
Tuensang district and the rest of the State;
(c) no Act of the Legislature of Nagaland shall apply to Tuensang district unless the
Governor, on the recommendation of the regional council, by public notification so directs
and the Governor in giving such direction with respect to any such Act may direct that the
Act shall in its application to the Tuensang district or any part thereof have effect subject
to such exceptions or modifications as the Governor may specify on the recommendation
of the regional council:
Provided that any direction given under this sub-clause may be given so as to have
retrospective effect;
(d) the Governor may make regulations for the peace, progress and good government
of the Tuensang district and any regulations so made may repeal or amend with
retrospective effect, if necessary, any Act of Parliament or any other law which is for the
time being applicable to that district;
(e) (i) one of the members representing the Tuensang district in the Legislative
Assembly of Nagaland shall be appointed Minister for Tuensang affairs by the Governor
on the advice of the Chief Minister and the Chief Minister in tendering his advice shall act
on the recommendation of the majority of the members as aforesaid;
(i i ) t h e Min is t er for Tu en s an g affai rs s h all d eal wi t h , and h ave
d i rect acces s t o th e G overn or on , all mat t ers relat in g t o th e Tu en s an g
d i st ri ct bu t h e sh all keep t h e Chief Mi n i s t er i n formed ab ou t t h e same;
(f ) n ot wi t hs t and in g an yt h i n g i n t h e fore g oi n g p rovi s i on s o f t h is
clau s e, t h e fi n al d eci si on on all mat t ers relat in g t o t h e Tu en s an g d i s t ri ct
s h all b e mad e b y t h e G overn or i n hi s d i s cret i on ;
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(g ) i n art i cles 5 4 and 55 an d clau s e (4 ) of art i cle 8 0 , referen ce s t o
t h e elect ed memb ers of t h e Le g i s lat i ve As s emb ly o f a St at e or t o each
s u ch memb er sh all i n clu d e referen ces t o t h e memb ers or memb er of t h e
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb l y o f Na ga lan d elect ed b y t h e regi on al cou n ci l
es t ab lis h ed un d er t h is arti cle;
(h ) i n art i cle 17 0 —
(i ) clau s e (1 ) s h all, i n relat i on t o t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f
Nagalan d , h ave e ffect as i f for t h e word “s i x t y”, t h e word “fort y s i x ” h ad b een su bs t it ut ed ;
(i i ) i n th e s ai d claus e, t h e referen ce t o d i rect election fr om
t erri t ori al con s ti t uen ci es in th e St at e s h all i n clu d e elect i on by t h e
memb ers of t h e regi on al cou n ci l es t ab lis h ed un d er t hi s arti cle;
(i ii ) i n claus es (2 ) an d (3 ), referen ces t o t erri t ori al
con s t it u en ci es s h all mean refer en ces t o t erri t ori al con s t it u en cies i n
t h e Koh i ma an d Mokokch u n g d i st r i cts .
(3 ) If an y d i ffi cu lt y ari s es i n gi vi n g e ffect t o an y o f t h e foreg oi n g
p rovi s i on s of t h i s art i cle, the Pres i d en t may b y ord er d o an yt h i n g
(i n clu di n g an y ad ap t at i on or mod i fi cat i on of an y ot h er art icle) wh i ch
ap p ears t o h im t o b e n ecess ary for t h e pu rp os e of removi n g t h at d i ffi cu lt y:
Provi d ed t h at n o s u ch ord er s h all b e mad e aft er t h e ex p i rati on o f t h ree
yea rs fr om t h e d at e of t h e forma t i on of t h e St at e of Naga lan d .
Exp l an at i on .. —In t h is arti cle, t h e Koh i ma, Mokokch u n g an d Tu en s an g
d i st ri cts s h all h av e t h e s ame mean i n gs as i n th e St at e of Na g alan d Act ,
1 9 62 .
3 7 1B. Specia l provi s i on w i th res pect to the Sta te of As s am . —
Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g i n t his Con s ti t ut i on , t h e Presi d en t may, b y ord er
mad e wi t h resp ect t o t h e St at e o f As s am, p rovi d e for t h e con s t i t ut i on and
fu n ct i on s of a commi t t ee of t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e St at e
con s i st i n g of memb ers of t h at As s emb ly e lect ed from t h e t ri b al areas
s p eci fi ed in Part I o f t h e t ab le ap p end ed t o p aragrap h 20 of t h e Six th
Sch ed u le and su ch nu mb er of o t h er memb ers of t h at As s emb ly as may b e
s p eci fi ed in t h e ord er an d for t h e mod i fi cat i on s t o b e mad e i n th e ru les o f
p roced u re of t h at As s emb ly for t h e con st i tu ti on and p rop er fu n ct i on in g o f
s u ch commi t t ee.
3 7 1 C. Speci al provi s i on w i th res pect to the Sta te of M a ni pu r.—(1 )
Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g i n t his Con s ti t ut i on , t h e Presi d en t may, b y ord er
mad e wi th res p ect t o t h e St at e of Man i p u r, p rovi d e for t h e con sti t ut i on an d
fu n ct i on s of a commi t t ee
of t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb l y o f t h e St at e
con s i st i n g of memb ers of t h at As s emb ly elect ed from t h e Hi ll A reas of t h at
St at e, for t h e mod i fi cat i on s t o b e mad e i n t h e ru les of b u s in es s of t h e
G overn men t and i n th e ru les o f p roced u re o f t h e Legi s lat i ve A s s emb ly o f
t h e St at e an d for an y s p eci al res p on si bi li t y o f t h e G overn or i n ord er t o
s ecu re th e p rop er fu n ct i oni n g of s u ch commi tt ee.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(2) The Governor shall annually, or whenever so required by the President, make a report
to the President regarding the administration of the Hill Areas in the State of Manipur and the
executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to the State as to the
administration of the said areas.
Explanation.—In this article, the expression “Hill Areas” means such areas as the
President may, by order, declare to be Hill areas.
371D. Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh.—(1) The
President may by order made with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh provide, having
regard to the requirements of the State as a whole, for equitable opportunities and facilities for
the people belonging to different parts of the State, in the matter of public employment and in
the matter of education, and different provisions may be made for various parts of the State.
(2) An order made under clause (1) may, in particular,—
(a) require the State Government to organise any class or classes of posts in a civil
service of, or any class or classes of civil posts under, the State into different local cadres
for different parts of the State and allot in accordance with such principles and procedure
as may be specified in the order the persons holding such posts to the local cadres so
organised;
(b) specify any part or parts of the State which shall be regarded as the local area—
(i) for direct recruitment to posts in any local cadre (whether organised in
pursuance of an order under this article or constituted otherwise) under the State
Government;
(ii) for direct recruitment to posts in any cadre under any local authority within the
State; and
(iii) for the purposes of admission to any University within the State or to any other
educational institution which is subject to the control of the State Government;
(c) specify the extent to which, the manner in which and the conditions subject to
which, preference or reservation shall be given or made—
(i) in the matter of direct recruitment to posts in any such cadre referred to in
sub-clause (b) as may be specified in this behalf in the order;
(ii) in the matter of admission to any such University or other educational
institution referred to in sub-clause (b) as may be specified in this behalf in the
order,
t o or i n favou r o f can d i d at es wh o h ave res id ed or s tu d i ed for an y p eri od
s p eci fi ed in t h e ord er i n t h e local area i n res p ect of s u ch cad re, Un i vers i t y
or ot h er ed u cati on a l i ns t it ut i on , as t h e cas e may b e.
(3 ) Th e Presi d en t may, b y or d er, p rovi d e for t h e cons t it ut ion of an
Ad mi ni s t rat i ve Tri b un al fo r t h e St at e of An d h ra Prad es h t o ex erci s e su ch
j u ris di ct i on , p owers an d au th ori t y [i n clu d in g an y j u ris d i ct i on , p ower and
au t h or it y wh i ch immedi at ely b efore t h e commen cement of t h e Con s t it u ti on
(Th i rt y-s econ d Amen d ment ) Act, 1 97 3 , was ex erci s ab le b y an y c ou rt (ot h er
t h an t h e Sup reme Cou rt ) or b y an y t ri b u n al or ot h er aut h orit y] as may b e
s p eci fi ed i n t h e ord er wit h res p ect t o t h e f o ll owi n g mat t ers , n amel y: —
175
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(a ) ap p oin t men t , allot men t or promot i on t o s u ch clas s or clas ses of
p os t s i n an y ci vi l s er vi ce o f t h e St at e, or t o s u ch clas s or clas s es o f ci vi l
p os t s u nd er t h e St at e, or t o s uch clas s or clas s es of p os t s u nd er t he
con t rol o f an y loca l au t h ori t y wi t h in t h e St at e, as may b e s p eci fi ed i n
t h e ord er;
(b ) s en i ori t y of p ers on s app oin t ed, allot t ed or p romot ed t o s u ch
clas s or clas s es of p os t s i n any ci vi l s ervi ce of t h e St at e, or t o s u ch
clas s or clas s es of ci vi l p os t s u nd er t h e St at e, or t o s u ch clas s or clas s es
o f p os t s un d er t h e cont rol o f an y loca l au t h ori t y wi t h i n t h e St at e, as may
b e sp eci fi ed in th e ord er;
(c) s u ch ot h er con di t i ons of s ervi ce of p ers on s ap p oin t ed, allot t ed or
p romot ed t o su ch class or clas s es of p os t s i n an y ci vi l s ervi ce of t h e
St at e or t o su ch clas s or clas s es o f ci vi l p os t s u nd er th e St at e or t o s u ch
clas s or clas s es o f p os t s u nd er th e con t rol o f an y l ocal au t h ori t y wi t h i n
t h e St at e, as may b e s p eci fi ed i n t h e ord er.
(4 ) An ord er mad e u nd er clau s e (3 ) may —
(a )
aut h ori s e
th e
Ad mi n is t rati ve
Tri b u n al
to
recei ve
rep res ent at i ons for t h e red res s o f gri evan ces relat i n g t o an y m at t er
wi t h in it s j u ris di ct i on as th e Pres i d en t may s p eci fy i n t h e ord er an d
t o make s u ch ord ers th ereon as t h e Ad min is t rati ve Tri b un al deems
fi t ;
(b ) con t ain su ch p rovi s i ons wi t h resp ect t o t h e p owers an d
au t h orit i es an d p roced u re of t h e Ad mi n is t rat i ve Tri b un al (i n clu d in g
p rovi s i on s wi th resp ect t o th e powers o f t h e Ad mi n is t rati ve Tri b u n al
t o p u ni sh for con t emp t of i t s elf) as t h e Pres i den t may d eem
n eces s ary;
(c) p rovi d e for t h e t ran s fer t o t h e Ad mi n is t rati ve Tri b u n al o f
s u ch clas s es of p roceed i n gs , b ein g p roceed in gs relat in g t o mat ters
wi t h in it s j u ri sd i cti on an d p end in g b efore an y c ou rt (ot h er th an t h e
Su p reme Cou rt ) or t rib un al or ot h er au th ori t y i mmed i at ely b e fore
t h e commen cemen t of s u ch ord er, as may b e s p eci fi ed i n t h e ord er;
(d ) con t ai n su ch s up p lemen t al, i n ci d en t al an d con sequ en t i al
p rovi s i on s (i nclu d in g p rovi s i ons as t o fees an d as t o li mi t at ion ,
evi d en ce or for t h e ap p li cat i on o f an y law for t h e t i me b ein g i n
force s u b j ect t o an y ex cep t i ons or mod i fi cat i on s ) as th e Presi den t
may d eem n eces s ary.
1
(5 ) Th e Ord er o f t h e Ad mi n i strat i ve Tri b u n al fi n all y d i s p os i ng o f an y
cas e s h all b ecome e ffect i ve u p on i t s con fi rmat i on b y t h e St at e G overn men t
or on t h e ex pi ry o f t h ree mon t h s fr om t h e d at e on wh i ch t h e order i s mad e,
wh i ch ever i s earli er:
Provi d ed t h at th e St at e G overn ment may, b y s p eci al ord er mad e i n
wri t i n g and for reas on s t o b e s peci fi ed t h erein , modi fy or an n u l an y ord er
o f t h e Ad mi n i st rati ve Tri b u n al b efore i t b ecomes effect i ve an d i n s u ch a
cas e, t h e ord er of t h e Ad mi n ist rat i ve Tri b un al s h all h ave e ffect on l y i n
s u ch mod i fi ed form or b e o f n o effect , as t h e cas e may b e.
_______________________________________________
1. In P. Sambamurthy and others vs. State of Andhara Pradesh and other (1987) 1SCC, p. 362, the Supreme Court
declared clause (5) of art. 371D along with the proviso to be unconstitutional and void.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(6 ) Ever y s p eci al ord er mad e b y t h e St at e G overn men t un d er t h e p rovi s o
t o clau s e (5 ) s h all b e lai d , as s oon as may b e a ft er i t i s mad e, before b ot h
Hou s es of t h e St at e Legi s lat u re.
(7 ) Th e Hi gh Cou rt for t h e St at e sh all n ot h ave an y p owers o f
s u p eri nt end en ce over t h e Ad mi ni s t rat i ve Tri b un al an d n o cou rt (o t h er t h an
t h e Sup reme Cou rt ) or t rib un al s h all ex erci s e an y j u ri sd i ct i on, p ower or
au t h orit y i n resp ect of an y mat t er s ub j ect t o t h e j u ri sd i cti on , p ower or
au t h orit y o f, or i n relat i on t o, the Ad mi ni s t rat i ve Tri bu n al.
(8 ) If t h e Pres i d en t i s s at is fi ed t h at th e con t in u ed ex is t en ce o f t h e
Ad mi ni s t rat i ve Tri b un al i s n ot n eces s ary, t h e Pres i d en t may b y ord er
ab oli s h th e Ad min i st rati ve Tri b u n al and make s u ch p rovi s i on s in su ch
ord er as h e ma y d eem fi t for t h e t ran s fer an d d is p os al of cas es p end i n g
b efore t h e Tri b u n al i mmed i at ely b efore s u ch ab oli t i on .
(9 ) Not wi t h s t an di n g an y j u d gmen t , d ecree or ord er o f an y cou rt , t ri b un al
or ot h er au t h orit y, —
(a ) n o app oi n tmen t, p os ti n g, p romot i on or t ran s fer of an y p ers on —
(i ) mad e b efore t h e 1s t d ay o f Novemb er, 1 9 5 6 , t o an y p os t
u n d er t h e G overn ment of, or an y loca l au t h ori t y wi t h i n , t h e St at e o f
H yd erab ad as i t ex i st ed b efore t h at d at e; or
(i i ) mad e b efore t h e commen cemen t of t h e Cons t it ut i on (Thi rt y s econ d Amend ment ) Act , 1 97 3 , t o an y p os t u nd er th e G overnmen t
o f, or an y l oc a l or ot h er au t hori t y wi t h in , th e St at e of An d h ra
Prad es h ; and
(b ) n o acti on t aken or t hi n g d one b y or b efore an y p ers on referr ed t o
i n su b -clau s e ( a ),
s h all b e d eemed t o b e i llegal or voi d or ever t o h ave b ecome i llegal or v oi d
merel y on t h e grou n d t h at t h e ap p oi nt ment , p os ti n g, p romot i on or t ran s fer
o f s u ch p ers on was n ot mad e in accord an ce wi t h an y law, t h en i n force,
p rovi d i n g for an y req u i rement as t o resi d en ce wi th in th e St at e of
H yd erab ad or, as t h e cas e may b e, wi t hi n an y p art of t h e St at e o f An d h ra
Prad es h , i n res p ect of s u ch ap p oi n t men t , p os ti n g, p romot i on or tran s fer.
(1 0 ) Th e p rovi s i on s of t h i s art i cle and of an y ord er mad e b y t h e
Pres i d en t t hereu nd er s h all h ave effect n ot wi th s t an di n g an yt h i n g in an y
ot h er p rovi s i on of t h i s Con st i tut i on or in an y ot h er law for t h e t i me b ei n g
i n force.
3 7 1E. Es ta bl i s hm ent of Centra l Uni vers i ty i n Andhra P ra des h. —
Parli amen t may b y law p ro vi d e for t h e es t ab li s hmen t of a Un i ve rs i t y i n th e
St at e of An d h ra Prad esh .
3 7 1F . Specia l provi s i ons w i th res pect to the Sta te of Si kki m . —
Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h i n g in th is Con s t it ut i on , —
(a ) t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e St at e of Si kki m s h all con s i s t of
n ot les s th an t hi rt y memb ers ;
177
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(b ) as fr om t h e d at e o f c ommen cemen t of t h e Con s t i t ut i on (Th irt y s i xt h Amen dmen t ) Act , 1 97 5 (hereaft er i n th is art i cle referred to as th e
ap p oi nt ed d ay) —
(i ) t h e Ass emb l y for Si k ki m fo r med as a res u lt of t h e elect i ons
h eld in Si kki m i n Ap ri l, 19 74 wi t h t h i rt y -t wo memb ers elect ed in
t h e s aid elect i ons (h erei n aft er referred t o as th e s it t in g memb ers )
s h all b e d eemed t o b e t h e Leg i s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e St at e o f
Si kki m d u ly con s t i t u t ed u nd er thi s Con st it u ti on ;
(i i ) t h e si tt i n g memb ers s h all b e d eemed t o b e t h e memb ers of
t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e St at e of Si kki m d u ly elect ed u nd er
t h is Con st i tu ti on ; a n d
(i i i ) t h e s aid Legi s lat i ve As s emb l y o f t h e St at e of Si kki m s h all
ex erci s e t h e p owers an d p erfor m t h e fu n cti on s of t h e Legi s lat i ve
As s emb ly o f a St at e u n d er t h is Con s t it u ti on ;
(c) i n th e cas e of t h e As s emb ly d eemed t o b e t h e Legi s lat i ve
As s emb ly o f t h e St at e of Si kki m un d er clau s e ( b ), t h e referen ces t o t h e
p eri od of fi ve years , i n clau s e (1 ) of art i cle 1 7 2 s h all b e con st ru ed as
referen ces t o a p eri od of fou r yea rs an d th e s ai d p eri od of fo u r years
s h all b e d eemed t o commen ce from t h e app oi nt ed d ay;
(d ) u nt i l ot h er p rovi s i ons are mad e b y Parli amen t b y la w, t h ere
s h all b e all ot t ed t o t h e St at e of Si k ki m on e s eat i n t h e Hou se o f t h e
Peop le an d t h e St at e of Si kki m s h all form on e p arli amen t ary
con s t it u en cy t o b e called t h e p arli amen t ary con s t i t u en cy for Si k k i m;
(e) t h e rep res en t at i ve of t h e St at e of Si kki m i n t h e Hou s e of t h e
Peop le i n ex is t en ce on t h e ap p oi nt ed d ay s h all b e elect ed b y t h e
memb ers of t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e St at e of Si kki m;
(f ) Parli amen t may, for t h e p urp os e of p rot ect i n g th e ri gh ts an d
i n t eres t s of t h e d i fferen t s ect ion s of t h e p op u lat i on of Si kki m make
p rovi s i on for t h e n u mb er of s eat s i n t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e
St at e of Si kki m wh i ch may b e fi l led b y can d i d at es b elon gi n g t o s u ch
s ect i ons and for t h e d eli mit at ion of t h e as s em b ly con s t i t u en ci es from
wh i ch cand id at es b elon gi n g t o s u ch s ecti on s alon e may s t an d for
elect i on t o t h e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e St at e of Si kki m;
(g) the Governor of Sikkim shall have special responsibility for peace and for an
equitable arrangement for ensuring the social and economic advancement of different
sections of the population of Sikkim and in the discharge of his special responsibility
under this clause, the Governor of Sikkim shall, subject to such directions as the President
may, from time to time, deem fit to issue, act in his discretion;
(h) all property and assets (whether within or outside the territories comprised in the
State of Sikkim) which immediately before the appointed day were vested in the
Government of Sikkim or in any other authority or in any person for the purposes of the
Government of Sikkim shall, as from the appointed day, vest in the Government of the
State of Sikkim;
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(i) the High Court functioning as such immediately before the appointed day in the
territories comprised in the State of Sikkim shall, on and from the appointed day, be
deemed to be the High Court for the State of Sikkim;
(j) all courts of civil, criminal and revenue jurisdiction, all authorities and all officers,
judicial, executive and ministerial, throughout the territory of the State of Sikkim shall
continue on and from the appointed day to exercise their respective functions subject to
the provisions of this Constitution;
(k) all laws in force immediately before the appointed day in the territories comprised
in the State of Sikkim or any part thereof shall continue to be in force therein until
amended or repealed by a competent Legislature or other competent authority;
(l) for the purpose of facilitating the application of any such law as is referred to in
clause (k) in relation to the administration of the State of Sikkim and for the purpose of
bringing the provisions of any such law into accord with the provisions of this
Constitution, the President may, within two years from the appointed day, by order, make
such adaptations and modifications of the law, whether by way of repeal or amendment,
as may be necessary or expedient, and thereupon, every such law shall have effect subject
to the adaptations and modifications so made, and any such adaptation or modification
shall not be questioned in any court of law;
(m) neither the Supreme Court nor any other court shall have jurisdiction in respect
of any dispute or other matter arising out of any treaty, agreement, engagement or other
similar instrument relating to Sikkim which was entered into or executed before the
appointed day and to which the Government of India or any of its predecessor
Governments was a party, but nothing in this clause shall be construed to derogate from
the provisions of article 143;
(n) the President may, by public notification, extend with such restrictions or
modifications as he thinks fit to the State of Sikkim any enactment which is in force in a
State in India at the date of the notification;
(o) if any difficulty arises in giving effect to any of the foregoing provisions of this
article, the President may, by order, do anything (including any adaptation or modification
of any other article) which appears to him to be necessary for the purpose of removing
that difficulty:
Provi d ed th at n o su ch ord er shall b e mad e aft er th e exp i ry o f t wo
yea rs fr om t h e app oi n t ed d ay;
(p) all things done and all actions taken in or in relation to the State of Sikkim or the
territories comprised therein during the period commencing on the appointed day and
ending immediately before the date on which the Constitution (Thirty-sixth Amendment)
Act, 1975, receives the assent of the President shall, in so far as they are in conformity
with the provisions of this Constitution as amended by the Constitution (Thirty-sixth
Amendment) Act, 1975, be deemed for all purposes to have been validly done or taken
under this Constitution as so amended.
371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.—Notwithstanding
anything in this Constitution,—
(a) no Act of Parliament in respect of—
(i) religious or social practices of the Mizos,
(ii) Mizo customary law and procedure,
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
(iii) administration of civil and criminal justice involving decisions according
to Mizo customary law,
(iv) ownership and transfer of land,
shall apply to the State of Mizoram unless the Legislative Assembly of the State of
Mizoram by a resolution so decides :
Provided that nothing in this clause shall apply to any Central Act in force in the
Union territory of Mizoram immediately before the commencement of the Constitution
(Fifty-third Amendment) Act, 1986;
(b ) t h e Le gi s lat i ve As s emb l y o f t h e St at e of Mi zoram s h all co n s is t
o f n ot les s t h an fort y memb ers .
371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh.—
Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,—
(a) the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh shall have special responsibility with respect
to law and order in the State of Arunachal Pradesh and in the discharge of his functions in
relation thereto, the Governor shall, after consulting the Council of Ministers, exercise his
individual judgment as to the action to be taken:
Provided that if any question arises whether any matter is or is not a matter as
respects which the Governor is under this clause required to act in the exercise of his
individual judgment, the decision of the Governor in his discretion shall be final, and the
validity of anything done by the Governor shall not be called in question on the ground
that he ought or ought not to have acted in the exercise of his individual judgment:
Provided further that if the President on receipt of a report from the Governor or
otherwise is satisfied that it is no longer necessary for the Governor to have special
responsibility with respect to law and order in the State of Arunachal Pradesh, he may by
order direct that the Governor shall cease to have such responsibility with effect from such
date as may be specified in the order;
(b ) th e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h e St at e of Aru n ach al Prad es h sh all
con s i st of n ot le s s t h an th i rt y memb ers .
3 7 1 -I . Specia l provi s i on w i th res pect to the Sta te of Goa . —
Not wi t h s t an di n g an yt h in g i n t his Con s ti tu ti on , th e Legi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f
t h e St at e of G oa s h all con s i s t of n ot les s th an t hi rt y memb ers .
3 7 2. Conti nua nce i n f orce of exi s t i ng l aw s a nd thei r a da pta tion. —(1 )
Not wi t h s t an di n g t h e rep eal b y t h i s Con st it u ti on of t h e en act men t s referred
t o i n arti cle 3 95 bu t s ub j ect t o th e ot h er p rovi si on s of t h i s Const i tu t i on, all
t h e law i n force i n t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a i mmed i at ely b efore t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Cons t it ut i on sh all con t i n u e in force t h erei n un t i l
alt ered or rep ealed or amen d ed b y a comp et en t Le gi s lat u re or ot h er
comp et en t au th ori t y.
(2 ) For t h e p u rp os e of b ri n i n g th e p rovi s i on s of an y la w i n fo r ce i n th e
t erri t ory o f In d i a i n t o accord wi t h th e p rovi s i ons of t h i s Con sti t ut i on , th e
Pres i d en t may b y ord er make s u ch ad ap t ati on s and mod i fi cat i on s of s u ch
law, wh et h er b y wa y o f rep eal or amen d men t , as may b e neces s ary o r
ex p ed i ent , and p rovi d e th at th e law s h al l, as from s u ch d at e as may b e
s p eci fi ed in t h e ord er, h ave effect s u b j ect t o t h e ad ap tat i on s and
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mod i fi cat i on s s o mad e, an d an y s u ch ad apt at i on or mod i fi cat i on sh all n ot
b e qu es ti on ed i n an y cou rt o f la w.
(3 ) Not h i n g in clau s e (2 ) sh all b e d eemed —
(a ) t o emp ower t h e Pres i d ent t o make an y ad ap t at i on or mod i fi cat i on
o f an y law a ft er t h e ex p i rat i on of t h ree years fr om t h e commen cemen t of
t h is Con st i tu ti on ; or
(b ) t o p reven t an y comp et en t Le gi s lat u re or ot h er comp et ent
au t h orit y from rep eali n g or am en d in g an y law ad ap t ed or modi fi ed b y
t h e Presi d en t u nd er th e s ai d claus e.
Exp l a na ti on I .—Th e exp ress i on “law i n force” i n th is article s h all
i n clu d e a law p as s ed or mad e b y a Legi s lat u re or ot h er comp et ent au th ori t y
i n t h e t errit ory o f In d i a b efore th e commen cemen t of t h i s Con sti t ut i on and
n ot p revi ou s ly rep ealed , n ot wi t h s t an di n g t h at i t or p art s of i t may n ot b e
t h en i n op erat i on ei th er at all or i n p art i cu lar areas .
Exp l a na ti on II .—An y law p as sed or mad e b y a Legi s lat u re or ot h er
comp et en t au th ori t y i n t h e t erri tor y o f In d i a wh i ch i mmed i a t ely b efore t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Con s ti tut i on h ad ex t ra -t erri t ori al effect as well as
effect i n t h e t errit ory o f In d i a s h all, s u bj ect t o an y s u ch ad apt at i ons and
mod i fi cat i on s as afores ai d , con t iu e t o h ave su ch ex t ra -t erri t ori al effect .
Exp l a na ti on III .—Not hi n g i n t hi s art i cle s h all b e const ru ed as
con t i nu in g an y t emp orary la w i n force b e yon d t h e d at e fi x ed for i ts
ex p i rat i on or th e d at e on wh i ch i t wou ld h ave ex pi red i f t h i s Con s t it u ti on
h ad n ot come i nt o force.
Exp l a na ti on IV. —An Ord i n an ce p romu lgat e d b y t h e G overn or o f a
Provi n ce u n d er s ect i on 8 8 of t h e G overn men t of In d i a Act , 19 3 5, and i n
force i mmed i at ely b efore t h e commen cemen t of t h is Con st i tu t i on s h all,
u n les s wi th d rawn b y t h e G overn or o f t h e corres p on d i n g St at e earli er, ceas e
t o op erat e at t h e exp i rat i on of s i x weeks fr om t h e fi rs t meet in g aft er s u ch
commen cemen t of t h e Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly o f t h at St at e fu n ct i on i n g u nd er
clau s e (1 ) o f art i cle 3 8 2 , an d not h i n g i n th is art i cle s h all b e c on s t ru ed as
con t i nu in g an y s u ch Ord in an ce in force b e yon d t h e s ai d p eri od .
3 7 2 A. P ow er of the P res i dent to a da pt l aw s . —(1 ) For t h e p u rp os es of
b ri n gin g t h e p rovi s i on s of an y l aw i n force i n In d i a or i n an y p art t h ereof,
i mmedi at ely b e fore t h e commen cement of t h e Con s ti tu t i on (Seven t h
Amen d ment ) Act , 19 56 , in t o a ccord wi t h th e p rovi s i ons of t h i s
Con s t it ut i on as amend ed b y t h at Act , t h e Pres id ent may b y ord er mad e
b efore t h e fi rs t d ay o f N ove mb er, 19 57 , make s u ch ad ap tat i on s an d
mod i fi cat i on s of t h e law, wh ether b y wa y o f rep eal or amen d men t , as may
b e n eces s ary or ex p ed i en t , and p rovi d e t h at t h e law s h all, as from s u ch
d at e as may b e
sp eci fi ed in th e ord er, h ave effect s u bject t o t h e
ad ap t at i ons and mod i fi cati on s s o mad e, an d an y s u ch adap t ati on or
mod i fi cat i on sh all n ot b e qu es tion ed in an y cou rt of law.
(2 ) Not h i n g i n clau s e (1 ) s h all b e d eemed t o p reven t a co mp et en t
Le gi s lat u re or ot h er comp et en t au t h orit y fr om rep eali n g or am en d in g an y
law ad ap t ed or mod i fi ed b y t h e Pres i d en t u nd er th e s ai d claus e.
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3 7 3. P ow er of P res i dent to ma ke order i n res pect of pers ons u nder
preventi ve detenti on i n certa i n ca s es . —Un ti l p rovi s i on i s mad e b y
Parli amen t un d er clau s e (7 ) of art i cle 2 2 , or u nt i l t h e exp i rat i on of on e
yea r from t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Con s ti t ut i on , whi ch ever i s earli er,
t h e s ai d art i cle s h all h ave effe ct as i f for an y re feren ce t o Pa rli amen t in
clau s es (4 ) an d (7 ) th ereof t h ere were s u b s ti tu t ed a refe re n ce t o t h e
Pres i d en t and for an y re feren ce t o an y la w mad e b y Par li amen t in t h os e
clau s es t h ere were s ub s ti tu t ed a re feren ce t o an o rd er mad e b y t h e
Pres i d en t .
3 7 4. P rovi si ons as to J udg es of the F edera l Court a nd proceedi ngs
pendi ng i n the F ederal Court or bef ore His M a jes ty i n Counci l . —(1 )
Th e J ud ges of t h e Fed eral Co u rt h old in g offi ce i mmed i at ely b efore t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Cons ti t ut i on s h all, u n less th ey h ave elect ed
ot h erwi s e, b ecome on s u ch commen cement t h e Ju d ges of t h e Su p reme
Cou rt and s h all t h ereu p on b e en t it led t o s u ch s alari es and allowan ces and
t o s u ch ri gh ts i n res p ect of lea ve o f ab s en ce an d p en s i on as are p rovi d ed
for u n d er arti cle 1 25 in resp ect o f t h e J ud ges of t h e Sup reme Cou rt .
(2 ) Al l s u i t s , app eals an d p roceed i n gs , ci vi l or cri mi n al, p en din g i n t h e
Fed eral Cou rt at t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Con s t it ut i on sh all s t an d
removed t o t h e Su p reme Cou rt , and t h e Su p reme Cou rt s h all h ave
j u ris di ct i on t o h ear and d et ermin e th e s ame, an d t h e ju d gment s an d ord ers
o f t h e Fed eral C ou rt d eli vered or mad e b efore t h e commen cemen t of t h i s
Con s t it ut i on s h all h ave t h e s ame force an d e ffect as i f t h ey h ad b een
d eli vered or mad e b y t h e Sup reme Cou rt .
(3 ) Not h i n g i n th is Con s ti t ut i on s h all op erat e t o i n vali d at e t h e ex erci se
o f j u ri s di cti on b y Hi s Maj es ty i n Cou n ci l t o d i sp os e of a p p eals and
p et it i on s from, or i n resp ect of, an y j u d gmen t , d ecree or ord er of an y cou rt
wi t h in t h e t erri t ory o f In d i a i n so far as t h e e x erci s e of s u ch j u ris d i ct i on i s
au t h oris ed b y law, an d an y ord er of Hi s Maj es t y i n Coun ci l mad e on an y
s u ch app eal or p et it i on aft er the commen cement of t h i s Cons tit u ti on sh all
for al l p u rp os es h ave effect as i f i t were an ord er or d ecree m ad e b y t h e
Su p reme Cou rt in t h e ex erci s e of t h e j u ri s d i ct i on con ferred on s u ch Cou rt
b y t h i s Con st it u ti on .
(4 ) On and from t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Cons ti t ut i on t h e j uri s di ct i on
o f t h e au th ori t y fu n ct i on in g as t h e Pri vy C ou n ci l i n a St at e sp eci fi ed i n
Part B o f t h e Fi rs t Sch ed u le t o en t ert ain and d is p os e of a p p eals and
p et it i on s from or i n res p ect of an y j u d gmen t , d ecree or ord er o f an y cou rt
wi t h in th at St at e sh all ceas e, an d all ap p eals an d ot h er p roceed in gs p end in g
b efore t h e s aid aut h orit y at s uch commen cemen t s h all b e t ran s ferred t o,
an d d i sp os ed of b y, t h e Su p reme Cou rt .
(5 ) Fu rt h er p rovi s i on may b e mad e b y Parli amen t b y la w t o gi ve effect
t o t h e p rovi s i on s of t h i s art i cle.
3 7 5. Courts , a uthori ti es a nd off i cers to conti nue to f uncti on s ubject
to the pr ovi s i ons of the Cons t i tuti on. —All cou rt s o f ci vi l, cr i mi n al and
reven u e ju ri sd i ct i on , all au th ori ti es an d all offi cers , j ud i ci al, ex ecu t i ve an d
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
mi n is t eri al, t h rou gh ou t th e t erri t ory o f In d i a, s h all con t in u e to ex erci s e
t h ei r res p ect i ve fu n ct i ons su bj ect t o t h e p rovi s i ons of t h i s Cons t it u ti on .
3 7 6. P rovi s i ons a s to J udg es of Hi g h Courts . —(1 ) Not wi t h s t an di n g
an yt h i n g i n clau s e (2 ) of art i cl e 2 1 7, t h e J ud ges of a Hi gh Cou rt i n an y
Provi n ce h old i n g offi ce i mmed i at ely b efore t h e commen cemen t of t h i s
Con s t it ut i on s h all, u n les s th ey h ave elect ed ot h erwi s e, b ecome on s u ch
commen cemen t t h e J ud ges of t h e Hi gh Cou rt i n t h e corres p ond i n g St at e,
an d sh all t h ereup on b e en t it led to s u ch s alari es and allo wan ces an d t o su ch
ri gh t s i n resp ect of leave o f ab s en ce and p en si on as are p rovi d ed for u n d er
art i cle 2 21 i n res p ect of t h e J ud ges of s u ch Hi gh Cou rt . An y s u ch J ud ge
s h all, n ot wi t h st and in g t h at h e i s n ot a ci t i zen of In d i a, b e eli gi b le for
ap p oi nt ment as Ch i ef J u st i ce of s u ch Hi gh Cou rt , or as Ch i ef J u s ti ce or
ot h er J ud ge of an y ot h er Hi gh Cou rt .
(2 ) Th e Ju d ges of a Hi gh Cou rt i n an y In d i an St at e corres p ond ing t o an y
St at e s p eci fi ed i n Part B of t h e Fi rs t Sch ed u le h old i n g o ffi ce i mmed i at el y
b efore t h e commen cemen t of t h is Con s ti t ut i on sh all, u n les s t h ey h ave
elect ed ot h erwi s e, b ecome on s u ch commen cement th e J ud ges o f t h e Hi gh
Cou rt in t h e St at e s o s p eci fi ed and s h all, n ot wi th st and in g an yt h i n g in
clau s es (1 ) an d (2 ) of art i cle 2 1 7 bu t s ub j ect t o t h e p rovi s o t o clau s e (1 )
o f t h at arti cle, con t in u e t o h old o ffi ce u n ti l t h e ex pi rat i on of s u c h p eri od as
t h e Presi d en t may b y ord er d et ermi n e.
(3 ) In t h i s art i cle, t h e exp ressi on “J u d ge” d oes n ot i n clu d e an act i n g
J u d ge or an ad di t i on al Ju d ge.
3 7 7. P rovi s i ons a s to Com ptrol l er a nd Audi tor -Genera l of I ndi a . —
Th e Au d i t or -G en eral o f In d i a h old i n g o ff i ce i mmed i at el y b efore t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Con s ti tu ti on s h all, u n les s h e h as elect ed ot h erwi s e,
b ecome on s u ch commen cement t h e Comp t roller an d Au d i t or -G en eral o f
In d i a an d sh all t h ereu p on b e en ti t led t o su ch s alari es an d t o s u ch ri gh ts in
res p ect of leave o f ab s en ce an d p en s i on as are p rovi d ed for u n d er clau s e
(3 ) of art i cle 1 4 8 i n res p ect of t h e Comp t roller an d Au di t or -G en eral of
In d i a and b e ent i t led t o con t in ue t o h old offi ce u n t i l th e ex pi rat i on of h i s
t erm of o ffi ce as d et ermi n ed u nd er th e p rovi s i on s wh i ch were ap p li cab le t o
h i m i mmedi at ely b efore s u ch commen cement .
3 7 8. P rovi s i ons a s to P ubl i c Servi ce Com m i s si ons . —(1 ) Th e memb ers
o f t h e Pu b li c Servi ce Commi ss i on for t h e Domi ni on of In d i a h old i n g offi ce
i mmedi at ely b efore t h e commen cement of t h i s Con st i tu ti on sh all, u n less
t h ey h ave e lect ed ot h erwi s e, b ecome on s u ch commen cemen t the memb ers
o f t h e Pu b li c Servi ce Commi ss ion for t h e Un i on and s h all, n otwi t h st and in g
an yt h i n g i n clau s es (1 ) an d (2 ) o f art i cle 3 1 6 b ut su b j ect t o t h e p rovi s o t o
clau s e ( 2 ) o f t h at art i cle, con t i n u e t o h old o ffi ce u n t i l t h e exp i rati on of
t h ei r t erm of o ffi ce as d et ermin ed un d er t h e ru les wh i ch were ap p li cab le
i mmedi at ely b e fore s u ch commen cement t o su ch memb ers .
(2 ) Th e Memb ers of a Pu b li c Servi ce Commi s s i on of a Pr ovi n ce or o f a
Pu b li c Servi ce Commi s si on s ervi n g t h e n eeds of a grou p o f Provi n ces
h old i n g offi ce i mmed i at ely b e fo re t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Con s t it u ti on
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
s h all, u n les s t h ey h ave elect ed ot h erwi s e, b ecome on su ch commen cement
t h e memb ers of t h e Pu b li c Servi ce Com mi s s i on for t h e corres p on d in g St at e
or t h e memb ers of t h e J oi n t St at e Pu b li c Servi ce Commi s si on s ervi n g t h e
n eed s of t h e corres p on d in g St at es , as t h e cas e may b e, an d sh all,
n ot wi t hs t an d in g an yt h i n g in clau s es (1 ) and (2 ) of art i cle 3 1 6 b u t s ub j ect
t o t h e p rovi s o t o clau s e (2 ) of t h at arti cle, con t in u e t o h old offi ce u nt i l th e
ex p i rat i on of t h ei r t erm of o ffi ce as d et ermi n ed un d er th e ru les wh i ch
were ap p li cab le i mmed i at ely b efore s u ch commen cemen t t o s u ch memb ers .
3 7 8 A. Specia l provi s i on as to dura ti on o f Andhra P ra des h Leg i sl a ti ve
As s em bl y . —Not wi th st and i n g an yt h i n g con t ai n ed i n arti cle 1 7 2 , th e
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb l y o f t h e St at e o f An d h ra Prad es h as con st itu t ed u nd er
t h e p rovi s i ons of s ect i on s 28 an d 29 of t h e St at es Reorgan is at i on Act ,
1 9 56 , sh all, u n les s s oon er d is sol ved , con t i nu e for a p eri od of fi ve years
fr om t h e d at e referred t o i n t he s ai d s ecti on 2 9 an d n o lon g er an d t he
ex p i rat i on of t h e s aid p eri od s h all op erat e as a di ss olu t ion of t h at
Le gi s lat i ve As s emb ly.
3 7 9. —39 1 . Rep. b y th e Con s ti tut i on (S e ven t h Amen d men t ) Act , 1 9 56 , s.
2 9 a nd S ch .
3 9 2. P ow er of the P res i dent to rem ove di ff i cul ti es. —(1 ) Th e Pres i d ent
may, for t h e p u rp os e of removi n g an y d i ffi cu lt i es , p arti cu larly i n relat i on
t o t h e t rans it i on from t h e p rovi s i on s of t h e G overn men t of In d i a Ac t , 1 9 35,
t o t h e p rovi s i on s of t h i s Con s t itu t i on , b y ord er d i rect t h at th is Con s t it u ti on
s h all, d u rin g su ch p eri od as may b e s p eci fi ed in th e ord er, h ave effect
s u bj ect t o s u ch ad ap t at i ons , whet h er b y wa y o f mod i fi cat i on , ad d it i on or
omi s s i on , as h e may d ee m t o b e n eces s ary or ex p ed i en t :
Provi d ed t h at n o s u ch ord er sh all b e mad e aft er t h e fi rs t meet i n g of
Parli amen t du ly c on s t i tu t ed un der Ch apt er II o f Part V.
(2 ) Ever y ord er mad e u n d er claus e (1 ) sh all b e lai d b efore Parli amen t .
(3 ) Th e p owers con ferred on t h e Pres i d en t b y t h i s arti cle, b y art i cle 3 2 4 ,
b y c lau s e (3 ) of art i cle 3 6 7 an d b y art i cle 3 9 1 s h all, b efore t h e
commen cemen t of t h i s Con st i tu t i on , b e ex ercis ab le b y t h e G overn or G en eral of t h e Domi n i on of In d ia.
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
PART XXII
SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUT HORITATIVE
TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS
3 9 3. Short ti tl e. —Th i s Cons t itu t i on may b e cal led t h e Con s t it u ti on of
In d i a.
3 9 4. Com m encem ent. —Thi s art i cle an d art i cles 5 , 6, 7 , 8 , 9 , 6 0 , 3 24 ,
3 6 6, 36 7 , 37 9 , 3 80 , 3 88 , 39 1 , 39 2 an d 3 93 sh all come i n t o for ce at on ce,
an d t h e remain in g p rovi s i on s of t h i s Con st i tu ti on s h all come i n t o force on
t h e t wen t y-s i x t h d ay o f J an u ary, 1 9 5 0 , wh i ch d ay i s re ferred t o i n t h is
Con s t it ut i on as t h e commen cemen t of t h i s Cons ti t ut i on .
3 9 4 A. Authori ta ti ve text i n t he Hi ndi l a ng ua g e. —(1 ) Th e Pres i d en t
s h all cau s e t o b e pu b li sh ed u nd er h i s au th ori t y, —
(a ) th e t ran s lat i on of t h i s Cons tit u ti on in t h e Hin di lan gu age, si gn ed
b y t h e memb ers of t h e Con s t i tu en t As s emb ly, wi t h s u ch mod i fi cat i on s as
may b e n eces s ary t o b ri n g i t in con formi t y wi t h th e lan gu age, st yle an d
t ermi n olog y ad op t ed i n t h e au th ori t at i ve t ex ts of Cen t ral Act s i n th e
Hi n d i lan gu age, an d in corp orati n g t h erein all t h e amen d ment s o f t h i s
Con s t it ut i on mad e b efore s u ch pu b li cati on ; an d
(b ) th e t ran s lat i on i n th e Hi nd i lan gu age o f eve r y amen d men t of t h is
Con s t it ut i on mad e in th e En gli s h lan gu age.
(2 ) Th e t ran s lat i on of t h i s Con st i tu t i on an d of e ver y amen d ment t h ereof
p u b lis h ed u nd er clau s e (1 ) sh all b e con s t ru ed t o h ave t h e s ame mean in g as
t h e ori gi n al t h ereof an d i f an y d i ffi cu l t y ari s es i n s o con s t rui n g an y p art o f
s u ch t rans lat i on , t h e Pres i d en t sh all cau s e t h e s ame t o b e revi s ed su i t ab ly.
(3 ) Th e t ran s lat i on of t h i s Con st i tu t i on an d of e ver y amen d ment t h ereof
p u b lis h ed un d er t hi s art i cle sh all b e d eemed t o b e, for al l p u rp os e s , th e
au t h orit at i ve t ex t t h ereof i n th e Hi n d i lan gu age.
3 9 5. Repea l s .—Th e In d i an In d ep en den ce Act , 19 47 , an d t h e G overn men t
o f In d i a Act , 19 35 , t oget h er wi t h all en actmen ts amen d in g or
s u pp lemen ti n g t h e lat t er Act , b u t n ot in clu d in g th e Ab oli t i on of Pri v y
Cou n ci l J u ri sd i cti on Act , 1 94 9 , are h ereb y rep ealed .
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