FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE CARBON PRICE ON SOUTH AUSTRALIAN COUNCILS DRAFT REPORT May 2012 NOTE: This report has been prepared for the Local Government of South Australia using data from SA Councils by the Municipal Association of Victoria. Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils DISCLAIMER The conclusions drawn in this Report are based on the data provided by the survey Councils. No responsibility is taken for inferences that have been drawn from any inaccurate data provided by respondents. DME 83746 -2- Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report Table of Contents 1 Summary ................................................................................................................. 4 2 Background ............................................................................................................ 7 3 Automotive Fuel Costs........................................................................................... 8 4 Standing Energy ..................................................................................................... 9 5 Municipal Waste Disposal .................................................................................... 11 6 Construction ......................................................................................................... 13 7 Appendix: Council Rate Information 2010-11 ..................................................... 15 DME 83746 -3- Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report 1 SUMMARY There is a range of issues around accurately forecasting the sectoral impacts arising from the future pricing of carbon. Moreover, the impacts for individual Councils will be dependent upon the particular factors pertaining to each. Among the variables that influence the ability to provide estimates of increase in costs are: general changes in volumes of goods and services demanded as a result of demographic and other growth e.g. impacts associated with the building of new facilities, population growth and usage; policy decisions with respect to specific services e.g. trade waste; abatement programs undertaken by captured landfills; products/ and tariff (Green Power) substitution for those with less embedded carbon; changes in the price of alternatives as a result of greater demand for substitute goods and services e.g. preferences for green energy and changes in green tariffs and their relativity to conventional energy, inclusive of the price of carbon; increases in Councils’ rates and expenses which are largely neutral to the pricing of carbon; increases being transferred to service users (through charges) as distinct from ratepayers (through rates); pricing behaviours of suppliers (generators and retailers) and levels of market competition; and decisions by agents to institute changes that may impose costs on consumers (Councils) that are not directly inclusive of, but related to, the carbon price e.g. landfill gate fees being increased to pay for the development of abatement solutions. Beyond the carbon price mechanism fixed price period is where the greatest level of uncertainty exists - that which relates to prices for carbon permits determined by the market under the cap and trade emissions trading system in 2015. It is considered that forecasting of changes beyond year one would require too may assumptions for it to have validity. This analysis is provided to assist Councils in framing budgets so that, based on available data, they may adequately provide for the associated cost increases that will be incurred. However, it is based on modelling rather than real prices set by suppliers. Where real prices can be obtained they should be used in preference to this Report. To this end, a factor has been estimated that reasonably reflects this increase for the first year of the carbon scheme only. Impacts in terms of four components have been considered: automotive fuels; stationary energy; municipal waste; and construction. DME 83746 -4- Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report Rates Expenses Fuel Standing Energy Municipa l Waste Constru ction Total Fuel Standin g Energy Municipa l Waste Constru ction Total Adelaide City 0.00% 0.51% 0.00% 0.79% 1.30% 0.00% 0.26% 0.00% 0.41% 0.67% Burnside 0.00% 0.16% 0.00% 0.38% 0.54% 0.00% 0.12% 0.00% 0.29% 0.41% Campbelltown 0.00% 0.22% 0.00% 1.00% 1.22% 0.00% 0.17% 0.00% 0.79% 0.96% Gawler 0.01% 0.17% 0.00% 0.47% 0.65% 0.01% 0.10% 0.00% 0.29% 0.40% Goyder 0.00% 0.27% 0.00% 1.09% 1.36% 0.00% 0.11% 0.00% 0.46% 0.57% Kangaroo Island Port Adelaide 0.00% 0.18% 0.00% 1.25% 1.43% 0.00% 0.06% 0.00% 0.41% 0.47% 0.00% 0.15% 0.00% 0.33% 0.48% 0.00% 0.12% 0.00% 0.26% 0.38% Robe 0.06% 0.16% 0.00% 0.92% 1.14% 0.03% 0.08% 0.00% 0.50% 0.61% Salisbury 0.00% 0.24% 0.00% 0.48% 0.72% 0.00% 0.17% 0.00% 0.36% 0.53% Tea Tree Gully Tumby Bay 0.02% 0.17% 0.00% 0.45% 0.64% 0.02% 0.13% 0.00% 0.35% 0.50% 0.23% 0.18% 0.00% 0.42% 0.83% 0.10% 0.08% 0.00% 0.18% 0.36% West Torrens 0.00% 0.20% 0.00% 0.46% 0.66% 0.00% 0.14% 0.00% 0.33% 0.47% 0.35% 0.49% 0 Median 0.00% 0.18% 0.00% 0.48% 0.78% 0.00% 0.12% 0.00% Notes: Figures exclude impacts where contractors are responsible for standing energy costs for aquatic and recreation centres Figures for capital outlays may overstate impacts because of inclusion of non-construction related plant and equipment The analysis shows that impacts across Councils will vary with possible effects ranging from 0.48% to 1.43% of rates and from 0.36% to 0.96% of expenses. Based on these data the expected increase for the sector in the first year of the scheme may be equivalent to 0.8% in rates and 0.5% in expenses. With respect to the findings: the increase in direct costs associated with automotive fuels is negligible as Councils’ own use of off-road vehicles greater than 4.5t gvm is quite limited, although this may transmit through the prices charged by contractors for construction and maintenance, waste management and other functions if heavy off-road plant is used; the costs for stationary energy are estimated to be relatively modest as a % of Councils overall costs at the introductory carbon price, influenced to some extent by the use of natural gas and green power over coal-fired grid electricity; the costs for methane release associated with captured landfills represents a significant component of increase for most of the surveyed Councils with abatement measures associated with landfills receiving waste from the survey Councils unknown. However for the purposes of this analysis it is assumed that no cost will be incurred by Councils in the first year (2012-13); and construction cost increases, have been based on the consideration of forecasts from secondary sources and factored at the range of 0.75% to 1% of Councils’ capital outlays. In addition to the above costs, the life-time cost (discounted) associated with waste deposited in the 2012-13 year are as captured in the following table. Costs associated with landfill is likely to significantly increase the overall burden on Councils, albeit over a number of years as a consequence of contractual negotiations with landfill operators. DME 83746 -5- Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report Municipal Waste – Change in rates Municipal Waste – Change in expenses Adelaide City 0.26% 0.14% Burnside 0.88% 0.69% Campbelltown 1.30% 1.03% Gawler 0.00% 0.00% Goyder 0.00% 0.00% Kangaroo Island N/A N/A Port Adelaide 0.91% 0.73% Robe 0.00% 0.00% Salisbury 0.00% 0.00% Tea Tree Gully 1.05% 0.82% Tumby Bay 0.00% 0.00% West Torrens 0.97% 0.70% Median 0.26% 0.14% Notes Data for Gawler and Salisbury have been amended following advice that the receiving landfill will not be a liable entity under the carbon price. The reduction of these facilities to a zero cost significantly reduced the median figure. Previously it had been 0.69 per cent for expenditure and 0.88 per cent for rates. DME 83746 -6- Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report 2 BACKGROUND On 8 November 2011, the Government's Clean Energy Futures legislative package was passed through the Senate paving the way for the introduction of the carbon price mechanism in July 2012. Under the government's package, a fixed carbon price of $23 a tonne will be imposed from July 1 2012, rising at 2.5 per cent a year in real terms for three years. In 2015, the package will convert to an emissions trading scheme with a floating price. When the floating price starts in 2015, a floor price of $15 and a ceiling price, $20 above the expected international price, will also be imposed to prevent volatility. To determine appropriate householder compensation packages, including consideration of the cost flow through to Local Government the Federal Treasury modelled the economywide impacts of a carbon price. This modelling estimated that the increase in Consumer Price Index attributable to a carbon price would be 0.7 per cent across the economy. Given that Local Government nationally spends an estimated $28 billion per annum, the Australian Local Government Association (ALGA) has estimated that the expenditure directly attributable to a price on carbon (excluding costs associated with emissions from landfills) will increase Local Government spending by $230 million, or 0.8 per cent. The Municipal Association of Victoria (MAV) subsequently undertook an analysis based on a survey of 38 Victorian Councils using their volumes and costs of automotive fuel, standing energy and municipal waste and associated landfill gas for 2010-11 as the base for estimating costs impacts that would arise from 1 July 2012. The Local Government Association of SA (LGA) worked with the MAV to replicate the survey in South Australia and engaged the MAV to analyse the data. The LGA identified twenty six South Australian Councils with suitable background information to complete the survey (via emissions inventories) of which twelve submitted returns of varying quality and completion for consideration. Caution should therefore be exercised in extrapolating accurately the results for all Councils given the small survey population. DME 83746 -7- Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report 3 AUTOMOTIVE FUEL COSTS Additional costs related to fuel will be impacted to the extent that Councils’ fleet include vehicles in excess of 4.5 tonnes gross vehicle mass where the predominant use is off-road. These costs will be in the form of a reduction in fuel tax credits for petrol, diesel, other liquid fuels, LPG and CNG for Councils’ heavy off-road plant. Table 1: Off-Road Fuel tax Credit Reduction (cents / litre) 2012-13 5.52 6.21 3.68 6.67 Unleaded Petrol Diesel and other liquid fuels LPG LNG & CNG 2013-14 5.796 6.521 3.864 7.004 2014-15 6.096 6.858 4.064 7.366 Direct fuel impacts will affect Councils differently based on the extent to which they undertake their own infrastructure construction, maintenance works and waste services (collection and landfill operations). The corollary is that where Councils engage contractors for these purposes that these costs will also be passed on in higher contract costs. Table 2: Impacts on Rates, Expenses & Fuel Costs of Carbon Price 2012-13 Based on Councils’ 2010-11 Volumes & Costs & Fuel Credit Reduction Volume Additional Cost ($) 2010-11 Volume @ 2012-13 Increase % Expense s 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% % Fuel Costs 0.0% 0.0% 0.2% 1.2% 0.0% 0.0% Unleaded (ltrs) 1,122 - Diesel (ltrs) 6,290 29,724 - LPG (ltrs) 389 - CNG (kg) - 405 1,908 - % Rates 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% - - - 1,662 - 0.0% 0.1% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.8% 0.0% - - 12,336 5,377 0.0% 0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 1.7% 2.7% - - - 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Average 0.0% 0.0% 0.6% Median 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Adelaide City Burnside Campbelltown Gawler Goyder Kangaroo Island Port Adelaide Enfield Robe Salisbury Tea Tree Gully Tumby Bay - 26,759 198,64 0 86,590 West Torrens - - The analysis shows that for a significant number of Councils there will be no material direct impact from the increases announced for automotive fuel, although this may possibly present in some increased contractor costs. At the “high end” direct cost increases for automotive fuel were found to account for up to 0.2% of rates, 0.1% of expenses and 2.7% of automotive fuel costs. DME 83746 -8- Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report 4 STANDING ENERGY The Clean Energy Scheme provides for a carbon price of $23.00 per tonne in 2012–13 increasing by 2.5 per cent per year until emissions trading commences in 2015-16. The impact of carbon pricing on coal-fired electricity and gas will be determined by the extent of on-passing of the burden by generators to retailers to consumers, including Councils. The latest available National Greenhouse Accounts Factors1 provides the following conversion factors: 0.68 tonnes CO2e/mWh for conventional electricity purchased from the grid from South Australian sources; and 0.0513 tonnes CO2e/GJ for natural gas distributed in a pipeline. These conversion factors have been used to generate estimates of the increased costs likely to be borne by Councils and assume that the full cost is passed on. Councils’ consumption of, and costs for, standing energy was sought across the range of uses including those with very high demand such as street lighting and recreation and aquatic centres as well as other Council buildings and sites. This analysis excludes third party contracted sites where the contractor pays energy bills for recreational and aquatic centres and hence additional costs are likely to be understated for this purpose. Table 3: Volumes of Conventional Electricity and Gas Electricity (mWh) Adelaide City Burnside Campbelltown Gawler Goyder Kangaroo Island Port Adelaide Enfield Robe Salisbury Tea Tree Gully Tumby Bay West Torrens Natural Gas (Gj) Green 10,674,284 912,209 845,049 278,321 164,000 1,121,599 53,985 1,591,954 16,947 Other 21,348,571 2,453,412 3,380,195 1,402,539 653,000 512,376 7,199,386 284,779 9,770,720 5,509,970 265,530 Total 32,022,855 3,365,621 4,225,244 1,680,860 817,000 512,376 8,320,985 338,764 9,770,720 7,101,925 282,477 35,583 4,190 170 932 4,095 1,523 - 284,141 4,286,407 4,570,548 1,229 The following table sets out the additional costs related to CO2e where able to be calculated. The data indicates that increases in stationary energy costs may be in the order of 6% to 19% excluding energy costs borne by contractors where recreational and aquatic centres are out-sourced. Increases in rates and expenses arising from this are estimated at a fraction of a percentage point. The analysis of Victorian Councils by the MAV suggested that with the inclusion of outsourced recreational and aquatic centres increases in the order of 0.4% in rates, 0.25% in expenses and 18% in standing energy costs may result. It is not considered unreasonable that the impact for SA Councils would be similar. 1 July 2011 DME 83746 -9- Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report Table 4: Impacts on Rates, Expenses & Standing Energy Costs of Carbon Price 2012-13 Based on Councils’ 2010-11 Volumes & Costs & Latest National Greenhouse Accounts Factors % Green Electricity Carbon Cost from Conventional Electricity @ $23t CO2e Carbon Cost from Gas @ $23t CO2e Total Carbon Cost @ $23t CO2e % Rates % Expenses % Stationary Energy Costs Adelaide City 50 333,892 42,009 375,901 0.51% 0.26% 10.59% Burnside 20 38,371 4,946 43,317 0.16% 0.12% 8.41% Campbelltown 20 52,866 201 53,067 0.22% 0.17% 13.99% Gawler 17 21,936 - 21,936 0.17% 0.10% 19.27% Goyder 20 10,213 - 10,213 0.27% 0.11% 6.26% Kangaroo Island Port Adelaide Enfield - 8,014 - 8,014 0.18% 0.06% 8.25% 15 112,598 1,100 113,698 0.15% 0.12% 12.22% Robe 20 4,454 - 4,454 0.16% 0.08% 7.22% Salisbury - 152,814 4,835 157,649 0.24% 0.17% 11.33% Tea Tree Gully 22 86,176 1,798 87,974 0.17% 0.13% 7.79% Tumby Bay 6 4,153 - 4,153 0.18% 0.08% 10.14% West Torrens 6 67,039 1,451 68,490 0.20% 0.14% 6.84% Average 0.25% 0.17% 10.1% Median 0.18% 0.12% 9.28% Impacts for Councils are offset to varying extent by the use of green power electricity. Electricity sourced from green sources in 2010-11 ranged from zero to 50% of volume in the survey Councils. Most indicated that they planned to maintain quantities purchased from green sources over the next four years, with one Council planning to reduce the level from 50% to 35% and another doubling its supply from 20% to 40%. DME 83746 - 10 - Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report 5 MUNICIPAL WASTE DISPOSAL The costs of greenhouse gas related to waste are identified by the volumes of waste collected and deposited into landfills that are captured by the carbon price mechanism. Landfill operators will incur no costs in 2012-13 as a consequence of waste decay methodologies that identify a delay between deposition of waste and the generation of methane. A carbon cost is determined by the application of the latest National Greenhouse Accounts Factors to respective tonnages. This cost may be offset to varying degrees by abatement measures such as flaring or capture of methane for energy generation. The following factors are relevant: Municipal solid waste collections 1.2 t CO2-e/tonne waste; and Commercial/Industrial (trade) waste collections – 1.1 t CO2-e/tonne waste No factor is provided for “other waste” which is mainly composed of street sweepings and litter bins. An analysis of audit data related to domestic waste collections and other waste suggest that 0.2 t CO2-e/tonne, reflecting the significantly higher proportion of inert material in the latter (plastic, glass and aluminium), may not be unreasonable. Under the carbon price arrangements landfills that emit more than 25,000 tonnes of CO2e from waste deposited after 1 July 2012 will incur liability for the carbon tax. Landfill operators will also be able to generate credits on old waste (deposited before 1 July 2012), under the Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI), which can be sold to liable entities once the emissions trading scheme commences in 2015. Table 5: Tonnes of Waste to Landfill and Associated Landfill Gate Fees 2010-11 Domestic Kerbside Waste Trade and/or Commercial Waste Other Waste Total tonnes Domestic Kerbside Waste Collection Trade and/or Commercial Waste Other Waste Total cost ($) Adelaide City 4,351 2,949 - 7,300 497,000 384,700 - 881,700 Burnside 8,621 - 779 9,400 381,953 - 345,191 727,144 Campbelltown 11,225 - 1,236 12,461 926,638 - 102,056 1,028,694 Gawler 4,480 906 420 5,806 215,000 40,000 20,156 275,156 Goyder Kangaroo Island 1,730 - - 1,730 159,190 - 58,013 217,203 np np np np np np np np Port Adelaide 25,267 - 710 25,977 1,010,700 - 30,000 1,040,700 Robe 1,000 125 125 1,250 72,000 9,000 9,000 90,000 Salisbury 29,729 - - 29,729 1,430,000 - - 1,430,000 Tea Tree Gully 19,498 Tumby Bay West Torrens 760 12,183 - 450 62,935 8,950 1,317,750 - 45 611 805 12,794 8,500 1,254,815 Notes: Other waste cost for Gawler np and based on gate fees for domestic collection West Torrens costs np and based on a gate fee of $103 tonne DME 83746 - 11 - Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report The following table sets out the impacts arising from depositing waste into a landfill that triggers the 25kt CO2e threshold and net carbon costs. Abatement measures were only identified in the survey with respect to the Uleybury Landfill, the destination for waste from Gawler and Salisbury Councils, and we have received confirmation that flaring is sufficient to reduce emissions so the facility is under the 25kt CO2e threshold and therefore not liable. Table 6: Discounted Carbon Costs Associated with Municipal Waste Collections Going to Landfill 2012-13 based on Councils’ 2010-11 Volumes & Costs Receiving Landfills Generating 25kt CO2e Net CO2e tonnes Carbon Cost $ % Rates % Expenses % Gate Fees Adelaide City Yes 8,465 194,697 0.26% 0.14% 22.08% Burnside Yes 10,501 241,524 0.88% 0.69% 33.22% Campbelltown Yes 13,717 315,502 1.30% 1.03% 30.67% Gawler No Goyder No 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Kangaroo Island Yes N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Port Adelaide Yes 30,462 700,635 0.91% 0.73% 67.32% Robe No 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Salisbury No Tea Tree Gully Yes 1.05% 0.82% 69.00% Tumby Bay No 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% West Torrens Yes 0.97% 0.70% 25.73% 0.49% 0.26% 0.37% 0.14% 22.55% 22.08% 23,398 14,741 538,145 339,052 Average Median The analysis shows significant variation across the survey population in terms of impacts on waste disposal costs, differences in tonnages and variations in landfilling costs. The data show that while they may represent a significant increase on existing landfill costs for individual Councils they are likely to account for just under 0.26 per cent of Councils’ rates and 0.14 per cent of Councils’ expenses at a sectoral level. These costs will be incurred over time in line with the annual emissions from the waste. DME 83746 - 12 - Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report 6 CONSTRUCTION Construction has been singled out as a sector that may be impacted more heavily than others through downstream effects and the high levels of carbon embedded in the products that are used. There is considerable difficulty in trying to estimate such cost increases for the sector because of differences in construction type, for example, whether building or road construction and hence differences in the materials used. The greenhouse impacts of construction and maintenance includes the automotive fuels for construction machines, road construction materials (aggregate, bitumen, concrete and recyclables), site wastes and construction site energy. Cost increases to inputs with high embodied carbon values such as concrete, bitumen, bricks, glass, steel/metal, aluminium and plastic products would be expected to be passed downstream and therefore by contractors to final purchasers (Councils) or incurred by Councils directly. A crude review of the estimates of the impacts of the carbon tax on construction was undertaken as part of this Report. Impacts for building and non-building construction in the first year of carbon trading have been estimated at from 0.35 per cent to two per cent of project costs. Most, however, appear to estimate cost increases of 1.5 per cent or less2. These costs are expected to increase over time as the carbon price escalates and “shielding” for high-carbon trade-exposed industries such as cement, steel, aluminium and glass-making is reduced. Future impacts are difficult to forecast for various reasons including the substitution of products with lower levels of embodied carbon and impacts on prices for less carbon intensive construction materials arising from increased demand. Impacts on Councils’ capital maintenance costs are considered to be much less material. The table below sets out effects in terms of rates and expenses based on Councils’ 2010-11 capital outlays that would arise from a 0.5 per cent to 1.5 per cent increase due to the pricing of carbon in 2012-13. It should be noted that the capital outlay figures used include plant and equipment that is unrelated to construction and therefore the figures below will overstate the impact. 2 Commonwealth Treasury one per cent in the first year and less than 1.5 per cent after four years, WT Sustainability 0.35 per cent to 0.7 per cent, Allen Consulting 1.4 per cent to 1.5 per cent, Davis Langdon less than 0.5 per cent and Master Builders 1.5 per cent. DME 83746 - 13 - Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report Table 7: Forecast Carbon Costs 2012-13 based on Councils’ 2010-11 Capital Outlays % Expenses % Rates Additional Cost to Capital Outlays Additional Cost to Capital Outlays 1.50% 1% 0.75% 0.50% 1.50% 1% 0.75% 0.50% Adelaide City 0.71% 0.47% 0.35% 0.24% 1.36% 0.91% 0.68% 0.45% Burnside 0.50% 0.34% 0.25% 0.17% 0.65% 0.43% 0.32% 0.22% Campbelltown 1.36% 0.91% 0.68% 0.45% 1.72% 1.14% 0.86% 0.57% Gawler 0.50% 0.33% 0.25% 0.17% 0.81% 0.54% 0.40% 0.27% Goyder 0.79% 0.53% 0.40% 0.26% 1.88% 1.25% 0.94% 0.63% Kangaroo Island 0.70% 0.46% 0.35% 0.23% 2.15% 1.43% 1.07% 0.72% Port Adelaide 0.45% 0.30% 0.22% 0.15% 0.56% 0.37% 0.28% 0.19% Robe 0.85% 0.57% 0.42% 0.28% 1.58% 1.05% 0.79% 0.53% Salisbury 0.61% 0.41% 0.31% 0.20% 0.83% 0.55% 0.41% 0.28% Tea Tree Gully 0.59% 0.40% 0.30% 0.20% 0.76% 0.51% 0.38% 0.25% Tumby Bay 0.32% 0.21% 0.16% 0.11% 0.71% 0.48% 0.36% 0.24% West Torrens 0.57% 0.38% 0.28% 0.19% 0.79% 0.53% 0.40% 0.26% Average 0.66% 0.44% 0.33% 0.22% 1.15% 0.77% 0.57% 0.38% Median 0.60% 0.40% 0.30% 0.20% 0.82% 0.55% 0.41% 0.27% DME 83746 - 14 - Financial Implications of the Carbon Price on South Australian Councils Local Government Association of South Australia – Draft Report 7 APPENDIX: COUNCIL RATE INFORMATION 2010-11 Council Total Rate Revenue Capital Expenditure Operating Expenditure Adelaide 74,214,058 67,251,000 142,234,000 Burnside 27,337,569 11,802,357 35,086,846 Campbelltown 24,240,491 27,745,150 30,612,400 Gawler 13,283,000 7,138,000 21,343,000 Goyder 3,791,133 4,740,028 8,965,226 Kangaroo Island 4,492,895 6,430,237 13,832,827 Port Adelaide Enfield 77,147,800 28,784,100 96,449,300 Robe 2,832,163 2,982,710 5,270,049 Salisbury 66,945,000 37,041,000 90,372,000 Tea Tree Gully 51,121,703 26,044,000 65,862,000 Tumby Bay 2,356,564 1,123,100 5,339,550 West Torrens 34,939,040 18,481,091 48,637,477 Notes: Goyder figure for rates obtained by consultant from Council Annual Report Gawler figure for expenses obtained by consultant from Council Annual Report Capital figures for Gawler, Kangaroo Island and Salisbury obtained by consultant from Council Annual Report Other figures supplied by SALGA DME 83746 - 15 -