Carbon Fraction Bibliography - Office of Community Services

advertisement
Carbon Fraction Bibliography
Accardi-Dey,A. and Gschwend,P.M. (2002). Assessing the combined roles of natural organic matter and black
carbon as sorbents in sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 21-29.
Ackerman,J.P. and Toon,O.B. (1981). Absorption of visible radiation in atmosphere containing mixtures of
absorbing and nonabsorbing particles. Appl. Opt. 20, 3661-3667.
Adams,H.S., Nieuwenhuijsen,M.J., Colvile,R.N., Older,M.J., and Kendall,M. (2002). Assessment of road users'
elemental carbon personal exposure levels, London, UK. Atmos. Environ. 36, 5335-5342.
Adams,K.M. (1988). Real time, in situ measurements of atmospheric optical absorption in the visible via
photoacoustic spectroscopy I. Evaluation of photoacoustic cells. Appl. Opt. 27, 4052-4056.
Adams,K.M., Davis,L.I., Jr., Japar,S.M., and Pierson,W.R. (1989). Real time, in situ measurements of atmospheric
optical absorption in the visible via photoacoustic spectroscopy - II. Validation for atmospheric elemental carbon
aerosol. Atmos. Environ. 23, 693-700.
Adams,K.M., Davis,L.I., Jr., Japar,S.M., Finley,D.R., and Cary,R.A. (1990). Measurement of atmospheric
elemental carbon: Real-time data for Los Angeles during summer 1987. Atmos. Environ. 24A, 597-604.
Adams,K.M., Davis,L.I., Jr., Japar,S.M., and Finley,D.R. (1990). Real-time in situ measurements of atmospheric
optical absorption in the visible via photoacoustic spectroscopy - IV: Visibility degradation and aerosol optical
properties in Los Angeles. Atmos. Environ. 24A, 605-610.
Aden.A.L. and Kerker,M. (1951). Scattering of electromagnetic waves from two concentric spheres. J. Appl. Phys.
22, 1242-1246.
Aistov,A.V., Gavrilenko,V.G., and Petrov,S.S. (1991). Evolution of the angular distribution of light scattered by an
absorbing anisotropic medium. Izvestiya, Atmos. and Oceanic Physics 27, 203-207.
Akhter,M.S., Chughtai,A.R., and Smith,D.M. (1984). Reactions of hexane soot with NO 2/N2O4. Journal of
Physical Chemistry 88, 5334-5342.
Akhter,M.S., Chughtai,A.R., and Smith,D.M. (1985). The structure of hexane soot. I. Spectroscopic studies.
Applied Spectroscopy 39, 143-153.
Akhter,M.S., Chughtai,A.R., and Smith,D.M. (1985). The structure of hexane soot. II. Applied Spectroscopy 39,
154-153.
Alcaniz-Monge,J., Cazorla-Amoros,D., and Linares-Solano,A. (2001). Characterization of coal tar pitches by
thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and solvent fractionation. Fuel 80, 41-48.
Allen,G.A., Lawrence,J.E., and Koutrakis,P. (1999). Field validation of a semi-continuous method for aerosol black
carbon (aethalometer) and temporal patterns of summertime hourly black carbon measurements in southwestern PA.
Atmos. Environ. 33, 817-823.
American Society for Testing and Materials (1995). Standard test method for determining the amount of particulate
matter in the atmosphere by measurement of the light absorbance of a filter sample. Report No. D1704-95. by
American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
Andracchio,A., Cavicchi,C., Tonelli,D., and Zappoli,S. (2002). A new approach for the fractionation of watersoluble organic carbon in atmospheric aerosols and cloud drops. Atmos. Environ. 36, 5097-5107.
Andreae,M.O. (1983). Soot carbon and excess fine potassium: Long-range transport of combustion-derived
aerosols. Science 220, 1148-1151.
Andreae,M.O. (2001). The dark side of aerosols. Nature 409, 671-672.
Anonymous (1997). Tracking sootprints. MIT Technol. Rev. 100, 11-13.
Anttila,T., Kerminen,V.M., and Kulmala,M. (2002). A tool for estimating the contribution of water-soluble organic
compounds to the particle mass and condensational growth in the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 36, 5897-5908.
Appel,B.R., Cheng,W., and Salaymeh,F. (1976). Sampling of carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere--II. Atmos.
Environ. 10, 2167.
1
Appel,B.R., Colodny,P., and Wesolowski,J.J. (1976). Analysis of carbonaceous materials in southern California
atmospheric aerosols. Environ. Sci. Technol. 10, 359-363.
Appel,B.R., Hoffer,E.M., Kothny,E.L., Wall,S.M., Halik,M., and Knights,R.L. (1979). Analysis of carbonaceous
material in southern California atmospheric aerosols. 2. Environ. Sci. Technol. 13, 98-104.
Appel,B.R., Cheng,W., and Salaymeh,F. (1989). Sampling of carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere - II.
Aerosol Sci. Technol. 10, 2167-2175.
Appel,J., Bockhorn,H., and Wulkow,M. (2001). A detailed numerical study of the evolution of soot particle size
distributions in laminar premixed flames. Chemosphere 42, 635-645.
Arnold,N.S., Dworzanski,J.P., Sheya,S.A., McClennen,W.H., and Meuzelaar,H.L.C. (2000). Design considerations
in field-portable GC-based hyphenated instrumentation. Field Anal. Chem. & Technol. 4, 219-238.
Arnott,W.P., Moosmüller,H., Abbott,R.E., and Ossofsky,M.D. (1995). Thermoacoustic enhancement of
photoacoustic spectroscopy: Theory and measurements of the signal to noise ratio. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 48274833.
Arnott,W.P., Moosmüller,H., and Rogers,C.F. (1996). Measurement of light absorption by aerosols. Prepared for
EPA - Office of Exploratory Research, by Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV.
Arnott,W.P., Moosmüller,H., Rogers,C.F., Jin,T., and Bruch,R. (1999). Photoacoustic spectrometer for measuring
light absorption by aerosol: Instrument description. Atmos. Environ. 33, 2845-2852.
Arnott,W.P., Moosmüller,H., and Walker,J.W. (2000). Nitrogen dioxide and kerosene-flame soot calibration of
photoacoustic instruments for measurement of light absorption by aerosols. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 4545-4552.
Arnott,W.P., Moosmüller,H., Sheridan,P.J., Ogren,J.A., Raspet,R., Slaton,W.V., Hand,J.L., Kreidenweis,S.M., and
Collett,J.L., Jr. (2003). Photoacoustic and filter-based ambient aerosol light absorption measurements: Instrument
comparison and the role of relative humidity. J. Geophys. Res. 108, AAC 15-1-AAC 15-11.
Asano,S. and Sato,M. (1980). Light scattering by randomly oriented spheroidal particles. Appl. Opt. 19, 962-974.
Aulagnier,F., Sarda-Esteve,R., Cachier,H., and Chazette,P. (2001). Comparison of different analyzers for
carbonaceous aerosols and application to field experiments. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 1007-1016.
Ausset,P., Del Monte,M., and Lefevre,R.A. (1999). Embryonic sulphated black crusts on carbonate rocks in
atmospheric simulation chamber and in the field: Role of carbonaceous fly-ash. Atmos. Environ. 33, 1525-1534.
Azizi,J.A., Dollimore,D., Dollimore,P.J., Heal,G.R., and Manley,P. (1993). Application of thermal analysis to
carbon black-elastomer systems. J. Thermal Analysis 40, 831.
Babich,P., Davey,M., Allen,G., and Koutrakis,P. (2000). Method comparisons for particulate nitrate, elemental
carbon, and PM2.5 mass in seven U.S. cities. JAWMA 50, 1095-1105.
Badini,C., Saracco,G., Serra,V., and Specchia,V. (1998). Suitability of some promising soot combustion catalysts
for application in diesel exhaust treatment. Appl Catal B Environ 18, 137-150.
Baedecker,P.A., Reddy,M.M., Reimann,K.J., and Sciammarella,C.A. (1992). Effects of acidic deposition on the
erosion of carbonate stone - experimental results from the U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
(NAPAP). Atmos. Environ. B26, 147-158.
Bahrmann,C.P. and Saxena,V.K. (1998). Influence of air mass history on black carbon concentrations and regional
climate forcing in southeastern United States. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 23153-23162.
Bailey,D.L.R. and Clayton,P. (1982). The measurement of suspended particle and total carbon concentration in the
atmosphere using standard smoke shade methods. Atmos. Environ. 16, 2683-2690.
Ball,D.F. (1964). Loss-on-ignition as an estimate of organic matter and organic carbon in non-calcareous soils. J.
Soil Sci. 15, 84-92.
Ballach,J., Hitzenberger,R., Schultz,E., and Jaeschke,W. (2001). Development of an improved optical transmission
technique for black carbon (BC) analysis. Atmos. Environ. 35, 2089-2100.
2
Baltensperger,U., Gäggeler,H.W., Jost,D.T., Emmenegger,M., and Nägeli,W. (1991). Continuous background
aerosol monitoring with the epiphaniometer. Atmos. Environ. 25A, 629-634.
Bank,S. and Castillo,R. (1987). Analysis or organic matter from cloud particles. Geophys. Res. Lett. 14, 210-212.
Barber,P.W. and Massoudi,H. (1982). Recent advances in light scattering calculations for nonspherical particles.
Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1, 303-315.
Barber,P.W. and Hill,S.C. (1990). Light Scattering by Particles: Computational Methods. World Scientific
Publishing Co., Teaneck, NJ.
Barboza,M.J., Coldwell,S.T., Haymes,N.M. (2000). Chemical process industry - Sodium carbonate. In Air
Pollution Engineering Manual, Second Edition, 2 ed., Davis,W.T., Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp.
413-418.
Baron,P.A., Sorensen,C.M., Brockmann,J.E. (2001). Nonspherical particle measurements: Shape factors, fractals,
and fibers. In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Second Edition, 2nd ed., Baron,P.
and Willeke,K., Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp. 705-749.
Bauer,H., Kasper-Giebl,A., Zibuschka,F., Hitzenberger,R., Kraus,G.F., and Puxbaum,H. (2002). Determination of
the carbon content of airborne fungal spores. Anal. Chem. 74, 91-95.
Baumgardner,D., Raga,G., Peralta,O., Rosas,I., Castro,T., Kuhlbusch,T., John,A., and Petzold,A. (2002).
Diagnosing black carbon trends in large urban areas using carbon monoxide measurements. J. Geophys. Res. 107,
ICC 4-1-ICC 4-9.
Belton,P.S., Wilson,R.H., and Saffa,A.M. (1987). Effects of particle size on quantitative photoacoustic
spectroscopy using a gas-microphone cell. Anal. Chem. 59, 2378-2382.
Ben-Aim,R.I. (1987). Influence of structural parameters on the mechanism of combustion of coal. Int. Chem. Eng.
27, 70-75.
Bennett,C.A., Jr., Patty,R.R., and McClenny,W.A. (1981). Photoacoustic detection of carbonaceous particles. Appl.
Opt. 20, 3475-3477.
Bennett,C.A., Jr. and Patty,R.R. (1982). Monitoring particulate carbon collected on Teflon filters: An evaluation of
photoacoustic and transmission techniques. Appl. Opt. 21, 371-374.
Bergstrom,R.W. (1973). Extinction and absorption coefficients of the atmospheric aerosol as a function of particle
size. Contributions to Atmospheric Physics 46, 223-234.
Bergstrom,R.W., Babson,B.L., and Ackerman,T.P. (1981). Calculation of multiple-scattered radiation in clean
atmospheres. Atmos. Environ. 15, 1821-1826.
Bergstrom,R.W., Ackerman,T.P., Richards,L.W. (1982). The optical properties of particulate elemental carbon. In
Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle, Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, NY,
pp. 43-51.
Berner,A., Sidla,S., Galambos,Z., Kruisz,C., Hitzenberger,R., ten Brink,H.M., and Kos,G.P.A. (1996). Modal
character of atmospheric black carbon size distributions. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 19559-19566.
Bessagnet,B. and Rosset,R. (2001). Fractal modelling of carbonaceous aerosols - Application to car exhaust plumes.
Atmos. Environ. 35, 4751-4762.
Beverly,M.B., Basile,F., Voorhees,H.J., and Hadfield,T.L. (1996). A rapid approach for the detection of dipicolinic
acid in bacterial spores using pyrolysis/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 10, 455-458.
Bialoskorski,J., Pyzalski,M., and Walasek,L. (1990). Studies of the reaction between the amorphous carbon and
silicon. J. Thermal Analysis 36, 2033.
Bidleman,T.F., Billings,W.N., and Foreman,W.T. (1986). Vapor-particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic
compounds: Estimates from field collections. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 1038-1043.
Bijnen,F.G.C., Dongen,J.v., Reuss,J., and Harren,F.J.M. (1996). Thermoacoustic amplification of photoacoustic
signal. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 2317-2324.
3
Birch,M.E. and Cary,R.A. (1996). Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to
particulate diesel exhaust. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 25, 221-241.
Birch,M.E. and Cary,R.A. (1996). Elemental carbon-based method for occupational monitoring of particulate diesel
exhaust: Methodology and exposure issues. Analyst 121, 1183-1190.
Birch,M.E. (1998). Analysis of carbonaceous aerosols: Interlaboratory comparison. Analyst 123, 851-857.
Biscoe,J. and Warren,B.E. (1942). An x-ray study of carbon black. J. Appl. Phys. 13, 364-371.
Bittner,J.D. and Howard,J.B. (1981). Pre-particulate chemistry in soot formation. In Particulate Carbon:
Formation During Combustion, Siegla,D.C. and Smith,G.W., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 109-142.
Blaha,J.J., Rosasco,G.J., and Etz,E.S. (1978). Raman microprobe characterization of residual carbonaceous material
associated with urban airborne particulates. Applied Spectroscopy 32, 292-297.
Blake,D. and Kato,K. (1995). Latitudinal distribution of black carbon soot in the upper troposphere and lower
stratosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 7195-7202.
Bogdanov,I.I., Entov,V.M., and Stepanov,V.P. (1990). Thermal decomposition of carbonate rocks under in situ
combustion. J. Engineering Physics 58, 644-650.
Bohren,C.F. (1987). Multiple scattering of light and some of its observable consequences. Am. J. Phys. 55, 524.
Bond,T.C., Charlson,R.J., and Heintzenberg,J. (1998). Quantifying the emission of light-absorbing particles:
Measurements tailored to climate studies. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 337-340.
Bond,T.C., Anderson,T.L., and Campbell,D.E. (1999). Calibration and intercomparison of filter-based
measurements of visible light absorption by aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 30, 582-600.
Bond,T.C., Bussemer,M., Wehner,B., Keller,S., Charlson,R.J., and Heintzenberg,J. (1999). Light absorption by
primary particle emissions from a lignite burning plant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 3887-3891.
Bond,T.C. (2001). Spectral dependence of visible light absorption by carbonaceous particles emitted from coal
combustion. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 4075-4078.
Bond,T.C., Covert,D.S., Kramlich,J.C., Larson,T.V., and Charlson,R.J. (2002). Primary particle emissions from
residential coal burning: Optical properties and size distributions. J. Geophys. Res. 107, ICC 9-1-ICC 9-14.
Bonnamy,S. (1999). Carbonization of various precursors. Effect of heating rate. Part I: Optical microscopy studies.
Carbon 37, 1691.
Bonnamy,S. (1999). Carbonization of various precursors. Effect of heating rate. Part II: Transmission electron
microscopy and physicochemical studies. Carbon 37, 1707.
Borghese,F., Denti,P., Saija,R. (2003). Scattering from Model Nonspherical Particles. Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg New York, Berlin, Germany.
Böckmann,C. and Wauer,J. (2001). Algorithms for the inversion of light scattering data from uniform and nonuniform particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 49-61.
Brook,J.R., Vega,E., Watson,J.G. (2002). Receptor methods for source apportionment - Beyond the emission
inventories. In NARSTO Fine Particle Assessment. NARSTO, Pasco, WA, p. accepted.
Brooke,B. (2001). The distribution of carbonate eolianite. Earth Sci. Rev. 55, 135-164.
Brown,A.L., Dayton,D.C., Nimlos,M.R., and Daily,J.W. (2001). Characterization of biomass pyrolysis vapors with
molecular beam, single photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 42, 663-669.
Bruce,C.W. and Pinnick,R.G. (1977). In-situ measurements of aerosol absorption with a resonant CW laser
spectrophone. Appl. Opt. 16, 1762-1764.
Budiansky,S. (1995). New attention for atmospheric carbon. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1430-1432.
Bugini,R., Tabasso,M.L., and Realini,M. (2000). Rate of formation of black crusts on marble: A case study. J.
Cult. Heritage 1, 111-116.
4
Burtscher,H., Matter,D., and Siegmann,H.C. (1993). Measurement of size distribution and photoelectric activity of
particles in a gas diffusion flame. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 1255-1260.
Burtscher,H., Baltensperger,U., Bukowiechi,N., Cohn,P., Huglin,C., Mohr,M., Matter,U., Nyeki,S., Schmatloch,V.,
Streit,N., and Weingartner,E. (2001). Separation of volatile and non-volatile aerosol fractions by thermodesorption:
Instrumental development and applications. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 427-442.
Buseck,P.R. and Bo-Jun,H. (1985). Conversion of carbonaceous material to graphite during metamorphism.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49, 2003-2016.
Buseck,P.R., Bo-Jun,H., and Keller,L.P. (1987). Electron microscope investigation of the structures of annealed
carbons. Journal of Energy & Fuels 1, 105-110.
Butler,J.D. and Crossley,P. (1981). Reactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on soot particles.
Atmos. Environ. 15, 91-94.
Byers,W.D. and Cal,M.P. (2000). Chemical process industry - Charcoal/activated carbon. In Air Pollution
Engineering Manual, Second Edition, 2 ed., Davis,W.T., Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 368-371.
Cachier,H., Menard,P., Fontugne,M., and Rancher,J. (1985). Source terms and source strengths of the carbonaceous
aerosol in the tropics. J. Atmos. Chem. 3, 469-489.
Cachier,H., Buat-Ménard,P., Fontugne,M., and Chesselet,R. (1986). Long-range transport of continentally-derived
particulate carbon in the marine atmosphere: Evidence from stable carbon isotope studies. Tellus 38B, 161-177.
Cachier,H., Bremond,M.P., and Buat-Ménard,P. (1989). Determination of atmospheric soot carbon with a simple
thermal method. Tellus 41B, 379-390.
Cachier,H., Bremond,M.P., and Buat-Ménard,P. (1989). Thermal separation of soot carbon. Aerosol Sci. Technol.
10, 358-364.
Cachier,H. (1989). Isotopic characterization of carbonaceous aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 10, 379-385.
Cachier,H., Bermond,M.P., Buat-Menard,P. (1990). Organic and black carbon aerosol over marine regions of the
northern hemisphere. In Proceedings, International Conference on Global Atmospheric Chemistry , Newman,L.,
Wang,W., Kiang,C.S., Eds. Brookhaven National Laboratory Press, Brookhaven, NY, pp. 249-261.
Cachier,H., Ruellan,S., and Liousse,C. (1998). Biomass burning aerosols in tropical Africa. J. Aerosol Sci. 29,
S23-S24.
Cadle,S.H., Groblicki,P.J., and Stroup,D.P. (1980). An automated carbon analyzer for particulate samples. Anal.
Chem. 52, 2201-2206.
Cadle,S.H. and Groblicki,P.J. (1982). An evaluation of methods for the determination of organic and elemental
carbon in particulate samples. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycles, Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,R.L., Eds.
Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp. 89-109.
Cadle,S.H., Groblicki,P.J., and Mulawa,P.A. (1983). Problems in the sampling and analysis of carbon particulate.
Atmos. Environ. 17, 593-600.
Cadle,S.H. and Mulawa,P.A. (1990). Atmospheric carbonaceous species measurement methods comparison study:
General Motors results. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12, 128-131.
Campbell,D.E., Copeland,S., Cahill,T.A., Eldred,R.A., Cahill,C.F., Vesenka,J., van Curen,T. (1989) The
coefficient of optical absorption of particles deposited on filters: Integrating plate, integrating sphere, and coefficient
of haze measurements. 82nd Annual Meeting of the Air & Waste Managment Association, Anaheim, CA.
Campbell,D.E., Copeland,S., and Cahill,T.A. (1995). Measurement of aerosol absorption coefficient from Teflon
filters using integrating plate and integrating sphere techniques. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 22, 287-292.
Campillo,A.J., Dodge,C.J., and Lin,H.B. (1981). Aerosol particle absorption spectroscopy by photothermal
modulation of Mie scattered light. Appl. Opt. 20, 3100-3103.
Case,M.E. and Hofeldt,D.L. (1996). Soot mass concentration measurements in diesel engine exhaust using laserinduced incandescence. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 25, 46-60.
5
Chan,S.H., He,Y., and Ge,Y. (1999). Innovative carbon-atom-balance-based method for diesel particulate
measurement. Measurement Science & Technology 10, N93-N100.
Chan,Y.C., Vowles,P.D., McTainsh,G.H., Simpson,R.W., Cohen,D.D., and Bailey,G.M. (1995). Use of a modified
Walkley-Black method to determine the organic and elemental carbon content of urban aerosols collected on glass
fiber filters. Chemosphere 31, 4403-4411.
Chang,S.G., Brodzinsky,R., Gundel,L.A., Novakov,T. (1982). Chemical and catalytic properties of elemental
carbon. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle, Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New
York, NY, pp. 159-181.
Chea,S.K. and Lee,H.S. (1993). Determination of radiative indices of dyed polymer monospheres. Aerosol Sci.
Technol. 18, 403.
Chen,J., LeBoeuf,E.J., Dai,S., and Gu,B. (2003). Fluorescence spectroscopic studies of natural organic mattter
fractions. Chemosphere 50, 639-647.
Chen,L.W., Doddridge,B.G., Dickerson,R.R., Chow,J.C., Mueller,P.K., Quinn,J., and Butler,W.A. (2001). Seasonal
variations in elemental carbon aerosol, carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide: Implications for sources. Geophys.
Res. Lett. 28, 1711-1714.
Cheng,M.T., Xie,G.W., Yang,M., and Shaw,D.T. (1991). Experimental characterization of chain-aggregate aerosol
by electro-optical scattering. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 14, 74-78.
Chepil,W.S. (1954). Factors that influence clod structure and erodibility of soil by wind: III. Calcium carbonate and
decomposed organic matter. Soil Science 77, 473-480.
Chesselet,R., Fontugne,M., Buart-Menard,P., Ezat,U., and Lambert,C.E. (1981). The origin of particulate organic in
the marine atmosphere as indicated by its stable carbon isotopic composition. Geophys. Res. Lett. 8, 345-348.
Chow,J.C., Watson,J.G., Pritchett,L.C., Pierson,W.R., Frazier,C.A., and Purcell,R.G. (1993). The DRI
Thermal/Optical Reflectance carbon analysis system: Description, evaluation and applications in U.S. air quality
studies. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 1185-1201.
Chow,J.C. (1995). Critical review "Measurement methods to determine compliance with ambient air quality
standards for suspended particles". JAWMA 45, 320-382.
Chow,J.C. (1995). Summary of the 1995 A&WMA critical review: Measurement methods to determine
compliance with ambient air quality standards for suspended particles. EM 1, 12-15.
Chow,J.C. IMPROVE and NIOSH carbon measurement methods show differences. The IMPROVE Newsletter Air
Resource Specialists Inc. (2000). 9:(1). 4-5. Ft. Collins, CO.
Chow,J.C., Lowenthal,D.H., Watson,J.G., Kohl,S.D., Hinsvark,B.A., Hackett,E.I., and McCormack,J.K. (2000).
Light absorption by black sand dust. Appl. Opt. 39, 4232-4236.
Chow,J.C., Watson,J.G., Crow,D., Lowenthal,D.H., and Merrifield,T. (2001). Comparison of IMPROVE and
NIOSH carbon measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 34, 23-34.
Chow,J.C. and Watson,J.G. (2002). PM2.5 carbonate concentrations at regionally representative Interagency
Monitoring of Protected Visual Environment sites. J. Geophys. Res. 107, ICC 6-1-ICC 6-9.
Chughtai,A.R., Jassim,J.A., Peterson,J.H., Stedman,D.H., and Smith,D.M. (1991). Spectroscopic and solubility
characteristics of oxidized soots. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 15, 112-126.
Chughtai,A.R., Brooks,M.E., and Smith,D.M. (1993). Effect of metal oxides and black carbon (soot) on
SO2/O2/H2O reaction systems. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 19, 121-132.
Chughtai,A.R., Brooks,M.E., and Smith,D.M. (1996). Hydration of black carbon. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1950519514.
Chughtai,A.R., Atteya,M.M.O., Kim,J., Konowalchuk,B.K., and Smith,D.M. (1998). Adsorption and adsorbate
interaction at soot particle surfaces. Carbon 36, 1573.
6
Chýlek,P., Ramaswamy,V., and Srivastava,V. (1983). Albedo of soot-contaminated snow. J. Geophys. Res. 88,
10837-10843.
Chýlek,P., Ramaswamy,V., and Cheng,R.J. (1984). Effect of graphitic carbon on the albedo of clouds. J. Atmos.
Sci. 41, 3076-3084.
Chýlek,P., Ramaswamy,V., and Srivastava,V. (1984). Graphitic carbon content of aerosols, clouds and snow, and
its climatic implications. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 117-120.
Chýlek,P., Srivastava,V., Cahenzli,L., Pinnick,R.G., Dod,R.L., Novakov,T., Cook,T.L., and Hinds,B.D. (1987).
Aerosol and graphitic carbon content of snow. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 9801-9809.
Chýlek,P. and Hallett,J. (1992). Enhanced absorption of solar radiation by cloud droplets containing soot particles
on their surface. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 118, 167-172.
Chýlek,P., Johnson,B., and Wu,H. (1992). Black carbon concentration in Byrd Station ice core: From 13,000 to 700
years before present. Annals of Geophysics 10, 625-629.
Chýlek,P., Johnson,B., and Wu,H. (1992). Black carbon concentration in Greenland Dye-3 ice core. Geophys. Res.
Lett. 19, 1951-1953.
Chýlek,P., Johnson,B., Damiano,P., Taylor,K., and Clement,P. (1995). Biomass burning record and black carbon in
the GISP2 ice core. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 89-92.
Chýlek,P., Videen,G., Ngo,D., Pinnick,R.G., and Klett,J.D. (1995). Effect of black carbon on the optical properties
and climate forcing of sulfate aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 16325-16332.
Chýlek,P., Banic,C.M., Johnson,B., Damiano,P.A., Isaac,G.A., Leaitch,W.R., Liu,P.S.K., Boudala,F.S., Winter,B.,
and Ngo,D. (1996). Black carbon: Atmospheric concentrations and cloud water content measurements over
southern Nova Scotia. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 29105-29110.
Clague,A.D.H., Donnet,J.B., Wang,T.K., and Peng,J.C.M. (1999). Comparison of diesel engine soot with carbon
black. Carbon 37, 1553.
Clarke,A.D. (1982). Effects of filter internal reflection coefficient on light absorption measurements using the
integrating plate method. Appl. Opt. 21, 3021-3031.
Clarke,A.D. (1982). Integrating sandwich: a new method of measurement of the light absorption coefficient for
atmospheric particles. Appl. Opt. 21, 3011-3020.
Clarke,A.D. and Waggoner,A.P. (1982). Measurement of particle optical absorption, imaginary refractive index,
mass concentration, and size at First International LAAP workshop. Appl. Opt. 21, 398-402.
Clarke,A.D. (1983) Light absorption characteristics of the remote background aerosol - Methods and
measurements. Ph.D.Dissertation, University of Washington,.Seattle, WA
Clarke,A.D., Weiss,R.E., and Charlson,R.J. (1984). Elemental carbon aerosols in the urban, rural, and remotemarine troposphere and in the stratosphere: Inferences from light absorption data and consequences regarding
radiative transfer. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 97-102.
Clarke,A.D. and Charlson,R.J. (1985). Radiative properties of the background aerosol: absorption component of
extinction. Science 229, 263-265.
Clarke,A.D. and Noone,K.J. (1985). Soot in the Arctic snowpack: A cause for perturbations in radiative transfer.
Atmos. Environ. 19, 2045-2053.
Clarke,A.D., Noone,K.J., Heintzenberg,J., Warren,S.G., and Covert,D.S. (1987). Aerosol light absorption
measurement techniques: analysis and intercomparisons. Atmos. Environ. 21, 1455-1465.
Clarke,A.D. (1989). Aerosol light absorption by soot in remote environments. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 10, 161-171.
Clarke,A.D. (1991). A thermo-optic technique for in situ analysis of size-resolved aerosol physicochemistry.
Atmos. Environ. 25A, 635-644.
7
Clarke,A.D., Ogren,J., and Charlson,R.J. (1996). Comment on "Measurement of aerosol absorption coefficient from
Teflon filters using the integrating plate and integrating sphere techniques" by D. Campbell, S. Copeland, and T.
Cahill. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 24, 221-224.
Clarke,A.G. and Karani,G.N. (1992). Characterization of the carbonate content of atmospheric aerosols. J. Atmos.
Chem. 14, 119-128.
Clemenson,M.S., Novakov,T., and Markowitz,S.S. (1980). Determination of carbon in atmospheric aerosols by
deuteron activation analysis. Anal. Chem. 52, 1758-1761.
Cloutis,E.A. (1989). Spectral reflectance properties of hydrocarbons: Remote-sensing implications. Science 245,
165-169.
Cloutis,E.A., Gaffey,M.J., and Moslow,T.F. (1994). Spectral reflectance properties of carbon-bearing materials.
Icarus 107, 276-287.
Coakley,J.A., Jr. and Chylek,P. (1975). The two-stream approximation in radiative transfer: Including the angle of
the incident ratdiation. J. Atmos. Sci. 32, 409-418.
Colbeck,I., Atkinson,B., and Johar,Y. (1997). The morphology and optical properties of soot produced by different
fuels. J. Aerosol Sci. 28, 715-723.
Cole,R. and Tennal,K.B. (1993). Acoustic measurement of aerosol particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 19, 339-350.
Conny,J.M., Klinedinst,D.B., Wight,S.A. Toward accuracy in measuring atmospheric black carbon: A response
surface study of thermal optical analysis. (2002). Mt. Laurel, NJ.
Cooke,W.F. and Wilson,J.J.N. (1996). A global black carbon aerosol model. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 19395-19409.
Cooper,J.A., Currie,L.A., and Klouda,G.A. (1981). Assessment of contemporary carbon combustion source
contributions to urban air particulate levels using carbon-14 measurements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15, 1045-1050.
Countess,R.J. (1990). Interlaboratory analyses of carbonaceous aerosol samples. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12, 114121.
Covert,D.S. and Heintzenberg,J. (1984). Measurement of the degree of internal-external mixing of hygroscopic
compounds and soot in atmospheric aerosols. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 347-352.
Cowen,S.J., Ensor,D.S., and Sparks,L.E. (1981). The relationship of fly ash light absorption to smoke plume
opacity. Atmos. Environ. 15, 2091.
Cox,R.M., Self,D.E., and Plane,J.M.C. (2001). A study of the reaction between NaHCO3 and H: Apparent closure
on the chemistry of mesospheric Na. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 1733-1739.
Craft,C.B., Seneca,E.D., and Broome,S.W. (1991). Loss on ignition and Kjeldahl digestion for estimating organic
carbon and total nitrogen in estuarine marsh soils: Calibration with dry combustion. Estuaries 14, 175-179.
Currie,L.A. (1982). Contemporary particulate carbon. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle, Wolff,G.T.
and Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp. 245-260.
Currie,L.A., Klouda,G.A., and Voorhees,K.J. (1984). Atmospheric carbon: The importance of accelerator mass
spectrometry. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research 233 [B5], 371-379.
Currie,L.A. (2000). Evolution and multidisciplinary frontiers of 14C aerosol science. Radiocarbon 42, 115-126.
Currie,L.A., Benner,B.A., Jr., Cachier,H., Cary,R., Chow,J.C., Druffel,E.R.M., Eglinton,T.I., Gustafsson,Ö.,
Hartmann,P.C., Hedges,J.I., Kessler,J.D., Kirchstetter,T.W., Klinedinst,D.B., Klouda,G.A., Marolf,J.V., et al.
(2002). A critical evaluation of interlaboratory data on total, elemental, and isotopic carbon in the carbonaceous
particle reference material, NIST SRM 1649a. J. Res. National Bureau Standards 107, 279-298.
D'Alessio,A., D'Anna,A., Gambi,G., and Minutolo,P. (1998). The spectroscopic characterisation of UV absorbing
nanoparticles in fuel rich soot forming flames. J. Aerosol Sci. 29, 397-410.
da Cunha,L.C., Serve,L., Gadel,F., and Blazi,J.L. (2000). Characterisation of riverine particulate organic matter by
pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sci. Total Environ. 256, 191-204.
8
Dachs,J. and Eisenreich,S.J. (2000). Adsorption onto aerosol soot carbon dominates gas-particle partitioning of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 3690-3697.
Daisey,J.M. and Gundel,L.A. (1991). Tracing the sources of indoor aerosols using evolved gas analysis. Aerosol
Sci. Technol. 14, 25-32.
Dannenberg,E.M., Paquin,L., Gwinnell,H. (1992). Carbon black. In Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,
Kroschwitz,J.L. and Howe-Grant,M., Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 1037-1074.
Davidson,H.W., Wiggs,P.K.C., Churchouse,A.H., Maggs,F.A.P., Bradley,R.S. (1970). Manufactured Carbon.
Pergamon Press, New York, NY.
Dawes,J.G. (1954). Densiometric evaluation of coal-dust strains on filter paper. British J. Appl. Phys 5, 221-224.
Decesari,S., Facchini,M.C., Matta,E., Mircea,M., Fuzzi,S., Chughtai,A.R., and Smith,D.M. (2002). Water soluble
organic compounds formed by oxidation of soot. Atmos. Environ. 36, 1827-1832.
Deines,P. (1976). The isotopic composion of reduced organic carbon. pp. 331-406.
Deirmendjiian,D. (1969). Electromagnetic Scattering on Spherical Polydispersions. Elsevier Press, New York,
NY.
DeLuca,S., Sarver,E.W., de B.Harrington,P., and Voorhees,J.J. (1990). Direct analysis of bacterial fatty acids by
curie-point pyrolysis tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 62, 1465-1472.
DeLuca,S.J. and Voorhees,K.J. (1993). A comparison of products from an air atmosphere tube furnace with a
vacuum curie-point pyrolyzer: Implications for biodetection. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 24, 211-226.
Delumyea,R.G., Chu,L.C., and Macias,E.S. (1980). Determination of elemental carbon components of soot in
ambient aerosol samples. Atmos. Environ. 14, 647-652.
di Stasio,S. (2001). Observation of restructuring of nanoparticle soot aggregates in a diffusion flame by static light
scattering. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 509-524.
Diakumaku,E., Gorbushina,A.A., Krumbein,W.E., Panina,L., and Soukharjevski,S. (1995). Black fungi in marble
and limestones - An aesthetical, chemical and physical problem for the conservation of monuments. In: SaizJimenez, C., ed. The deterioration of Monuments: Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on
Biodeterioration and Biodegradation; January 1994; Sevilla, Spain. Sci. Total Environ. 167, 295-304.
Dick,W.D. (1998) Multiangle light scattering techniques for measuring shape and refractive index of submicron
atmospheric particles. Ph.D.Dissertation, University of Minnesota, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,.Minneapolis,
MN
Dillner,A.M., Stein,C., Larson,S.M., and Hitzenberger,R. (2001). Measuring the mass extinction efficiency of
elemental carbon in rural aerosol. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 35, 1009-1021.
Dippel,B. and Heintzenberg,J. (1999). Soot characterization in atmospheric particles from different sources by NIR
FT raman spectroscopy. J. Aerosol Sci. 30, S907-S908.
Dippel,B., Jander,H., and Heintzenberg,J. (1999). NIR FT raman spectroscopic study of flame soot. Phys
Chemistry Chemical Physics 1, 4707.
Disselkamp,R.S., Carpenter,M.A., Cowin,J.P., Berkowitz,C.M., Chapman,E.G., Zaveri,R.A., and Laulainen,N.S.
(2000). Ozone loss in soot aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 9767-9771.
Dobbins,R.A., Mulholland,G.W., and Bryner,N.P. (1994). Comparison of a fractal smoke optics model with light
extinction measurements. Atmos. Environ. 28, 889-897.
Donini,J.C. and Michaelian,K.H. (1986). Near-infrared photoacoustic FTIR spectroscopy of clay minerals and coal.
Infrared Phys 26, 135-140.
Donnet,J. and Voet,A. (1976). Carbon Black. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY.
Dougan,P.D. (1989). Near-infrared reflectance analysis: Its potential application in oil sand processing. AOSTRA J.
Res. 5, 203-210.
9
Draftz,R.G. (1982). Distinguishing carbon aerosols by microscopy. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle,
Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp. 261-271.
Draine,B.T. and Flatau,P.J. (1994). Discrete-dipole approximation for scattering calculations. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 11,
1491-1499.
Dubovik,O., Holben,B.N., Lapyonok,T., Sinyuk,A., Mishchenko,M.I., Yang,P., and Slutsker,I. (2002). Nonspherical aerosol retrieval method employing light scattering by spheroids. Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 54-1-54-4.
Duce,R.A., Mohnen,V.A., Zimmerman,P.R., Grosjean,D., Cautreels,W., Chatfield,R., Jaenicke,R., Ogren,J.A.,
Pellizzari,E.D., and Wallace,G.T. (1983). Organic material in the global troposphere. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys.
21, 921-952.
Dworzanski,J.P., Berwald,L., and Meuzelaar,H.L.C. (1990). Pyrolytic methylation-gas chromatography of whole
bacterial cells for rapid profiling of cellular fatty acids. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56, 1717-1724.
Dworzanski,J.P., Berwald,L., McClennen,W.H., and Meuzelaar,H.L.C. (1991). Mechanistic aspects of pyrolytic
methylation and transesterification of bacterial cell wall lipids. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 21, 221-232.
Dworzanski,J.P. and Meuzelaar,H.L.C. (1991). Rapid detection and identification of microorganisms via pyrolytic
on-line derivatization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In Modern Techniques for Rapid Microbiological
Analysis, Nelson,W.H., Ed. VCH Publishers, New York.
Dzubay,T.G. and Clubb,K.W. (1981). Comparison of telephotometer measurements of extinction coefficients with
scattering and absorption coefficients. Atmos. Environ. 15, 2617-2624.
Eatough,D.J., Brutsch,M., Lewis,L., Hansen,L.D., Lewis,E.A., Eatough,N.L., Farber,R.J. (1987). Diffusion denuder
sampling systems for the collection of gas and particle phase organic compounds. In Transactions, Visibility
Protection: Research and Policy Aspects, Bhardwaja,P.S., Ed. Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA,
pp. 397-406.
Eatough,D.J., Aghdaie,N., Cottam,M., Gammon,T., Hansen,L.D., Lewis,E.A., Farber,R.J. (1990). Loss of semivolatile organic compounds from particles during sampling on filters. In Transactions, Visibility and Fine Particles,
Mathai,C.V., Ed. Air & Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 146-156.
Eatough,D.J. (1993). Determination of the size distribution and chemical composition of fine particulate semivolatile organic compounds using diffusion denuder technology: Result of the 1992 study in Azusa, California. by
Department of Chemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.
Eatough,D.J., Wadsworth,A., Eatough,D.A., Crawford,J.W., Hansen,L.D., and Lewis,E.A. (1993). A multiplesystem, multi-channel diffusion denuder sampler for the determination of fine-particulate organic material in the
atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 1213-1219.
Eatough,D.J., Tang,H., Cui,W., and Machir,J. (1995). Determination of the size distribution and chemical
composition of fine particulate semi-volatile organic material in urban environments using diffusion denuder
technology. Inhal. Toxicol. 7, 691-710.
Ebert,L.B. (1990). Is soot composed predominantly of carbon clusters? Science 247, 1468-1471.
Edwards,J.D. (1980) A comparison of the British smoke shade method and the integrating plate method.
M.S.Thesis, University of Washington,.Seattle, WA
Edwards,J.D., Ogren,J.A., Weiss,R.E., and Charlson,R.J. (1983). Particulate air pollutants: A comparison of British
`Smoke' with optical absorption coefficients and elemental carbon concentration. Atmos. Environ. 17, 2337-2341.
Egli,M. and Fitze,P. (2001). Quantitative aspects of carbonate leaching of soils with differing ages and climates.
Catena 46, 35-62.
Ellis,E.C. and Novakov,T. (1982). Application of thermal analysis to the characterization of organic aerosol
particles. Sci. Total Environ. 23, 227-238.
Ellis,E.C., Novakov,T., and Zeldin,M.D. (1984). Thermal characterization of organic aerosols. Sci. Total Environ.
36, 261-270.
Eremin,I.V. and Gagarin,S.G. (1999). Vitrinite reflectance as a measure of coal rank. Solid Fuel Chemistry 33, 1.
10
Ergun,S., Yasinsky,J.B., and Townsend,J.R. (1967). Transverse and longitudinal optical properties of graphite.
Carbon 5, 403-408.
Ergun,S. (1968). Optical studies of carbon. In Chemistry and Physics of Carbon 3, Walker,P.L., Jr., Ed. Dekker,
New York, pp. 45-119.
Esteve,V., Rius,J., Ochando,L.E., and Amigó,J.M. (1997). Quantitative x-ray diffraction phase analysis of coarse
airborne particulate collected by cascade impactor sampling. Atmos. Environ. 31, 3963-3967.
Fabry,F., Flamant,G., and Fulcheri,L. (2001). Carbon black processing by thermal plasma. Analysis of the particle
formation mechanism. Chem. Eng. Sci. 56, 2123-2132.
Falkovich,A.H. and Rudich,Y. (2001). Analysis of semivolatile organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols by
direct sample introduction thermal desorption GC/MS. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 2326-2333.
Faoro,R.B. (1975). Trends in concentrations of benzene soluble suspended particulate fraction and benzo(a)pyrene.
JAPCA 25, 638-640.
Faure,G. and Botoman,G. (1984). Origin of epigenetic calcite in coal from Antarctica and Ohio based on isotope
compositions of oxygen, carbon, and strontium. Chemical Geology 46, 313-324.
Faust,G.T. (1950). Thermal analysis studies on carbonates I. Aragonite and calcite. Am. Miner. 38, 207-224.
Faxvog,F.R. and Roessler,D.M. (1978). Carbon aerosol visibility vs. particle size distribution. Appl. Opt. 17,
2612-2616.
Faxvog,F.R. and Roessler,D.M. (1979). Optoacoustic measurements of diesel particulate emissions. Report No.
Res Pub GMR-2987. by General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, MI.
Fehsenfeld,F.C., Hastie,D.R., Chow,J.C. (2002). Chapter 4: Gas and particle measurements. In NARSTO Fine
Particle Assessment. NARSTO, Pasco, WA, p. accepted.
Fitz,D.R. (1990). Reduction of the positive organic artifact on quartz filters. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12, 142-148.
Fletcher,R.A. and Small,J.A. (1998). Heated inlet sampling system for removing carbonaceous aerosol. Aerosol
Sci. Technol. 28, 283-291.
Foot,J.S. (1979). Spectrophone measurements of the absorption of solar radiation by aerosol. Q. J. R. Meteorol.
Soc. 105, 275-283.
Foot,J.S. and Kilsby,C.G. (1989). Absorption of light by aerosol particles: An intercomparison of techniques and
spectral observations. Atmos. Environ. 23, 489-495.
Forrest,R.A., Marsh,H., Cornford,C. (1984). Optical properties of anisotropic carbon. In Chemistry and Physics of
Carbon 19, Thrower,P.A., Ed. Dekker, New York, pp. 211-330.
Foster,P.J. and Howarth,C.R. (1968). Optical constants of carbons and coals in the infrared. Carbon 6, 719-729.
French,B.M. (1964). Graphitization of organic material in a progressively metamorphosed Precambrian iron
formation. Science 146, 917-918.
Friedel,R.A. (1956). Infrared analysis of bituminous coals and other carbonaceous materials. Anal. Chem. 28, 2230.
Friedel,R.A. (1966). Infrared in coal structure research. In Applied Infrared Spectroscopy, Kendall,D.N., Ed.
Reinhold, New York, pp. 312-343.
Fuller,K.A., Malm,W.C., and Kreidenweis,S.M. (1999). Effects of mixing on extinction by carbonaceous particles.
J. Geophys. Res. 104, 15941-15954.
Fung,K.H. and Tang,I.N. (2000). Chemical characterization of aerosol particles by laser Raman spectroscopy. In
Aerosol Chemical Processes in the Environment, Spurny,K.R., Ed. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 177-195.
Fung,K.K. (1990). Particulate carbon speciation by MnO 2 oxidation. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12, 122-127.
Fung,K.K., Chow,J.C., and Watson,J.G. (2002). Evaluation of OC/EC speciation by thermal manganese dioxide
oxidation and the IMPROVE method. JAWMA 52, 1333-1341.
11
Funken,K.H., Lupfert,E., Hermes,M., Bruhne,K., and Pohlmann,B. (1999). Oxidation rates of carbon black particles
exposed to concentrated sunlight. Solar Energy 65, 15-20.
Gaffney,J.S., Irsa,A.P., Friedman,L., and Emken,E. (1979). 13C/12C analysis of vegetable oils, starches, proteins,
and soy-meat mixtures. J. Agric. & Food Chemistry 27, 475-478.
Gaffney,J.S., Sapienza,J.R., Butcher,T., Krishna,C., Marlow,W., and O'Hare,T. (1980). Soot reduction in diesel
engines: A chemical approach. Combust. Sci. Technol. 24, 89-92.
Gaffney,J.S., Tanner,R.L., and Phillips,M. (1984). Separating carbonaceous aerosol source terms using thermal
evolution, carbon isotopic measurements, and C/N/S determinations. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 53-60.
Gatz,D.F., Stensland,G.J., Miller,M.V., Leslie,A.C.D. (1981). Sources of airborne calcium in rural central Illinois.
In Atmospheric Aerosol: Source/Air Quality Relationships, Macias,E.S. and Hopke,P.K., Eds. American Chemical
Society, pp. 303-325.
Gavrilov,M.Z. and Ermolenko,I.N. (1975). Spectroscopic study of the pyrolysis of hydrocellulose films and the
formation of carbon film structure. J. Appl. Spectrosc 23, 955-957.
Gelencsér,A., Hoffer,A., Molnár,A., Krivácsy,Z., Kiss,G.Y., and Mészáros,E. (2000). Thermal behavior of
carbonaceous aerosol from a continental background site. Atmos. Environ. 34, 823-831.
Gerber,H.E. and Hindman,E.E. (1982). Light Absorption by Aerosol Particles. Spectrum Press, Hampton, VA.
Gerber,H.E. (1982). Optical techniques for the measurement of light absorption by particulates. In Particulate
Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycles, Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,B.L., Eds. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York,
NY, pp. 1-411.
Gerber,H.E. (1982). Absorption of light by atmospheric aerosol particles: review of instrumentation and
measurements. In Light Absorption by Aerosol Particles. Spectrum Press, pp. 21-53.
Gélinas,Y., Prentice,K.M., Baldock,J.A., and Hedges,J.I. (2001). An improved thermal oxidation method for the
quantification of soot/graphitic black carbon in sediments and soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 3519-3525.
Ghedini,N., Gobbi,G., Sabbioni,C., and Zappia,G. (2000). Determination of elemental and organic carbon on
damaged stone monuments. Atmos. Environ. 34, 4383-4391.
Gold,A. (1975). Carbon black adsorbates: Separation and identification of a carcinogen and some oxygenated
polyaromatics. Anal. Chem. 47, 1469-1472.
Goldberg,E.D. (1985). Black Carbon in the Environment. J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
Goodman,A.L., Underwood,G.M., and Grassian,V.H. (2000). A laboratory study of the heterogeneous reaction of
nitric acid on calcium carbonate particles. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 29053-29064.
Gorbunov,B., Clarke,A.G., and Hamilton,R.S. (1999). Coagulation of soot particles and fractal dimension. J.
Aerosol Sci. 30, S445-S446.
Gorbunov,B., Hamilton,R., and Hitzenberger,R. (2002). Modeling radiative transfer by aerosol particles on a filter.
Aerosol Sci. Technol. 36, 123-135.
Gordon,R.J. (1974). Solvent selection in extraction of airborne particulate matter. Atmos. Environ. 8, 189-191.
Gorse,R.A., Jr., Brachaczek,W.W., Japar,S.M., Keeler,G.J., Pierson,W.R. (1989). Source apportionment of rural
elemental carbon aerosol using several multi-variate statistical analysis approaches to receptor modeling. In
Transactions, Receptor Models in Air Resources Management, Watson,J.G., Ed. Air & Waste Management
Association, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 418-431.
Gotschi,T., Oglesby,L., Mathys,P., Monn,C., Manalis,N., Koistinen,K., Jantunen,M., Hanninen,O., Polanska,L., and
Kunzli,N. (2002). Comparison of black smoke and PM2.5 levels in indoor and outdoor environments of four
European cities. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 1191-1197.
Graf,D.L. (1960). Geochemistry of carbonate sediments and sedimentary carbonate rocks: Part I. Report No. 297.
by Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL.
12
Graf,D.L. (1960). Geochemistry of carbonate sediments and sedimentary carbonate rocks: Part II. Report No. 298.
by Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL.
Graf,D.L. (1960). Geochemistry of carbonate sediments and sedimentary carbonate rocks: Part II. Report No. 301.
by Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL.
Graf,D.L. (1960). Geochemistry of carbonate sediments and sedimentary carbonate rocks: Part IV. Report No.
308. by Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, IL.
Graham,S.C., Homer,J.B., and Rosenfeld,J.L.J. (1975). The formation and coagulation of soot aerosols generated in
pyrolysis of aromatic hydrocarbons. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A344, 259-285.
Grassian,V.H. (2001). Heterogeneous uptake of nitrogen oxides and volatile organics on atmospheric particles
including oxides, carbonates and mineral dust. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 91-96.
Gray,H.A., Cass,G.R., Huntzicker,J.J., Heyerdahl,E.K., and Rau,J.A. (1984). Elemental and organic carbon particle
concentrations: A long term perspective. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 17-25.
Gray,H.A., Cass,G.R., Huntzicker,J.J., Heyerdahl,E.K., and Rau,J.A. (1986). Characteristics of atmospheric organic
and elemental carbon particle concentrations in Los Angeles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 580-589.
Greaves,R.C., Barkley,R.M., and Sievers,R.E. (1985). Rapid sampling and analysis of volatile constituents of
airborne particulate matter. Anal. Chem. 57, 2807-2815.
Greiner,N.R., Phillips,D.S., Johnson,J.D., and Volk,F. (1988). Diamonds in detonation soot. Nature 333, 440-442.
Griffin,J.J. and Goldberg,E.D. (1979). Morphologies and origin of elemental carbon in the environment. Science
206, 563-565.
Groblicki,P.J., Cadle,S.H., Ang,C.C., and Mulawa,P.A. (1983). Inter-laboratory comparison of methods for the
analysis of organic and elemental carbon in atmospheric particulate matter. Atmos. Environ. 17, 593.
Grosjean,D. (1975). Solvent extraction and organic carbon determination in atmospheric particulate matter: the
Organic Extraction-Organic Carbon Analyzer (OE-OCA) technique. Anal. Chem. 47, 797-805.
Grosjean,D. and Friedlander,S.K. (1975). Gas-particle distribution factors for organic and other pollutants in the
Los Angeles atmosphere. JAPCA 25, 1038-1044.
Grosjean,D., Cauwenberghe,K.V., Schmid,J.P., Kelley,P.E., and Pitts,J.N., Jr. (1978). Identification of C 3-C10
aliphatic dicarboxylic acids in airborne particulate matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12, 313-317.
Grosjean,D. (1984). Particulate carbon in Los Angeles air. Sci. Total Environ. 32, 133-145.
Grosjean,D., Williams,E.L., II, Grosjean,E., and Novakov,T. (1994). Evolved gas analysis of secondary organic
aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 21, 306-324.
Guillemin,M., Cachier,H., Chini,C., Dabill,D., Dahmann,D., Diebold,F., Fischer,A., Fricke,H.H., Groves,J.A.,
Hebisch,R., Houpillart,M., Israel,G., Mattenklott,M., Moldenhauer,W., Sandino,J.P., et al. (1997). International
round robin tests on the measurement of carbon in diesel exhaust particulates. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health
70, 161-172.
Gundel,L.A., Dod,R.L., Rosen,H., and Novakov,T. (1984). The relationship between optical attenuation and black
carbon concentration for ambient and source particles. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 197-202.
Gundel,L.A. and Novakov,T. (1984). Characterization of particles from several sources and three urban areas by
solvent extraction. Atmos. Environ. 18, 273-276.
Gundel,L.A., Stevens,R.K., Daisey,J.M., Lee,V.C., Mahanama,K.R.R., and Cancel-Velez,H.G. (1995). Direct
determination of the phase distributions of semi-volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using annular denuders.
Atmos. Environ. 29, 1719-1733.
Gunn,E.F., Johnson,P.H., Nau,C.A., and Toeniskoetter,R.H. (1983). Distinguishing features of soots and carbon
blacks. Dangerous Prop. Ind. Mat. Rep. 3, 11-13.
13
Gustafsson,Ö., Bucheli,T., Kukulska,Z., Andersson,M., Largeau,C., Rouzaud,J.N., Reddy,C., and Eglinton,T.
(2001). Evaluation of a protocol for the quantification of black carbon in sediments. Global Biogeochemical Cycles
15, 881-890.
Gustafsson,Ö., Haghseta,F., Chan,C., MacFarlane,J., and Gschwend,P. (1997). Quantification of the dilute
sedimentary soot phase: Implications for PAH speciation and bioavailability. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 203-209.
Gustafsson,Ö. and Gschwend,P.M. (1997). Soot as a strong partition medium for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
in aquatic systems. In Molecular Markers in Environmental Geochemistry, Eganhouse,R.P., Ed. American
Chemistry Society, Washington, DC, pp. 365-381.
Hall,P.A., Watson,A.F.R., Garner,G.V., Hall,K., Smith,S., Waterman,D., and Horsfield,B. (1999). An investigation
of micro-scale sealed vessel thermal extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MSSV-GC-MS) and microscale sealed vessel pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry applied to a standard reference material of an
urban dust/organics. Sci. Total Environ. 235, 269-276.
Hamilton,R.S. and Mansfield,T.A. (1991). Airborne particulate elemental carbon, its sources, transport,
contribution to dark smoke and soiling. Atmos. Environ. 25, 715-723.
Hamilton,R.S., Kershaw,P.R., Segarra,F., Spears,C.J., and Watt,J.M. (1994). Detection of airborne carbonaceous
particulate matter by scanning electron microscopy. Sci. Total Environ. 146/147, 303-308.
Hansen,A.D.A., Rosen,H., and Novakov,T. (1982). Real-time measurement of the absorption coefficient of aerosol
particles. Appl. Opt. 21, 3060-3062.
Hansen,A.D.A., Rosen,H., and Novakov,T. (1984). The aethalometer - An instrument for the real-time
measurement of optical absorption by aerosol particles. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 191-196.
Hansen,A.D.A. and Rosen,H. (1990). Individual measurements of the emission factor of aerosol black carbon in
automobile plumes. JAWMA 40, 1654-1657.
Hansen,A.D.A. and Novakov,T. (1990). Real-time measurement of aerosol black carbon during the Carbonaceous
Species Methods Comparison Study. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12, 194-199.
Hansen,A.D.A., Schnell,R.C., and Boatman,J.F. (1992). Measurements of aerosol black carbon.
Hansen,A.D.A., Lowenthal,D.H., Chow,J.C., and Watson,J.G. (2001). Black carbon aerosol at McMurdo Station,
Antarctica. JAWMA 51, 593-600.
Harris,S.J. and Weiner,A.M. (1983). Surface growth of soot particles in premixed ethylene/air flames. Combust.
Sci. Technol. 31, 155-167.
Harris,S.J. and Weiner,A.M. (1983). Determination of the rate constant for soot surface growth. Combust. Sci.
Technol. 32, 267-275.
Harris,S.J. and Maricq,M.M. (2002). The role of fragmentation in defining the signature size distribution of diesel
soot. J. Aerosol Sci. 33, 935-942.
Hart,K.M. and Pankow,J.F. (1994). High-volume air sampler for particle and gas sampling 2. Use of backup filters
to correct for the adsorption of gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the front filter. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 28, 655-661.
Hasegawa,S. and Ohta,S. (2002). Some measurements of the mixing state of soot-containing particles at urban and
non-urban sites. Atmos. Environ. 36, 3899-3908.
Havers,N., Burba,P., Lambert,J., and Klockow,D. (1998). Spectroscopic characterization of humic-like substances
in airborne particulate matter. Atmos. Chemis 29, 45-54.
Hayes,B.S. (1991). Soot and hydrocarbons in combustion. In Fossil Fuel Combustion, Bartok,W. and
Sarofim,A.F., Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 261-327.
Haywood,J.M. and Shine,K.P. (1995). The effect of anthropogenic sulfate and soot aerosol on the clear sky
planetary radiation budget. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 603-606.
14
Hänel,G., Busen,R., Hillenbrand,C., and Schloss,R. (1982). Light absorption measurements: New techniques. Appl.
Opt. 21, 382-386.
Hänel,G. (1988). Single scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter, apparent refractive index, and apparent soot
content of dry atmospheric particles. Appl. Opt. 27, 2287-2294.
Hänel,G. and Hildebrand,C. (1989). Colorimetric measurement of optical absorption. Appl. Opt. 28, 510-516.
Heintzenberg,J. (1982). Measurement of light absorption and elemental carbon in atmospheric aerosol samples from
remote locations. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle, Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum
Press, New York, NY, pp. 371-377.
Heintzenberg,J. (1988). A processor-controlled multisample soot photometer. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 8, 227-233.
Heintzenberg,J. and Wendisch,M. (1996). On the sensitivity of cloud albedo to the partitioning of the particulate
absorbers in cloudy air. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 69, 491-499.
Heintzenberg,J., Charlson,R.J., Clarke,A.D., Liousse,C., Ramaswamy,V., Shine,K.P., Wendisch,M., and Helas,G.
(1997). Measurements and modelling of aerosol single-scattering albedo: Progress, problems, and prospects. Contr.
Atmos. Phys. 70, 249-263.
Helsper,C., Mülter,W., Löffler,F., Wadenpohl,C., Kaufmann,S., and Wenninger,G. (1993). Investigation of a new
aerosol generator for the production of carbon aggregate particles. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 1271-1296.
Hemeon,W.C., Haines,G.F., Jr., and Ide,H.M. (1953). Determination of haze and smoke concentrations by filter
paper samples. Air Repair 3, 22-28.
Hemmerling,B. and Stampanoni-Panariello,A. (2001). Investigation of soot by two-colour four-wave mixing.
Chemosphere 42, 647-653.
Hennig,G.R. (1965). Optical transmission of graphite compounds. J. Chem. Phys. 43, 1201-1206.
Hering,S.V., Miguel,A.H., and Dod,R.L. (1984). Tunnel measurements of the PAH, carbon thermogram and
elemental source signature for vehicular exhaust. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 39-45.
Hering,S.V., Appel,B.R., Cheng,W., Salaymeh,F., Cadle,S.H., Mulawa,P.A., Cahill,T.A., Eldred,R.A., Surovik,M.,
Fitz,D.R., Howes,J.E., Knapp,K.T., Stockburger,L., Turpin,B.J., Huntzicker,J.J., et al. (1990). Comparison of
sampling methods for carbonaceous aerosols in ambient air. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12, 200-213.
Herod,A.X., Lazaro,M.J., Suelves,I., Dubau,C., Richaud,R., Shearman,J., Card,J., Jones,A.R., Domin,M., and
Kandiyoti,R. (2000). Size exclusion chromatography of soots and coal-derived materials with 1-methyl -2pyrrolidinone as eluent: Observations on high molecular mass material. Energy & Fuels 14, 1009-1020.
Herrick,R.A., Kinsman,S., Lodge,J.P., Lundgren,D.A., Phillips,C.R., Sholtes,R.S., Stein,E., Wagman,J.,
Watson,J.G. (1989). Continuous tape sampling of coefficient of haze. In Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis,
3rd ed., Lodge,J.P., Ed. Intersociety Committee, Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, pp. 446-449.
Higashi,R.M. and Flocchini,R.G. (2000). Fingerprinting sources of dust through analysis of complex organic
matter. Report No. ARB 97-309. Prepared for California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, California, by Davis,
CA, University of California.
Hildemann,L.M., Markowski,G.R., and Cass,G.R. (1991). Chemical composition of emissions from urban sources
of fine organic aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 744-759.
Hill,A.S.G. (1936). Measurement of the optical densities of smokestains of filter papers. Trans. Faraday Soc. 32,
1125-1131.
Hill,S.C., Hill,A.C., and Barber,P.W. (1984). Light scattering by size/shape distributions of soil particles and
spheroids. Appl. Opt. 23, 1025-1031.
Hirst,E. and Kaye,P.H. (1996). Experimental and theoretical light scattering profiles from spherical and
nonspherical particles. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 19231-19236.
Hitzenberger,R., Dusek,U., and Berner,A. (1996). Black carbon measurements using an integrating sphere
technique. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 19601-19606.
15
Hitzenberger,R., Jennings,S.G., Larson,S.M., Dillner,A., Cachier,H., Galambos,Z., Rouc,A., and Spain,T.G. (1999).
Intercomparison of measurement methods for black carbon aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 33, 2823-2833.
Hitzenberger,R. and Tohno,S. (2001). Comparison of black carbon (BC) aerosols in two urban areas (Uji, Japan and
Vienna, Austria) - Concentrations and size distributions. Atmos. Environ. 35, 2153-2167.
Hitzenberger,R., Berner,A., Giebl,H., Drobesch,K., Kasper-Giebl,A., Loeflund,M., Urban,H., and Puxbaum,H.
(2001). Black carbon (BC) in alpine aerosols and cloud water-concentrations and scavenging efficiencies. Atmos.
Environ. 35, 5135-5141.
Hitzenberger,R. and Tohno,S. (2001). Comparison of black carbon (BC) aerosols in two urban areas concentrations and size distributions. Atmos. Environ. 35, 2153-2167.
Hitzenberger,R.A. and Puxbaum,H. (1993). Comparisons of the measured and calculated specific absorption
coefficients for urban aerosol samples in Vienna. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 18, 323-345.
Hitzenberger,R.A. (1993). Absorption measurements with an integrating plate photometer calibration and error
analysis. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 18, 70-84.
Hoffman,E.J. and Duce,R.A. (1976). Factors influencing the organic carbon content of marine aerosols: A
laboratory study. J. Geophys. Res. 81, 3667.
Hogan,A.W., Ahmed,N.U., Black,J., and Barnard,S. (1985). Some physical properties of a black aerosol. J.
Aerosol Sci. 16, 391-397.
Holler,R., Kasahara,M., and Tohno,S. (2001). Long-term measurements of carbonaceous aerosol in Kyoto. J.
Aerosol Sci. 32, 623-632.
Holman,R.T. and Edmondson,P.R. (1956). Near-infrared spectra of fatty acids and some related substances. Anal.
Chem. 28, 1533-1538.
Horvath,H. (1993). Comparison of measurements of aerosol optical absorption by filter collection and a
transmissometric method. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 319-325.
Horvath,H. (1993). Atmospheric light absorption - A review. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 293-317.
Horvath,H. (1995). Size segregated light absorption coefficient of the atmospheric aerosol. Atmos. Environ. 29,
875-883.
Horvath,H. (1996). Discussion: Black smoke as a surrogate for PM 10 in health studies. Atmos. Environ. 30, 26492650.
Horvath,H. (1997). Comparison of the light absorption coefficient and carbon measures for remote aerosols - An
independent analysis of data from the IMPROVE Network I and II: Discussion. Atmos. Environ. 31, 2885-2887.
Horvath,H., Catalan,L., and Trier,A. (1997). A study of aerosol of Santiago de Chile III: Light absorption
measurements. Atmos. Environ. 31, 3737-3744.
Horvath,H. (1997). Systematic deviations of light absorption measurements by filter transmission methods. J.
Aerosol Sci. 28, S55-S56.
Horvath,H. (1997). Experimental calibration for aerosol light absorption measurements using the integrating plate
method - Summary of the data. J. Aerosol Sci. 28, 1149-1161.
Huebert,B.J. and Charlson,R.J. (2000). Uncertainties in data on organic aerosols. Tellus 52B, 1249-1255.
Huffman,D. (1996). Comparison of light absorption coefficient and carbon measures for remote aerosols: An
independent analysis of data from the IMPROVE network-I. Atmos. Environ. 30, 73-83.
Huffman,H.D. (1996). The reconstruction of aerosol light absorption by particle measurements at remote sites: An
independent analysis of data from the IMPROVE NETWORK - II. Atmos. Environ. 30, 85-99.
Huffman,H.D. (1996). Comparison of the light absorption coefficient and carbon measures for remote aerosols: An
independent analysis of data from the IMPROVE NETWORK - I. Atmos. Environ. 30, 73-83.
16
Hunt,G.R. and Salisbury,J.W. (1970). Visible and near-infrared spectra of minerals and rocks I. Silicate minerals.
Mod. Geol. 1, 283-300.
Huntzicker,J.J., Johnson,R.L., Shah,J.J., Cary,R.A. (1982). Analysis of organic and elemental carbon in ambient
aerosols by a thermal-optical method. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle, Wolff,G.T. and
Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp. 79-88.
IARC (1985). Polynuclear aromatic compounds Part 4: Bitumens, coal-tars and derived products, shale-oils and
soots. In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 35. World Health
Organization, Lyon, France.
Inagaki,M., Okada,Y., Vignal,V., Konno,H., and Oshida,K. (1998). Graphite formation from a mixture of Fe304
and polyvinylchloride at 1000 (degree) C. Carbon 36, 1706.
Inguanzo,M., Dominguez,A., Menendez,J.A., Blanco,C.G., and Pis,J.J. (2002). On the pyrolysis of sewage sludge:
The influence of pyrolysis conditions on solid, liquid and gas fractions. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 63, 209-222.
Ishinishi,N., Kuwabara,N., Nagase,S., Suzuki,T., Ishiwata,S., Kohno,T. (1986). Effects of diesel soot on
unscheduled DNA synthesis of trachealepithelium and lung tumor formation. In Carcinogenic and Mutagenic
Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust, Ishinishi,N., Koizumi,A., McClellan,R.O., Stober,W., Eds. Elsevier Scientific
Publishing, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 213-222.
Ito,O., Seki,H., and Iino,M. (1988). Diffuse reflectance spectra in near-i.r. region of coals: A new index for degrees
of coalification and carbonization. Fuel 67, 573-578.
Ito,O., Kakuta,T., and Iino,M. (1990). Optical absorption spectra of heat treated decacyclene during mesophase
formation. Carbon 28, 553-558.
Iwatsuki,M., Kyotani,T., and Matsubara,K. (1998). Fractional determination of elemental carbon and total soluble
and insoluble organic compounds in airborne particulate matter by thermal analysis combined with extraction and
heavy liquid separation. Analytical Sciences 14, 321.
Jacobson,M.C., Hansson,H.C., Noone,K.J., and Charlson,R.J. (2000). Organic atmospheric aerosols: Review and
state of the science. Rev. Geophys. 38, 267-294.
Jacobson,M.Z. (2000). A physically-based treatment of elemental carbon optics: Implications for global direct
forcing of aerosols. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 217-220.
Jacobson,M.Z. (2001). Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols.
Nature 409, 695-697.
Jacobson,M.Z. (2002). Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon plus organic matter, possibly the most
effective method of slowing global warming. J. Geophys. Res. in press.
Jacobson,M.Z.A. (2000). A physically-based treatment of elemental carbon optics: Implications for global direct
forcing of aerosols. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 217-220.
Jacobson,M.Z.A. (2001). Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols.
Nature 409, 695-697.
Jaggard,D.L., Hill,C., Shorthill,R.W., Stuart,D., Glantz,M., Rosswog,F., Taggart,E., and Hammond,S.K. (1981).
Light scattering from particles of regular and irregular shape. Atmos. Environ. 15, 2511.
Jani,P., Koniorczyk,M., Nagy,A., Lipp,Z., Bartal,B., Laszlo,A., and Czitrovszky,A. (2002). Probability distribution
of scattered intensities. J. Aerosol Sci. 33, 697-704.
Janzen,J. (1980). Extinction of light by highly nonspherical strongly absorbing colloidal particles:
Spectrophotometric determination of volume distributions for carbon blacks. Appl. Opt. 19, 2977-2985.
Japar,S.M. and Szkarlat,A.C. (1981). Measurement of diesel exhaust particulate using photoacoustic spectroscopy.
Combust. Sci. Technol. 24, 215-219.
Japar,S.M., Szkarlat,A.C., and Gorse,R.A., Jr. (1981). Optical properties of particulate emissions from on-road
vehicles. Atmos. Environ. 15, 2063-2070.
17
Japar,S.M., Szkarlat,A.C., Gorse,R.A., Jr., Heyerdahl,E.K., Johnson,R.L., Rau,J.A., and Huntzicker,J.J. (1984).
Comparison of solvent extraction and thermal-optical carbon analysis methods: Application to diesel vehicle exhaust
aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18, 231-234.
Japar,S.M., Szkarlat,A.C., and Pierson,W.R. (1984). The determination of the optical properties of airborne particle
emissions from diesel vehicles. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 121-130.
Japar,S.M. (1984). A comparison of optical methods for the measurement of elemental carbon in combustion
aerosols. In Aerosols: Science, Technology, and Industrial Applications of Airborne Particles, Liu,Y.H.,
Pui,D.Y.H., Fissan,H.J., Eds. Elsevier Science, New York, NY, pp. 401-405.
Japar,S.M., Brachaczek,W.W., Gorse,R.A., Jr., Norbeck,J.H., and Pierson,W.R. (1986). The contribution of
elemental carbon to the optical properties of rural atmospheric aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 20, 1281-1289.
Japar,S.M., Foot,J.S., and Kilsby,C.G. (1990). Discussion of absorption of light by aerosol particles: an
intercomparison of techniques and spectral observations. Atmos. Environ. 24A, 979-981.
Jassim,J.A., Lu,H.P., Chughtai,A.R., and Smith,D.M. (1989). The origin of infrared absorption bands of soot in the
region 750 to 800 cm -1. Applied Spectroscopy 40, 113-119.
Jayanty,R.K.M., Jackson,M., Fuerst,R.G., Logan,T.J., and Midgett,M.R. (1987). Evaluation of Byron Instruments
Total Organic Carbon (Method 25) Monitoring Systems. JAPCA 37, 1327-1330.
Jennings,S.G. and Gillespie,J.B. (1978). MIE theory sensitivity studies - The effects of aerosol complex refractive
index and size distribution variations on extinction and absorption coefficients Part II: Analysis of the computational
results. Report No. IL/161102B53A. by Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range, N.M.
Jennings,S.G. and Pinnick,R.G. (1980). Relationship between visible extinction, absorption and mass concentration
of carbonaceous smokes. Atmos. Environ. 14, 1123-1129.
Jennings,S.G., O'Dowd,C.D., Cooke,W.F., and Sheridan,P.J. (1995). Volatility of elemental carbon. Geophys. Res.
Lett. 21, 1719-1722.
Jeon,S.J., Meuzelaar,H.L.C., Sheya,S.A.N., Lighty,J.S., Jarman,W.M., Kasteler,C., Sarofim,A.F., and
Simoneit,B.R.T. (2001). Exploratory studies of PM 10 receptor and source profiling by GC/MS and principal
component analysis of temporally and spatially resolved ambient samples. JAWMA 51, 766-784.
Johnson,R.L. and Huntzicker,J.J. (1979). Analysis of volatilizable and elemental carbon in ambient aerosols. In
Proceedings, Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere, Novakov,T., Ed. National Science Foundation &
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, pp. 10-13.
Johnson,R.L., Shah,J.J., Huntzicker,J.J. (1980). Analysis of organic, elemental, and carbonate carbon in ambient
aerosols. In Sampling and Analysis of Toxic Organics in the Atmosphere. American Society for Testing &
Materials, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 111-119.
Johnson,R.L. (1981) Development and evaluation of a thermal/optical method for the analysis of carbonaceous
aerosol. M.S.Thesis, Oregon Graduate Center,.Beaverton, OR
Johnson,R.L., Shah,J.J., Cary,R.A., Huntzicker,J.J. (1981). An automated thermal-optical method for the analysis of
carbonaceous aerosol. In Atmospheric Aerosol, Source/Air Quality Relationships, Macias,E.S. and Hopke,P.K., Eds.
Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp. 223-233.
Kasper,M., Sattler,K., Siegmann,K., Matter,U., and Siegmann,H.C. (1998). The influence of fuel additives on the
formation of carbon during combustion. J. Aerosol Sci. 30, 217-226.
Katrinak,K.A., Rez,P., and Buseck,P.R. (1992). Structural variations in individual carbonaceous particles from an
urban aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1967-1976.
Katrinak,K.A., Rez,P., Perkes,P.R., and Buseck,P.R. (1993). Fractal geometry of carbonaceous aggregates from an
urban aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 539-547.
Kawabata,Y., Yasunaga,K., Imasaka,T., and Ishibashi,N. (1993). Photoacoustic spectrometry using a fiber-optic
pressure sensor. Anal. Chem. 65, 3411-3416.
18
Keil,A., Wendisch,M., and Bruggemann,E. (2001). Measured profiles of aerosol particle absorption and its
influence on clear-sky solar radiative forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 1237-1247.
Keller,S. and Heintzenberg,J. (1997). Quantification of graphitic carbon on polycarbonate filters by raman
spectroscopy. J. Aerosol Sci. 28, S609-S610.
Kerker,M. (1969). The Scattering of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Kim,W.S., Kim,S.H., Lee,D.W., Lee,S., Lim,C.S., and Ryu,J.H. (2001). Size analysis of automobile soot particles
using field-flow fractionation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 1005-1012.
Kirchstetter,T.W., Corrigan,C.E., and Novakov,T. (2001). Laboratory and field investigation of the adsorption of
gaseous organic compounds onto quartz filters. Atmos. Environ. 35, 1663-1671.
Kirkevag,A., Iversen,T., and Dahlback,A. (1999). On radiative effects of black carbon and sulphate aerosols.
Atmos. Environ. 33, 2621-2635.
Kiss,G., Varga,B., Galambos,I., and Ganszky,I. (2002). Characterization of water-soluble organic matter isolated
from atmospheric fine aerosol. J. Geophys. Res. 107, ICC 1-1-ICC 1-8.
Klouda,G.A., Currie,L.A., Verkouteren,R.M., Einfeld,W., and Zak,B.D. (1988). Advances in microradiocarbon
dating and the direct tracing of environmental carbon. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 123, 191197.
Kohler,I., Dameris,M., Ackermann,I., and Hass,H. (2001). Contribution of road traffic emissions to the atmospheric
black carbon burden in the mid-1990s. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 17997-18014.
Kokhanovsky,A.A. and Zege,E.P. (1997). Optical properties of aerosol particles:A review of approximate analytical
solutions. J. Aerosol Sci. 28, 1-21.
Kokhanovsky,A.A. (1998). On light scattering in random media with large densely packed particles. J. Geophys.
Res. 103, 6089-6096.
Kolla,P. (1995). Detecting hidden explosives. Anal. Chem. 67, 184A-189A.
Kopp,C., Petzold,A., and Niessner,R. (1999). Investigation of the specific attenuation cross-section of aerosols
deposited on fiber filters with a polar photometer to determine black carbon. J. Aerosol Sci. 30, 1153-1163.
Kotzick,R., Panne,U., and Niessner,R. (1997). Changes in condensation properties of ultrafine carbon particles
subjected to oxidation by ozone. J. Aerosol Sci. 28, 725-736.
Kou,L. (1996) Black carbon: Atmospheric measurements and radiative effect. Ph.D thesis. Dalhousie
University,.Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Krämer,L., Bozoki,Z., and Niessner,R. (2001). Characterization of a mobile photacoustic sensor for atmospheric
black carbon monitoring. Anal. Sci. 17, S563-S566.
Krieger,M.S. and Hites,R.A. (1992). Diffusion denuder for the collection of semivolatile organic compounds.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1551-1555.
Krivácsy,Z., Hoffer,A., Sarvari,Z., Temesi,D., Baltensperger,U., Nyeki,S., Weingartner,E., Kleefeld,S., and
Jennings,S.G. (2001). Role of organic and black carbon in the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol at
European background sites. Atmos. Environ. 35, 6231-6244.
Kuhlbusch,T.A.J. (1995). Method for determining black carbon in residues of vegetation fires. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 29, 2695-2702.
Kuhlbusch,T.A.J., Andreae,M.O., Cachier,H., Goldammer,J.G., Lacaux,J.P., Shea,R., and Crutzen,P.J. (1996).
Black carbon formation by savanna fires: Measurements and implications for the global carbon cycle. J. Geophys.
Res. 101, 23651-23665.
Kukreja,V.P. and Bove,J.L. (1976). Determination of free carbon collected on high-volume glass fiber filter.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 10, 187-189.
Kulmala,M., Laaksonen,A., Charlson,R.J., and Korhonen,P. (1997). Clouds without supersaturation. Nature 388,
336-337.
19
Kushelevsky,A.P. and Slifkin,M.A. (1987). Carbon black equivalents for photoacoustic spectroscopy. Laboratory
Practice 36, 98-99.
Kusmierczyk-Michulec,J., Schulz,M., Ruellan,S., Kruger,O., Plate,E., Marks,R., de Leeuw,G., and Cachier,H.
(2001). Aerosol composition and related optical properties in the marine boundary layer over the Baltic Sea. J.
Aerosol Sci. 32, 933-955.
Lahaye,J. and Prado,G. (1981). Morphology and internal structure of soot and carbon blacks. In Particulate
Carbon: Formation and Combustion, Siegla,D.C. and Smith,G.W., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 33-35.
Lammel,G. and Novakov,T. (1995). Water nucleation properties of carbon black and diesel soot particles. Atmos.
Environ. 29, 813-824.
Languri,G.M., van der Horst,J., and Boon,J.J. (2002). Characterisation of a unique 'asphalt' sample from the early
19th century Hafkenscheid painting materials collection by analytical pyrolysis MS and GC/MS. J. Anal. Appl.
Pyrolysis 63, 171-196.
Lary,D.J., Lee,A.M., Toumi,R., Newchurch,M.J., Pirre,M., and Renard,J.B. (1997). Carbon aerosols and
atmospheric photochemistry. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 3671-3682.
Lauks,M.L., Roll,G., Schweiger,G., and Davis,E.J. (2000). Physical and chemical (Raman) characterization of
bioaerosols - Pollen. J. Aerosol Sci. 31, 307-319.
Lavanchy,V.M.H., Gäggeler,H.W., Nyeki,S., and Baltensperger,U. (1999). Elemental carbon (EC) and black carbon
(BC) measurements with a thermal method and an aethalometer at the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch.
Atmos. Environ. 33, 2759-2769.
Lavoue,D., Liousse,C., Cachier,H., Stocks,B.J., and Goldammer,J.G. (2000). Modeling of carbonaceous particles
emitted by boreal and temperate wildfires at northern latitudes. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 26871-26890.
Lawrence,G.B., David,M.B., and Shortle,W.C. (1995). A new mechanism for calcium loss in forest-floor soils.
Nature 378, 162-164.
Lawson,D.R. and Hering,S.V. (1990). The Carbonaceous Species Methods Comparison Study: An overview.
Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12, 1-2.
Lee,C.M. and Macalady,D.L. (1989). Towards a standard method for the measurement of organic carbon in
sediments. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 35, 219-225.
Leonard,J. and Delumyea,R.D. (1994). Elemental carbon concentration in the air around Tampa Bay, Florida, 19901991. JAWMA 44, 804-806.
Leonardi,A., Burtscher,H., and Siegmann,H.C. (1993). Size-dependent measurement of aerosol photoemission from
particles in diesel exhaust. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 1251-1254.
Levendis,Y.A., Atal,A., Carlson,J.B., and del Mar Esperanza Quintana,M. (2001). PAH and soot emissions from
burning components of medical waste: Examination/surgical gloves and cotton pads. Chemosphere 42, 775-783.
Lewis,C.W. and Dzubay,T.G. (1986). Measurement of light absorption extinction in Denver. Aerosol Sci. Technol.
5, 325-336.
Li,S.M., Tang,J., Xue,H., and Toom-Sauntry,D. (1999). Size distribution and estimated optical properties of
carbonate, water soluble organic carbon, and sulfate in aerosols at a remote high altitude site in western China.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1107.
Li,S.M., Tang,J., Xue,H., and Toom-Sauntry,D. (2000). Size distribution and estimated optical properties of
carbonate water soluble organic carbon, and sulfate in aerosols at a remote high altitude site in western China.
Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 1107-1110.
Lin,C. and Friedlander,S.K. (1988). Soot oxidation in fibrous filters. 1. Deposit structure and reaction mechanisms.
Langmuir 4, 891-898.
Lin,C. and Friedlander,S.K. (1988). Soot oxidation in fibrous filters. 2. Effects of temperature, oxygen partial
pressure, and sodium additives. Langmuir 4, 898-903.
20
Lin,C.I., Baker,M.B., and Charlson,R.J. (1973). Absorption coefficient of atmospheric aerosol: A method for
measurement. Appl. Opt. 12, 1356-1363.
Lin,C.I. and Friedlander,S.K. (1988). A note on the use of glass fiber filters in the thermal analysis of carbon
containing aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 22, 605-607.
Lindberg,J.D. and Laude,L.S. (1974). Measurement of the absorption coefficient of atmospheric dust. Appl. Opt.
13, 1923-1927.
Lindberg,J.D., Douglass,R.E., and Garvey,D.M. (1999). Atmospheric particulate absorption and black carbon
measurement. Appl. Opt. 38, 2369-2376.
Liou,K.N. and Takano,Y. (1994). Light scattering by nonspherical particles: Remote sensing and climatic
implications. Atmospheric Research 31, 271-298.
Liousse,C., Cachier,H., and Jennings,S.G. (1993). Optical and thermal measurements of black carbon aerosol
content in different environments: Variation of the specific attenuation cross-section, sigma (). Atmos. Environ.
27A, 1203-1211.
Liousse,C., Penner,J.E., Chuang,C., Walton,J.J., Eddleman,H., and Cachier,H. (1996). A global three-dimensional
model study of carbonaceous aerosols. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 19411-19432.
Liousse,C., Dulac,F., Cachier,H., and Tanré,D. (1997). Remote sensing of carbonaceous aerosol production by
African savanna biomass burning. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 5895-5911.
Liu,N.A., Fan,W., Dobashi,R., and Huang,L. (2002). Kinetic modeling of thermal decomposition of natural
cellulosic materials in air atmosphere. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 63, 303-325.
Liu,S., Obuchi,A., Oi-Uchisawa,J., Nanba,T., and Kushiyama,S. (2001). Synergistic catalysis of carbon black
oxidation by Pt with MoO3 or V2O5. Appl Catal B Environ 30, 259-266.
Lloyd,A.C. and Cackette,T.A. (2001). Diesel Engines: Environmental impact and control. EM 8, 34-41.
Locati,G., Fantuzzi,A., Consonni,G., Li Goot,I., and Bonomi,G. (1979). Identification of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in carbon black with reference to carcinogenic risk in tire production. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 40, 644652.
Lochmüller,C.H., Röhl,R., and Marshall,D.B. (1981). Use of carbon black as a reference material in photoacoustic
spectroscopy. Analytical Letters 14, 41-46.
Lua,A.C. and Guo,J. (1998). Preparation and characterization of chars from oil palm waste. Carbon 36, 1663.
Ma,T.S. (1988). Organic elemental analysis. Anal. Chem. 60, 175R-181R.
Macias,E.S., Radcliffe,C.D., Lewis,C.W., and Sawicki,C.R. (1978). Proton induced x-ray analysis of atmospheric
aerosols for carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur composition. Anal. Chem. 50, 1120-1124.
Macias,E.S. and Chu,L.C. (1982). Carbon analysis of atmospheric aerosols using GRALE and reflectance analysis.
In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle, Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, NY,
pp. 131-144.
MacKenzie,R.C. (1970). Differential Thermal Analysis Vol. 1: Fundamental Aspects. MacKenzie, R. C., Ed.
Academic Press, New York, NY.
MacKinnon,I.D.R. (1987). Secrets of black dust revealed. Nature 328, 670-671.
Mader,B.T., Flagan,R.C., and Seinfield,J.H. (2001). Sampling atmospheric carbonaceous aerosols using a particle
trap impactor/denuder sampler. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 4857-4867.
Mader,P.P., MacPhee,R.D., Lofberg,R.T., and Larson,G.P. (1952). Composition of organic portion of atmospheric
aerosols in the Los Angeles area. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 44, 1352-1355.
Maes,I.I., Gryglewicz,G., Yperman,J., Franco,D.V., Mullens,J., and Van Poucke,L.C. (1997). Effect of calcium and
calcium minerals in coal on its thermal analysis. Fuel 76, 143-148.
21
Maguire,B.A. (1971). Mie scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a sphere: A computer program. J. Aerosol Sci.
2, 417.
Malissa,H. (1979) Some analytical approaches to the chemical characterization of carbonaceous particulates.
Proceedings: Conference on Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere, Novakov, T., Ed. Berkeley, CA.
Malm,W.C. and Gebhart,K.A. (1996). Source apportionment of organic and light-absorbing carbon using receptor
modeling techniques. Atmos. Environ. 30, 843-855.
Mamane,Y. and Gottlieb,J. (1989). The study of heterogeneous reactions of carbonaceous particles with sulfur and
nitrogen oxides using a single particle approach. J. Aerosol Sci. 20, 575-584.
Marbot,R. (1997). The selection of pyrolysis temperatures for the analysis of humic substances and related
materials 1. Cellulose and chitin. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 39, 97-104.
Marchand,A. (1987). Various kinds of solid carbon: Structure and optical properties. In Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons and Astrophysics, Léger,A., d'Hendecourt,L., Boccara,N., Eds. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 31-54.
Maria,S.F., Russell,L.M., Turpin,B.J., and Porcja,R.J. (2002). FTIR measurements of functional groups and organic
mass in aerosol samples over the Caribbean. Atmos. Environ. 36, 5185-5196.
Marion,G.M. (2001). Carbonate mineral solubility at low temperatures in the Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO4-OH-HCO3CO3-CO2-H2O system. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65, 1883-1896.
Marsh,H., Martinez-Escandell,M., and Rodriguez-Reinoso,F. (1999). Semicokes from pitch pyrolysis: Mechanisms
and kinetics. Carbon 37, 363.
Marshall,S.F., Covert,D.S., and Charlson,R.J. (1995). Relationship between asymmetry parameter and hemispheric
backscatter ratio: Implications for climate forcing by aerosols. Appl. Opt. 34, 6306-6311.
Martins,J.V., Artaxo,P., Liousse,C., Reid,J.S., Hobbs,P.V., and Kaufman,Y.J. (1998). Effects of black carbon
content, particle size, and mixing on light absorption by aerosols from biomass burning in Brazil. J. Geophys. Res.
103, 32041-32050.
Masiello,C.A., Druffel,E.R.M., and Currie,L.A. (2002). Radiocarbon measurements of black carbon in aerosols and
ocean sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66, 1025-1036.
Mazurek,M.A., Hildemann,L.M., Cass,G.R., Simoneit,B.R.T., Rogge,W.F. (1993). Methods of analysis for
complex organic aerosol mixtures from urban emission sources of particulate carbon. In Sampling and Analysis of
Airborne Pollutants, Winegar,E.D. and Keith,L.H., Eds. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 177-190.
McAskill,N.A. (1987). Near-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy of coals and shales. Applied Spectroscopy 41,
313-317.
McCarthy,R. and Moore,C.E. (1952). Determination of free carbon in atmospheric dust. Anal. Chem. 24, 411-412.
McCartney,E.J. (1976). Optics of the Atmosphere: Scattering by Molecules and Particles. John Wiley & Sons,
New York, NY.
McCartney,J.T. and Ergun,S. (1967). Optical properties of coals and graphite. by U.S. Dept. of Interior, Bureau of
Mines, Washington, DC.
McCollom,T.M. and Simoneit,B.R.T. (1999). Abiotic formation of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds
during thermal decomposition of iron oxalate. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 29, 167-186.
McDow,S.R. and Huntzicker,J.J. (1990). Vapor adsorption artifact in the sampling of organic aerosol: Face velocity
effects. Atmos. Environ. 24A, 2563-2571.
McDow,S.R. and Huntzicker,J.J. (1993). Vapor adsorption artifact in the sampling of organic aerosol. In Sampling
and Analysis of Airborne Pollutants, Winegar,E.D. and Keith,L.H., Eds. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp.
191-208.
McKinnon,J.T. and Howard,J.B. (1990). Application of soot formation model - Effects of chlorine. Combust. Sci.
Technol. 74, 175-197.
22
McMurry,P.H. and Hansen,A.D.A. (1990). An intercomparison of measurements of aerosol elemental carbon
during the 1986 Carbonaceous Species Method Comparison Study. JAWMA 40, 894-895.
Medalia,A.I. and Richards,L.W. (1972). The tinting strength of carbon black. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 40, 233-252.
Medalia,A.I., Rivin,D., and Sanders,D.R. (1983). A comparison of carbon black with soot. Sci. Total Environ. 31,
1-22.
Mertes,S., Schwarzenbock,A., Bruggemann,E., Gnauk,T., and Dippel,B. (2001). Phase partitioning of black carbon,
non-volatile organic carbon and soluble inorganic substances between the droplet and interstitial phase of clouds at
Mt. Brocken, Germany. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 969-980.
Mertes,S., Schwarzenbock,A., and Dippel,B. (2001). Comparison of the aerosol absorption coefficient obtained by
the particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP) to a raman spectroscopic graphitic carbon analysis of the PSAP
internal filters. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, S687-S688.
Mertes,S., Dippel,B., and Schwarzenbock,A. (2003). Comparison of the particle soot absorption photometer
(PSAP) absorption measurement to graphitic carbon quantification on the PSAP internal filters: Application to cloud
droplet residual and interstitial particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. submitted.
Merz,W. (1978). Automated rapid methods in organic elemental analysis. Mikrochimica Acta Wien. II, 519-534.
Michel,B., Henning,T., Jager,C., and Kreibig,U. (1999). Optical extinction by spherical carbonaceous particles.
Carbon 37, 391.
Middelburg,J.J., Nieuwenhuize,J., and Van Breugel,P. (1999). Black carbon in marine sediments. Mar. Chem. 65,
245-252.
Miessen,G., Behrendt,F., Deutschmann,O., and Warnatz,J. (2001). Numerical studies of the heterogeneous
combustion of char using detailed chemistry. Chemosphere 42, 609-613.
Miguel,A.H., Kirchstetter,T.W., Harley,R.A., and Hering,S.V. (1998). On-road emissions of particulate polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon soot from gasoline and diesel vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 450455.
Mikhailov,E.F., Vlasenko,S.S., Kiselev,A.A., and Ryshkevich,T.I. (1997). The structural changes in fractal particles
of carbon black under the effect of capillary forces: Experimental results. Colloid J. Russian Academy Sci. 59, 176189.
Minutolo,P., Gambi,G., D'Alessio,A., and Carlucci,S. (1999). Spectroscopic characterisation of carbonaceous
nanoparticles in premixed flames. Atmos. Environ. 33, 2725-2732.
Mizohata,A. and Ito,N. (1985). Analysis of organic and elemental carbon in atmospheric aerosols by thermal
method. Annual Report of the Radiation Center of Osaka Prefecture 26, 51-55.
Mniszek,W., Kolarczyk,J., and Hanusik,A. (1990). Methods for determination of elemental carbon in ambient air.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 14, 1-7.
Mniszek,W., Wypych,J., and Zielonka,U. (1994). Determination of elemental carbon emission. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment 29, 41-52.
Moeckli,M.A., Fierz,M., and Sigrist,M.W. (1996). Emission factors for ethene and ammonia from a tunnel study
with a photoacoustic trace gas detection system. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2864-2867.
Molnár,A., Mészáros,E., Hansson,H.C., Karlsson,H., Gelencsér,A., Kiss,G.Y., and Krivácsy,Z. (1999). The
importance of organic and elemental carbon in the fine atmospheric aerosol particles. Atmos. Environ. 33, 27452750.
Moore,T.J., Hartwig,R.C., and Loeppert,R.H. (1990). Steady-state procedure for determining the effective particlesize distribution of soil carbonates. Soil Science Society of America Journal 541, 55-59.
Moosmüller,H., Arnott,W.P., and Rogers,C.F. (1997). Methods for real-time, in situ measurement of aerosol light
absorption. JAWMA 47, 157-166.
23
Moosmüller,H., Arnott,W.P., Rogers,C.F., Bowen,J.L., Gillies,J.A., Pierson,W.R., Collins,J.F., Durbin,T.D., and
Norbeck,J.M. (2001). Time resolved characterization of diesel particulate emissions 2. Instruments for elemental
and organic carbon measurements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 1935-1942.
Morbidelli,L., Gomes,C.B., Beccaluva,L., Brotzu,P., Conte,A.M., Ruberti,E., and Traversa,G. (1995).
Mineralogical, petrological and geochemical aspects of alkaline and alkaline-carbonatite associations from Brazil.
Earth-Science Reviews 39, 135-168.
Morgan,S.L., Fox,A., Rogers,J.C., Watt,B.E. (1991). Identification of chemical markers for microbial
differentiation and detection by gas chromatography-mass spectrography. In Modern Techniques for Rapid
Microbiological Analysis, Nelson,W.H., Ed. VCH Publishers, New York.
Morse,J.W. and MacKenzie,F.T. (1990). Geochemistry of Sedimentary Carbonates. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Movakov,T. and Corrigan,C.E. (1995) Thermal characterization of biomass smoke particles. Mikrochimica Acta
Wien., [In Press].
Mudgett,P.S. and Richards,L.W. (1971). Multiple scattering calculations for technology. Appl. Opt. 10, 14851502.
Mudgett,P.S. and Richards,L.W. (1972). Multiple scattering calculations for technology - II. J. Colloid Interface
Sci. 39, 551-567.
Mudgett,P.S. and Richards,L.W. (1973). Kubelka-Munk scattering and absorption coefficients for use with glossy,
opaque objects. J. Paint Technol. 45, 44-53.
Mueller,P.K., Mosley,R.W., Pierce,L.B. (1971). Carbonate and noncarbonate carbon in atmospheric particles. In
Proceedings of the Second International Clean Air Congress, Englund,H.M. and Beery,W.T., Eds. Academic Press,
New York, pp. 532-539.
Mueller,P.K., Mosley,R.W., Pierce,L.B. (1972). Chemical composition of Pasadena aerosol by particle size and
time of day IV. Carbonate and noncarbonate carbon content. In Aerosols and Atmospheric Chemistry, Hidy,G.M.,
Ed. Academic Press, New York, pp. 295-299.
Mueller,P.K., Fung,K.K., Heisler,S.L., Grosjean,D., Hidy,G.M. (1982). Atmospheric particulate carbon
observations in urban and rural areas of the United States. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle,
Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, NY, pp. 343-370.
Mugnai,A. and Wiscombe,W. (1986). Scattering from nonspherical Chebyshev particles I. Cross sections, singlescattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and backscattered fraction. Appl. Opt. 25, 1235-1244.
Mugnai,A. and Wiscombe,W. (1989). Scattering from nonspherical Chebyshev particles 3. Variability in angular
scattering patterns. Appl. Opt. 28, 3061-3073.
Muir,D. and Laxen,D.P.H. (1995). Black smoke as a surrogate for PM 10 in health studies? Atmos. Environ. 29,
959-962.
Muir,D. and Laxen,D.P.H. (1996). Authors' reply. Atmos. Environ. 30, 2648.
Muranko,H.J., Hethmon,T.A., and Smith,R.G. (2001). "Total" and respirable dust exposures in the U.S. carbon
black manufacturing industry. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 62, 57-64.
Murphy,S.A.M., Berube,K.A., and Richards,R.J. (1999). Bioreactivity of carbon black and diesel exhaust particles
to primary Clara and type II epithelial cell cultures. Occup. Environ. Med. 56, 813.
Murray,J.A., Fischer,H.C., and Shade,R.W. (1951). Report on fundamental research fellowship at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1950-51. Proceedings, National Lime Association 49, 95-116.
Naoe,H. and Okada,K. (2001). Mixing properties of submicrometer aerosol particles in the urban atmosphere - with
regard to soot particles. Atmos. Environ. 35, 5765-5772.
National Toxicology Program (NTP) (1998). Soots, tars, and mineral oils. In Report on Carcinogens, 8th ed.
Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, pp. 42-46.
24
Nelson,M.P., Zugates,C.T., Treado,P.J., Casuccio,G.S., Exline,D.L., and Schlaegle,S.F. (2001). Combining Raman
chemical imaging and scanning electron microscopy to characterize ambient fine particulate matter. Aerosol Sci.
Technol. 34, 108-117.
Nierop,K.G.J. and van Bergen,P.F. (2002). Clay and ammonium catalyzed reactions of alkanols, alkanoic acids and
esters under flash pyrolytic conditions. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 63, 197-208.
NIOSH (1996). Method 5040 Issue 1 (Interim): Elemental carbon (diesel exhaust). In NIOSH Manual of
Analytical Methods, 4th ed. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
NIOSH (1999). Method 5040 Issue 3 (Interim): Elemental carbon (diesel exhaust). In NIOSH Manual of
Analytical Methods, 4th ed. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
Novakov,T. (1979) Proceedings, Carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere.Novakov, T., Ed. Berkeley, CA.
Novakov,T. (1982). Soot in the atmosphere. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle, Wolff,G.T. and
Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp. 19-41.
Novakov,T. (1984). The role of soot and primary oxidants in atmospheric chemistry. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 1-10.
Novakov,T. and Corrigan,C.E. (1995). Thermal characterization of biomass smoke particles. Mikrochimica Acta
119, 157-166.
Nunes,T.V. and Pio,C.A. (1993). Carbonaceous aerosols in industrial and coastal atmospheres. Atmos. Environ.
27A, 1339-1346.
O'Malley,V.P., Abrajano,T.A., and Hellou,J. (1996). Stable carbon isotopic apportionment of individual polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons in St. John's Harbour, Newfoundland. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 634-639.
O'Reilly,J.M. and Mosher,R.A. (1983). Functional groups in carbon black by FTIR spectroscopy. Carbon 21, 4751.
Obeidi,F. and Eatough,D.J. (2002). Continuous measurement of semivolatile fine particulate mass in Provo, Utah.
Aerosol Sci. Technol. 36, 191-203.
Offenberg,J.H. and Baker,J.E. (2002). The influence of aerosol size and organic carbon content on gas/particle
partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Atmos. Environ. 36, 1205-1220.
Ogren,J.A. and Charlson,R.J. (1983). Elemental carbon in the atmosphere: Cycle and lifetime. Tellus 35B, 241254.
Ogren,J.A., Charlson,R.J., and Groblicki,P.J. (1983). Determination of elemental carbon in rainwater. Anal. Chem.
55, 1569-1572.
Ogren,J.A., Groblicki,P.J., and Charlson,R.J. (1984). Measurement of the removal rate of elemental carbon from the
atmosphere. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 329-338.
Ogren,J.A., Sheridan,P.J., Andrews,E., Jefferson,A., Heintzenberg,J., and Mertes,S. (2001). Measurements of the
light absorption efficiency of graphitic carbon in Indian Ocean aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 677-688.
Okada,K. and Hitzenberger,R.M. (2001). Mixing properties of individual submicrometer aerosol particles in
Vienna. Atmos. Environ. 35, 5617-5628.
Olivella,M.A., del Rio,J.C., Palacios,J., Vairavamurthy,M.A., and de las Heras,F.X.C. (2002). Characterization of
humic acid from leonardite coal: An integrated study of PY-GC-MS, XPS and XANES techniques. J. Anal. Appl.
Pyrolysis 63, 59-68.
Onischuk,A.A., Stasio,S.D., Karasev,V.V., Baklanov,A.M., and Panfilov,V.N. (2001). Soot agglomerate
convolution due to coulomb forces. J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 993-1004.
Padeste,C., Reller,A., and Oswald,H.R. (1990). The influence of transition metals on the thermal decomposition of
calcium carbonate in hydrogen. Materials Research Bulletin 25, 1299-1305.
Painter,P.C., Snyder,R.W., Starsinic,M., Coleman,M.M., Kuehn,D.W., and Davis,A. (1981). Concerning the
application of FTIR to the study of coal: A critical assessment of band assignments and the application of spectral
analysis programs. Fuel 35, 475-485.
25
Pankow,J.F., Isabelle,L.M., and Asher,W.E. (1984). Trace organic compounds in rain-I. Sampler design and
analysis by adsorption/thermal desorption (ATD). Environ. Sci. Technol. 18, 310-318.
Park,S.S., Kim,Y.J., and Fung,K.K. (2001). Characteristics of PM 2.5 carbonaceous aerosol in the Sihwa industrial
area, Korea. Atmos. Environ. 35, 657-665.
Parungo,F.P., Nagamoto,C.T., Zhou,M.Y., Hansen,A.D.A., and Harris,J. (1994). Aeolian transport of aerosol black
carbon from China to the ocean. Atmos. Environ. 28, 3251-3260.
Paschall,R. (1994). Calcite: The multiuse mineral. Calif. Geology 476, 161-164.
Pashel,G.E. and Egner,D.R. (1981). A comparison of ambient suspended particulate matter concentrations as
measured by the British smoke sampler and the high volume sampler at 16 sites in the United States. Atmos.
Environ. 15, 919-927.
Patterson,E.M. and Marshall,B.T. (1982). Diffuse reflectance and diffuse transmission measurements of aerosol
absorption at the First International Workshop on Light Absorption by Aerosol Particles. Appl. Opt. 21, 387-393.
Patterson,E.M. and Marshall,B.T. (1982). Diffuse reflectance and transmission measurements of aerosol absorption.
In Light Absorption by Aerosol Particles, Gerger,H.E. and Hindman,E.E., Eds. Spectrum, Hampton, VA.
Penner,J.E., Eddleman,H., and Novakov,T. (1993). Towards the development of a global inventory for black carbon
emissions. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 1277-1295.
Penner,J.E. and Novakov,T. (1996). Carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere: A historical perspective to the Fifth
International Conference on Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 19373-19378.
Penttinen,P., Alm,S., Ruuskanen,J., and Pekkanen,J. (2000). Measuring reflectance of TSP-filters for retrospective
health studies. Atmos. Environ. 34, 2581-2586.
Perez,M., Granda,M., Garcia,R., Santamaria,R., Romero,E., and Menendez,R. (2002). Pyrolysis behavior of
petroleum pitches prepared at different conditions. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 63, 223-239.
Perrichon,V. and Mériaudeau,P. (2000). Elimination of diesel soots using oxidation catalysts. In Aerosol Chemical
Processes in the Environment, Spurny,K.R., Ed. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 487-503.
Peters,B. and Bruch,C. (2001). A flexible and stable numerical method for simulating the thermal decomposition of
wood particles. Chemosphere 42, 481-490.
Petuskey,W.T., Richardson,D.A., and Dolske,D.A. (1995). Aspects of the deterioration of sandstone masonry in
Anasazi dwelling ruins at Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, USA. Sci. Total Environ. 167, 145-159.
Petzold,A. and Niessner,R. (1995). Novel design of a resonant photoacoustic spectrophone for elemental carbon
mass monitoring. Appl. Phys. Lett. 66, 1285-1287.
Petzold,A. and Niessner,R. (1995). Method comparison study on soot-selective techniques. Mikrochimica Acta
117, 215-237.
Petzold,A. and Niessner,R. (1995). Intercomparison study on soot-selective methods - Field study results from
several polluted areas in Germany. J. Aerosol Sci. 26, S393-S394.
Petzold,A. and Niessner,R. (1996). Photoacoustic soot sensor for in-situ black carbon monitoring. Appl. Phys.
B63, 191-197.
Petzold,A., Kopp,C., and Niessner,R. (1997). The dependence of the specific attenuation cross-section on black
carbon mass fraction and particle size. Atmos. Environ. 31, 661-672.
Petzold,A., Ström,J., Schröder,F.P., and Kärcher,B. (1999). Carbonaceous aerosol in jet engine exhaust: Emission
characteristics and implications for heterogeneous chemical reactions. Atmos. Environ. 33, 2689-2698.
Petzold,A., Kramer,H., and Schönlinner,M. (2002). Continuous measurement of atmospheric black carbon using a
multi-angle absorption photometer. Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res. Special Issue 4, 78-82.
Pierson,W.R. and McKee,D.E. (1978). Light scattering by particulate emissions from vehicles on the road. JAPCA
28, 604-607.
26
Pierson,W.R. and Russell,P.A. (1979). Aerosol carbon in the Denver area in November 1973. Atmos. Environ. 13,
1623-1628.
Pierson,W.R., Gorse,R.A., Jr., Szkarlat,A.C., Brachaczek,W.W., Japar,S.M., Lee,F.C., Zweidinger,R.B., and
Claxton,L.D. (1983). Mutagenicity and chemical characteristics of carbonaceous particulate matter from vehicles on
the road. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17, 31-44.
Pieters,C.M. (1983). Strength of mineral absorption bands in the transmitted component of near-infrared light: First
results from RELAB. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 9534-9544.
Pilinis,C. and Li,X. (1998). Particle shape and internal inhomogeneity effects on the optical properties of
tropospheric aerosols of relevance to climate forcing. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 3789-3800.
Pimenta,J.A. and Wood,G.R. (1980). Determination of free and total carbon in suspended air particulate matter
collected on glass fiber filters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 14, 556-561.
Pinnick,R.G., Fernandez,G., Martinez-Andazola,E., Hinds,B.D., Hansen,A.D.A., and Fuller,K. (1993). Aerosol in
the arid southwest United States: Measurements of mass loading, volatility, size distribution, absorption
characteristics, black carbon content, and vertical structure to 7km above sea level. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 26512666.
Pirogov,S.M. and Korneyer,A.A. (1994). A device for measurement of absorbing aerosol concentration.
Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics 29, 629-632.
Pokrovsky,O.S. and Schott,J. (2002). Surface chemistry and dissolution kinetics of divalent metal carbonates.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 426-432.
Polissar,A.V., Hopke,P.K., Malm,W.C., and Sisler,J.F. (1996). The ratio of aerosol optical absorption coefficients
to sulfur concentrations, as an indicator of smoke from forest fires when sampling in polar regions. Atmos. Environ.
30, 1147-1157.
Pollard,M., Jaklevic,J.M., and Howes,J. (1990). Analysis of carbon particle deposition on Teflon filters using
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12, 182-193.
Powell,R.M., Bledsoe,B.E., Curtis,G.P., and Johnson,R.L. (1989). Interlaboratory methods comparison for the total
organic carbon analysis of aquifer materials. Environ. Sci. Technol. 23, 1246-1249.
Pratsinis,S.E., Zeldin,M.D., and Ellis,E.C. (1988). Source resolution of the fine carbonaceous aerosol by principal
component-stepwise regression analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22, 212-216.
Pratsinis,S.E. (1989). Receptor models for ambient carbonaceous aerosols. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 10, 258-266.
Prince,A.P., Wade,J.L., Grassian,V.H., Kleiber,P.D., and Young,M.A. (2002). Heterogeneous reactions of soot
aerosols with nitrogen dioxide and nitric acid: Atmospheric chamber and Knudsen cell studies. Atmos. Environ. 36,
5729-5740.
Pueschel,R.F., Blake,D.F., Snetsinger,K.G., Hansen,A.D.A., Verma,S., and Kato,K. (1992). Black carbon soot
aerosol in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 1659-1662.
Pueschel,R.F., Verma,S., Ferry,G.V., Howard,S.D., Vay,S., Kinne,S.A., Goodman,J., and Strawa,A.W. (1998).
Sulfuric acid and soot particle formation in aircraft exhaust. Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 1685-1688.
Purcell,E.M. and Pennypacker,C.R. (1973). Scattering and absorption of light by nonspherical dielectric grains.
Astrophys. J. 186, 705-714.
Puxbaum,H. (1979). Thermo-gasanalysator zur charakterisierung von kohlenstoff- and schwefelverbindungen in
luftgetragenen stauben. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 298, 250-259.
Puxbaum,H. (1981). Application of two thermo-gasanalyzers for atmospheric aerosol characterization. J. Environ.
Anal. Chem. 10, 1-6.
Raunemaa,T., Kuuspalo,K., Ålander,T., Mirme,A., and Tamm,E. (1996). Age estimation of atmospheric black
carbon over Finland from combined aerosol size distribution and radon progeny measurements. J. Aerosol Sci. 27,
455-466.
27
Reddy,C.M., Pearson,A., Xu,L., McNichol,A.P., Benner,B.A., Jr., Wise,S.A., Klouda,G.A., Currie,L.A., and
Eglinton,T.I. (2002). Radiocarbon as a tool to apportion sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black
carbon in environmental samples. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 1774-1782.
Redemann,J., Russell,P.B., and Hamill,P. (2001). Dependence of aerosol light absorption and single-scattering
albedo on ambient relative humidity for sulfate aerosols with black carbon cores. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 2748527495.
Redfern,J.P. (1972). Low-temperature studies. In Differential Thermal Analysis Vol. 2 - Applications,
MacKenzie,R.C., Ed. Academic Press, London, pp. 119-145.
Reeder,R.J. (1983). Carbonates: Mineralogy and Chemistry. Minerology Society of America,
Reid,J.S., Hobbs,P.V., Liousse,C., Martins,J.V., Weiss,R.E., and Eck,T.F. (1998). Comparisons of techniques for
measuring shortwave absorption and black carbon content of aerosols from biomass burning in Brazil. J. Geophys.
Res. 103, 32031-32040.
Reist,P.C. (1993). Optical properties: Angular scattering. In Aerosol Science and Technology, 2nd Ed., 2nd ed.
McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, pp. 281-299.
Rek,J.H. (1972). Oils, fats, soaps and waxes. In Differential Thermal Analysis Vol. 2 - Applications,
MacKenzie,R.C., Ed. Academic Press, London, pp. 473-493.
Reuss,J.O. (1983). Implications of the calcium-aluminum exchange system for the effect of acid precipitation on
soils. J. Environ. Quality 12, 591-595.
Richards,L.W. (1970). The calculation of the optical performance of paint films. J. Paint Technol. 42, 276-286.
Richards,L.W., Bergstrom,R.W., and Ackerman,T.P. (1986). The optical effects of fine-particle carbon on urban
atmospheres. Atmos. Environ. 20, 387-396.
Rigby,J., Ma,J., Webb,B.W., and Fletcher,T.H. (2001). Transformations of coal-derived soot at elevated
temperature. Energy & Fuels 15, 52-59.
Rivin,D. (1986). Carbon black. In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 3/Part D, Hutzinger,O., Ed.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 101-158.
Robertson,J.M. and Smith,R.G. (1994). Carbon black. In Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Clayton,G.D.
and Clayton,F.E., Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 2395-2423.
Rockne,K.J., Taghon,G.L., and Kossonl,D.S. (2000). Pore structure of soot deposits from several combustion
sources. Chemosphere 41, 1125-1135.
Rodhe,H., Persson,C., and Åkesson,O. (1972). An investigation into regional transport of soot and sulfate aerosols.
Atmos. Environ. 6, 675-693.
Roditcheva,O.V. and Bai,X.S. (2001). Pressure effect on soot formation in turbulent diffusion flames.
Chemosphere 42, 811-821.
Roesler,J.F., Tessan,M.A.D., and Montagne,X. (2001). Evidence for the contribution of methane in the formation of
aromatics and soot in fuel-rich pre-mixed combustion. Chemosphere 42, 823-826.
Roessler,D.M. and Faxvog,F.R. (1979). Optoacoustic measurement of optical absorption in acetylene smoke. J.
Opt. Soc. Am. 69, 1699-1704.
Roessler,D.M. and Faxvog,F.R. (1980). Optical properties of agglomerated acetylene smoke particles at 0.5145 m
wavelengths. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 230-235.
Roessler,D.M. and Faxvog,F.R. (1981). Visibility in absorbing aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 15, 151-155.
Roessler,D.M. (1982). Light absorption by aerosol particles.
Spectrum Press, Guilford, CT, pp. 301-304.
Roessler,D.M. (1984). Photoacoustic insights on diesel exhaust particles. Appl. Opt. 23, 1148-1155.
Rohl,R. (1982). Photoacoustic determinaton of optical properties of aerosol particles collected on filters:
Development of a method taking into account substrate reflectivity. Appl. Opt. 21, 375-381.
28
Rooth,R.A., Verhage,A.J.L., and Wouters,L.W. (1990). Photoacoustic measurement of ammonia in the atmosphere:
Influence of water vapor and carbon dioxide. Appl. Opt. 29, 3643-3653.
Rosen,H. and Novakov,T. (1977). Raman scattering and the characterisation of atmospheric aerosol particles.
Nature 266, 708-709.
Rosen,H., Hansen,A.D.A., Gundel,L.A., and Novakov,T. (1978). Identification of the optically absorbing
component in urban aerosols. Appl. Opt. 17, 3859-3861.
Rosen,H. and Novakov,T. (1978). Identification of primary particulate carbon and sulfate species by raman
spectroscopy. Atmos. Environ. 12, 923-926.
Rosen,H., Hansen,A.D.A., Gundel,L.A., Novakov,T. (1979). Identification of the graphitic carbon component of
source and ambient particulates by Raman spectroscopy and an optical attenuation technique. In Proceedings,
Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere, Novakov,T., Ed. National Science Foundation & Lawrence Berkeley
Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, pp. 49-55.
Rosen,H., Hansen,A.D.A., Dod,R.L., and Novakov,T. (1980). Soot in urban atmospheres: determination by an
optical absorption technique. Science 208, 741-744.
Rosen,H., Novakov,T., and Bodhaine,B.A. (1981). Soot in the Arctic. Atmos. Environ. 15, 1371-1374.
Rosen,H., Hansen,A.D.A., Dod,R.L., Gundel,L.A., Novakov,T. (1982). Graphitic carbon in urban environments and
the Arctic. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle, Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New
York, NY, pp. 273-294.
Rosen,H., Hansen,A.D.A., and Novakov,T. (1984). Role of graphitic carbon particles in radiative transfer in the
Arctic haze. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 103-110.
Rosen,H. and Novakov,T. (1998). Optical transmission through aerosol deposits on diffusely reflective filters: A
method for measuring the absorbing component of aerosol particles. Appl. Opt. 22, 1265-1267.
Rosenberg,P., Petersen,H.I., and Thomsen,E. (1996). Combustion char morphology related to combustion
temperature and coal petrography. Fuel 75, 1071-1082.
Rossler,D.M. and Faxvog,F.R. (1995). Visibility in absorbing aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 151.
Ruellan,S. and Cachier,H. (2000). Characterisation of fresh particulate vehicular exhausts near a Paris high flow
road. Atmos. Environ. 35, 453-468.
Ruoss,K., Dlugi,R., Weigl,C., Hänel,G. (1991). Intercomparison of different aethalometers with an absorption
technique: Laboratory calibrations and field measurements. In Fourth International Conference on Carbonaceous
Particles in the Atmosphere, Lodge,J.P., Jr., Ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 1221-1228.
Ruoss,K., Dlugi,R., Weigl,C., and Hänel,G. (1992). Intercomparison of different aethalometers with an absorption
technique: Laboratory calibrations and field measurements. Atmos. Environ. 26A, 3161-3168.
Rupprecht,E.G., Patashnick,H., Beeson,D.E., Green,R.E., Meyer,M.B. (1995). A new automated monitor for the
measurement of particulate carbon in the atmosphere. In Proceedings, Particulate Matter: Health and Regulatory
Issues, Cooper,J.A. and Grant,L.D., Eds. Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 262-267.
Sabbioni,C., Zappia,G., Ghedini,N., Gobbi,G., and Favoni,O. (1998). Black crusts on ancient mortars. Atmos.
Environ. 32, 215-223.
Sachweh,B.A., Dick,W.D., and McMurry,P.H. (1995). Distinguishing between spherical and nonspherical particles
by measuring the variability in azimuthal light scattering. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 23, 373-391.
Sadler,M., Charlson,R.J., Rosen,H., and Novakov,T. (1981). An intercomparison of the integrating plate and the
laser transmission methods for determination of aerosol absorption coefficients. Atmos. Environ. 15, 1265-1268.
Sahouli,B., Blacher,s., Brouers,F., Sobry,R., Van Den Bossche,G., Diez,B., Darmstadt,H., Roy,C., and
Kaliaguine,S. (1996). Surface morphology of commercial carbon blacks and carbon blacks from pyrolysis of used
tyres by small-angle x-ray scattering. Carbon 34, 633.
29
Saito,T. (1993). Determination by pyrolysis-gas chromatography of the phenolic resin concentration in particulate
matter accumulated from traffic on roads. Anal. Chim. Acta. 276, 295-302.
Sarkar,A.K., Jain,M., Parashar,D.C., Mitra,A.P., Kulshrestha,U.C., and Cachier,H. (2001). Measurements of
carbonaceous aerosols at urban and remote marine sites. Current Science 80, 176-179.
Schmid,H.P., Laskus,L., Abraham,H.J., Baltensperger,U., Lavanchy,V.M.H., Bizjak,M., Burba,P., Cachier,H.,
Crow,D.J., Chow,J.C., Gnauk,T., Even,A., ten Brink,H.M., Giesen,K.P., Hitzenberger,R., et al. (2001). Results of
the "Carbon Conference" international aerosol carbon round robin test: Stage 1. Atmos. Environ. 35, 2111-2121.
Schmidt,M.W.I., Skjemstad,J.O., Gehrt,E., and Koegel-Knabner,I. (1999). Charred organic carbon in German
Chernozemic soils. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 50, 351-365.
Schmidt,M.W.I., Skjemstad,J.O., Czimczik,C.I., Glaser,B., Prentice,K.M., Gelinas,Y., and Kuhlbusch,T.A.J. (2000).
Comparitive analysis of black carbon in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15, 163-167.
Schmidt,M.W.I., Skjemstad,J.O., Czimczik,C.I., Glaser,B., Prentice,K.M., Gelinas,Y., and Kuhlbusch,T.K. (2001).
Comparative analysis of black carbon in soils . Global Biogeochemical Cycles 15, 163-167.
Schmidt,M.W.I., Masiello,C.A., Ball,W.P., Currie,L.A., Skjemstad,J.O., and Smith,D.M. (2002). International
steering committee for black carbon reference materials. by University of Denver, Denver, CO.
Schult,I., Feicher,J., Cooke,F.W., and Wilson,J.J.N. (1997). The effect of black carbon and sulfate aerosols on
global radiation budget. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 30107-30118.
Schultz,E. (1994). Size fractioned determination of black carbon particles in airborne dust originating from highway
traffice. Sci. Total Environ. 146-147, 289-296.
Schutz,L. (1989). Atmospheric minteral dust-properties and source markers. In Paleoclimatology and
Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport, Leinen,M. and Sarnthein,M.,
Eds.pp. 359-383.
Schwarzinger,C., Tanczos,I., and Schmidt,H. (2002). Levoglucosan, cellobiose and their acetates as model
compounds for the thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation of cellulose and cellulose acetate. J. Anal. Appl.
Pyrolysis 62, 179-196.
Schweiger,G. (1999). In situ chemical analyses of aerosol particles by Raman spectroscopy. In Analytical
Chemistry of Aerosols, Spurny,K.R., Ed. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 319-352.
Schwenker,R.F. and Garn,P.D. (1969). Thermal Analysis. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Seigneur,C., Abeck,H., Chia,G., Reinhard,M., Bloom,N.S., Prestbo,E., and Saxena,P. (1998). Mercury adsorption
to elemental carbon (soot) particles and atmospheric particulate matter. Atmos. Environ. 32, 2649-2658.
Senftleben,H. and Benedict,E. (1917). Über die optischen konstanten und di strahlungsgesetze der kohl. Ann. Phys.
54, 78.
Sergides,C.A., Jassim,J.A., Chughtai,A.R., and Smith,D.M. (1987). The structure of hexane soot 3. Ozonation
studies. Applied Spectroscopy 41, 482-492.
Sgro,L.A., Minutolo,P., Basile,G., and D'Alessio,A. (2001). UV-visible spectroscopy of organic carbon particulate
sampled from ethylene/air flames. Chemosphere 42, 671-680.
Shah,J.J. (1981) Measurements of carbonaceous aerosol across the U.S.: Sources and role in visibility degradation.
Ph.D.Dissertation, Oregon Graduate Center,.Beaverton, OR
Shah,J.J., Watson,J.G., Cooper,J.A., and Huntzicker,J.J. (1984). Aerosol chemical composition and light scattering
in Portland, Oregon: The role of carbon. Atmos. Environ. 18, 235-240.
Shah,J.J., Johnson,R.L., Heyerdahl,E.K., and Huntzicker,J.J. (1986). Carbonaceous aerosol at urban and rural sites
in the United States. JAPCA 36, 254-257.
Sharma,S., Brook,J., Cachier,H., Chow,J.C., Gaudenzi,A., and Lu,G. (2002). Light absorption and thermal
measurements of black carbon in different regions of Canada. J. Geophys. Res. 107, AAC 11-1-AAC 11-11.
30
Sharypov,V.I., Marin,N., Beregovtsova,N.G., Baryshnikov,S.V., Kuznetsov,B.N., Cebolla,V.L., and Weber,J.V.
(2002). Co-pyrolysis of wood biomass and synthetic polymer mixtures Part I: Influence of experimental conditions
on the evolution of solids, liquids and gases. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 64, 15-28.
Sheffield,A.E., Gordon,G.E., Currie,L.A., and Reiderer,G.E. (1994). Organic elemental and isotopic tracers of air
pollution sources in Albuquerque, NM. Atmos. Environ. 28, 1371-1384.
Siddique,N., Neil,L., Flaming,D., Sloan,J.J. (2002) Chemical composition of particulate matter by raman
spectroscopy - Pacific 2001 preliminary results. Pacific 2001 Data Workshop, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Sigrist,M.W. (1994). Air monitoring by laser photoacoustic spectroscopy. In Air Monitoring by Spectroscopic
Techniques, Sigrist,M.W., Ed. Wiley, New York, pp. 127-203.
Silverstein,R.M. and Bassler,G.C. (1967). Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds. Wiley, New York.
Simoneit,B.R.T. (1985). Application of molecular marker analysis to vehicular exhaust for source reconciliations.
Int. J. Environ. & Chem. 22, 203-233.
Simoneit,B.R.T. (1997). Compound-specific carbon isotope analyses of individual long-chain alkanes and alkanoic
acids in Harmattan aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 31, 2225-2234.
Skillas,G., Künzel,S., Burtscher,H., Baltensperger,U., and Siegmann,K. (1998). High fractal-like dimension of
diesel soot agglomerates. J. Aerosol Sci. 29, 411-420.
Sloane,C.S. (1986). Effect of composition on aerosol light scattering efficiencies. Atmos. Environ. 20, 1025-1037.
Smith,D.M., Griffin,J.J., and Goldberg,E.D. (1975). Spectrometric method for the quantitative determination of
elemental carbon. Anal. Chem. 47, 233.
Smith,D.M., Akhter,M.S., Jassim,J.A., Sergides,C.A., Welch,W.F., and Chughtai,A.R. (1989). Studies of the
structure and reactivity of soot. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 10, 311-325.
Snyder,A.P., McClennen,W.H., Dworzanski,J.P., and Meuzelaar,H.L.C. (1990). Underivatized lipid biomarkers
from microorganisms with pyrolysis-short column gas chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem.
62, 2565-2573.
Solomon,P.A. and Moyers,J.L. (1984). Use of a high volume dichotomous virtual impactor to estimate light
extinction due to carbon and related species in the Phoenix haze. Sci. Total Environ. 36, 169-176.
Solum,M.S., Sarofim,A.F., Pugmire,R.J., Fletcher,T.H., and Zhang,H. (2001). 13C NMR analysis of soot produced
from model compounds and a coal. Energy & Fuels 15, 961-971.
Song,J., Peng,P., and Huang,W. (2002). Black carbon and kerogen in soils and sediments 1. Quantification and
characterization. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 3960-3967.
Sorensen,C.M. (2001). Light scattering by fractal aggregates: A review. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 35, 648-687.
Spanner,G., Schröder,H., Petzold,A., and Niessner,R. (1994). Generation of carbon aerosols by fragmentation of
acetylene in a laser-induced plasma. J. Aerosol Sci. 25, 265-276.
Spaulding,R.S., Talbot,R.W., and Charles,M.J. (2002). Optimization of a mist chamber (Cofer Scrubber) for
sampling water-soluble organics in air. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 1798-1808.
Spurny,K.R. (1998). Carbon fiber filters with aerosol separation and gas adsorption properties. In Advances in
Aerosol Filtration, Spurny,K.R., Ed. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 407-414.
Srivastava,V., Chýlek,P., Pinnick,R.G., Dod,R.L., and Novakov,T. (1989). Graphitic carbon in snow. Aerosol Sci.
Technol. 10, 151-160.
Stevens,R.K., McClenny,W.A., Dzubay,T.G., Mason,M.A., Courtney,W.J. (1982). Analytical methods to measure
the carbonaceous content of aerosols. In Particulate Carbon, Atmospheric Life Cycle, Wolff,G.T. and
Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, NY, pp. 111-129.
Stoffyn-Egli,P., Potter,T.M., Leonard,J.D., and Pocklington,R. (1997). The identification of black carbon particles
with the analytical scanning electron microscope: Methods and initial results. Sci. Total Environ. 198, 211-223.
31
Storey,J.M.E. and Pankow,J.F. (1992). Gas-particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds to model
atmospheric particulate materials - I. Sorption to graphite, sodium chloride, alumina, and silica particles under low
humidity conditions. Atmos. Environ. 26A, 435-443.
Stowers,M.A. and Friedlander,S.K. (2002). Chemical characterization of flowing polydisperse aerosols by raman
spectroscopy. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 36, 48-61.
Stöber,W. and Abel,U.R. (1996). Lung cancer due to diesel soot particles in ambient air? A critical appraisal of
epidemiological studies addressing this question. Occup. Environ. Health 68, S3-S61.
Streets,D.G., Gupta,S., Waldhoff,S.T., Wang,M.Q., Bond,T.C., and Yiyun,B. (2001). Black carbon emissions in
China. Atmos. Environ. 35, 4281-4296.
Stubington,J.F., Ng,K.W.K., Moss,B., and Peeler,P.K. (1997). Comparison of experimental methods for
determining coal particle devolatilization times under fluidized bed combustor conditions. Fuel 76, 233-240.
Sutherland,G.B.B.M., Fellgett,P.B., Willis,H.A. (1944) The infra-red spectrum of coal. Proc. Conf. on the UltraFine Structure of Coals and Cokes,
Suzin,Y., Buettner,L.C., and LeDuc,C.A. (1998). Behavior of impregnated activated carbons heated to the point of
oxidation. Carbon 36, 1557.
Sze,S.K., Siddique,N., Sloan,J.J., and Escribano,R. (2001). Raman spectroscopic characterization of carbonaceous
aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 35, 561-568.
Szkarlat,A.C. and Japar,S.M. (1981). Light absorption by airborne aerosols: Comparison of integrating plate and
spectrophone techniques. Appl. Opt. 20, 1151-1155.
Szkarlat,A.C. and Japar,S.M. (1983). Optical and chemical properties of particle emissions from on-road vehicles.
JAPCA 33, 592-597.
Szymanski,W.W., Rudolf,R., and Ciach,T. (1997). On the information content of the light back-scattering and
transmittance curves in aerosols. J. Aerosol Sci. 28, 1137-1147.
Tang,H., Lewis,E.A., Eatough,D.J., Burton,R.M., and Farber,R.J. (1994). Determination of the particle size
distribution and chemical composition of semi-volatile organic compounds in atmospheric fine particles with a
diffusion denuder system. Atmos. Environ. 28, 939-947.
Tanner,R.L., Gaffney,J.S., and Phillips,M.F. (1982). Determination of organic and elemental carbon in atmospheric
aerosol samples by thermal evolution. Anal. Chem. 54, 1627-1630.
Tanner,R.L. and Gaffney,J.S. (1986). Carbon isotopes as tracers of biogenic and fossil-fuel-derived carbon transport
in the atmosphere. In Fossil Fuel Utilitzation: Environmental Concerns, Markuszewski,R. and Blaustein,B.D., Eds.
American Chemical Society.
Taylor,B.R. (2000). Chemical process industry - Carbon black. In Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Second
Edition, 2 ed., Davis,W.T., Ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 365-368.
ten Brink,H.M., Eenkhoorn,S., and Weeda,M. (1996). The behavior of coal mineral carbonates in a simulated coal
flame. Fuel Processing Technology 47, 233-244.
Teng,H., Lin,Y.C., and Hsu,L.Y. (2000). Production of activated carbons from pyrolysis of waste tires impregnated
with KOH. JAWMA 50, 1940-1946.
Terhune,R.W. and Anderson,J.E. (1977). Spectrophone measurements of the absorption of visibile light by aerosols
in the atmosphere. Opt. Lett. 1, 70-72.
Tohno,S. and Hitzenberger,R. (2000). Comparison of ambient carbon particulate monitor and filter sampling for
black carbon measurement. J. Aerosol Sci. 31, S315-S316.
Tomza,U., Arimoto,R., and Ray,B.J. (2001). Color-related differences in the chemical composition of aerosol-laden
filters. Atmos. Environ. 35, 1703-1709.
32
Toqan,M., Farmayan,W.R., Beer,J.M., Howard,J.B., Teare,J.D. (1985). PAH and soot formation in fuel-rich
turbulent coal liquid and natural gas diffusion flames. In Transactions, 20th International Symposium on
Combustion, 1984. The Combustion Institute, pp. 1075-1081.
Truex,T.J. and Anderson,J.E. (1979). Mass monitoring of carbonaceous aerosols with a spectrophone. Atmos.
Environ. 13, 507-509.
Tsai,P.J., Shieh,H.Y., Hsieh,L.T., and Lee,W.J. (2001). The fate of PAHs in the carbon black manufacturing
process. Atmos. Environ. 35, 3495-3501.
Tuomi,J.T. (1980). Light scattering by aerosols with layered humidity-dependent structure. J. Aerosol Sci. 11, 367.
Turner,J.R. and Hering,S.V. (1990). Vehicle contribution to ambient carbonaceous aerosols by scaled thermograms.
Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12, 620-629.
Turner,J.R. and Hering,S.V. (1994). The additivity and stability of carbon signatures obtained by evolved gas
analysis. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 21, 294-305.
Turpin,B.J., Huntzicker,J.J., and Adams,K.M. (1990). Intercomparison of photoacoustic and thermal-optical
methods for the measurement of atmospheric elemental carbon. Atmos. Environ. 24A, 1831-1835.
Turpin,B.J., Cary,R.A., and Huntzicker,J.J. (1990). An in-situ, time-resolved analyzer for aerosol organic and
elemental carbon. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 12, 161-171.
Turpin,B.J., Liu,S.P., Podolske,K.S., Gomes,M.S.P., Eisenreich,S.J., and McMurry,P.H. (1993). Design and
evaluation of a novel diffusion separator for measuring gas/particle distributions of semivolatile organic compounds.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2441-2449.
Turpin,B.J., Huntzicker,J.J., and Hering,S.V. (1994). Investigation of organic aerosol sampling artifacts in the Los
Angeles Basin. Atmos. Environ. 28, 3061-3071.
Turpin,B.J., Saxena,P., Allen,G.A., Koutrakis,P., McMurry,P.H., and Hildemann,L.M. (1997). Characterization of
the southwestern desert aerosol, Meadview, AZ. JAWMA 47, 344-356.
Turpin,B.J., Saxena,P., and Andrews,E. (2000). Measuring and simulating particulate organics in the atmosphere:
Problems and prospects. Atmos. Environ. 34, 2983-3013.
Turpin,B.J. and Lim,H.J. (2001). Species contributions to PM 2.5 mass concentrations: Revisiting common
assumptions for estimating organic mass. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 35, 602-610.
Twohy,C.H., Clarke,A.D., Warren,S.G., Radke,L.F., and Charlson,R.J. (1989). Light-absorbing material extracted
from cloud droplets and its effect on cloud albedo. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 8623-8631.
Twomey,S. and Huffman,D. (1982). Light Absorption by Aerosol Particles. Spectrum Press,
U.S.Mine Safety and Health Administration (2001). Diesel particulate matter exposure of underground metal and
nonmetal miners; Final rule (30 CFR Part 57). Federal Register 66, 5706-5910.
Ulevicius,V., Girgzdys,A., and Trakumas,S. (1993). Formation of sulfate on black carbon particles. J. Aerosol Sci.
24, S71-S72.
Utsunomiya,S., Jensen,K.A., Keeler,G.J., and Ewing,R.C. (2002). Uraninite and fullerene in atmospheric
particulates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 4943-4947.
Valberg,P.A. and Watson,A.Y. (1996). Lung cancer rates in carbon black workers are discordant with predictions
from rat bioassay data. Reg Toxicol. Pharmacol. 24, 155-170.
van de Hulst,H.G. (1957). Light Scattering by Small Particles. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
van Vaeck,L., van Cauwenberghe,K., and Janssens,J. (1984). The gas-particle distribution of organic aerosol
constituents: measurements of the volatilisation artifact in Hi-Vol cascade impactor sampling. Atmos. Environ. 18,
417-430.
Van Vucht,H.A., Rietveld,B.J., and Van Krevelen,D.W. (1955). Chemical structure and properties of coal VIII.
Infra-red absorption spectra. Fuel 34, 50-59.
33
VDI (1996). Measurement of soot (immission) - Chemical analysis of elemental carbon by extraction and thermal
desorption of organic carbon. Report No. 2465 Part 1. by Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Dusseldorf, Germany.
VDI (1999). Measurement of soot (ambient air) - Thermographic determination of elemental carbon after thermal
desorption of organic carbon. Report No. 2465 Part 2. by Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Dusseldorf, Germany.
Venkataraman,C., Lyons,J.L., and Friedlander,S.K. (1994). Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
and elemental carbon 1. Sampling, measurement methods, and source characterization. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28,
555-562.
Venkataraman,C. and Friedlander,S.K. (1994). Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and
elemental carbon 2. Ambient measurements and effects of atmospheric proceses. Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 563572.
Veranth,J.M., Fletcher,T.H., Pershing,D.W., and Sarofim,A.F. (2000). Measurement of soot and char in pulverized
coal fly ash. Fuel 79, 1067-1076.
Verardo,D.J. (1997). Charcoal analysis in marine sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42, 192-197.
Verein Deutcher Ingenieure (1996). Method 2465 Part 1: Meeasurement of soot (imission)-Chemical analysis of
elemental carbon by extraction and thermal desorption of organic carbon. by Verein Deutcher Ingenieure, Beuth,
Berlin, FRG.
Verein Deutcher Ingenieure (1999). Method 2465 Part 2: Measurement of soot (ambient air)-Thermographic
determination of elemental carbon after thermal desorption of organic carbon. by Verein Deutcher Ingenieure,
Beuth, Berlin, FRG.
Voorhees,K.J., Kunen,S.M., Durfee,S.L., Currie,L.A., and Klouda,G.A. (1981). Characterization of airborne
particulates by pyrolysis/mass spectrometry and carbon-14 analysis. Anal. Chem. 53, 1463-1465.
Voorhees,K.J. and Tsao,R. (1985). Smoke aerosol analysis by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry/pattern recognition for
assessment of fuels involved in flaming combustion. Anal. Chem. 57, 1630-1636.
Voorhees,K.J., Schulz,W.D., Currie,L.A., and Klouda,G.A. (1988). An investigation of the insoluble carbonaceous
material in airborne particulates from vehicular traffic. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 14, 83-98.
Voorhees,K.J., Schulz,W.D., Kunen,S.M., Hendricks,L.J., Currie,L.A., and Klouda,G.A. (1991). Analysis of
insoluble carbonaceous materials from airborne particles collected in pristine regions of Colorado. Journal of
Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 18, 189-205.
Voorhees,K.J., DeLuca,S.J., and Noguerola,A.J. (1992). Identification of chemical biomarker compounds in
bacteria and other biomaterials by pyrolysis-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 24, 1-24.
Waggoner,A.P., Baker,M.B., and Charlson,R.J. (1973). Optical absorption by atmospheric aerosols. Appl. Opt. 12,
896.
Wagner,H.G. (1981). Soot formation - an overview. In Particulate Carbon Formation During Combustion,
Siegla,D.C. and Smith,G.W., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 1-29.
Wagner,J.K., Hapke,B.W., and Wells,E.N. (1987). Atlas of reflectance spectra of terrestrial, lunar, and meteoritic
powders and frosts from 92 to 1800 nm. Icarus 69, 14-28.
Walker,P.L. and Thrower,P.A. (1965). Chemistry and Physics of Carbon. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY.
Walters,E.M., Nordenstam,B.J., and Phalen,R.F. (1988). A generator for the production of sulfuric acid-coated
diesel soot aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 22, 17-23.
Wang,J., Ishida,R., and Takarada,T. (2000). Carbothermal reactions of quartz and kaolinite with coal char. Energy
& Fuels 14, 1108-1114.
Warren,J. (2000). Dolomite: Occurrence, evolution and economically important associations. Earth-Science
Reviews 52, 1-81.
Warren,S.G. and Clarke,A.D. (1990). Soot in the atmosphere and snow surface of Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res. 95,
1811-1816.
34
Watson,A.Y. and Valberg,P.A. (2001). Carbon black and soot: Two different substances. J. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc.
62, 218-228.
Watson,J.G., Chow,J.C., Lowenthal,D.H., Pritchett,L.C., Frazier,C.A., Neuroth,G.R., and Robbins,R. (1994).
Differences in the carbon composition of source profiles for diesel- and gasoline-powered vehicles. Atmos. Environ.
28, 2493-2505.
Watson,J.G. and Chow,J.C. (1994). Clear sky visibility as a challenge for society. Annual Rev. Energy Environ.
19, 241-266.
Watson,J.G., Thurston,G.D., Frank,N.H., Lodge,J.P., Wiener,R.W., McElroy,F.F., Kleinman,M.T., Mueller,P.K.,
and Chow,J.C. (1995). Measurement methods to determine compliance with ambient air quality standards for
suspended particles: 1995 critical review discussion. JAWMA 45, 666-684.
Watson,J.G. and Chow,J.C. (2001). Estimating middle-, neighborhood-, and urban-scale contributions to elemental
carbon in Mexico City with a rapid response aethalometer. JAWMA 51, 1522-1528.
Watson,J.G. and Chow,J.C. (2001). Ambient air sampling. In Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and
Applications, Second Edition, 2nd ed., Baron,P. and Willeke,K., Eds. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, pp. 821844.
Watson,J.G., Zhu,T., Chow,J.C., Engelbrecht,J.P., Fujita,E.M., and Wilson,W.E. (2002). Receptor modeling
application framework for particle source apportionment. Chemosphere 49, 1093-1136.
Watson,J.G. and Chow,J.C. (2002). Comparison and evaluation of in-situ and filter carbon measurements at the
Fresno Supersite. J. Geophys. Res. 107, ICC 3-1-ICC 3-15.
Watson,J.G. (2002). Visibility: Science and regulation. JAWMA 52, 628-713.
Watson,J.G. (2002). Visibility: Science and regulation - A summary of the 2002 Critical Review. EM 36-43.
Watson,J.G. and Chow,J.C. (2002). Particulate pattern recognition. In Introduction to Environmental Forensics,
Murphy,B.L. and Morrison,R., Eds. Academic Press, New York, NY, pp. 429-460.
Webb,T.L. and Krüger,J.E. (1970). Carbonates. In Differential Thermal Analysis Vol. 1 - Fundamental Aspects,
MacKenzie,R.C., Ed. Academic Press, London, pp. 303-341.
Weidner,V.R. and Hsia,J.J. (1981). Reflection properties of pressed polytetrafluoroethylene powder. J. Opt. Soc.
Am. 71, 856-861.
Weingartner,E., Burtscher,H., and Baltensperger,U. (1997). Hygroscopic properties of carbon and diesel soot
particles. Atmos. Environ. 31, 2311-2328.
Weiss,R.E., Waggoner,A.P., Charlson,R.J., Thorsell,D.L., Hall,J.S., Riley,L.A. (1979) Studies of the optical,
physical, and chemical properties of light absorbing aerosols. Proceedings: Conference on Carbonaceous Particles
in the Atmosphere, Novakov, T., Ed. Berkeley, CA.
Weiss,R.E. (1980) The optical absorption properties of suspended particles in the lower troposphere at visible
wavelengths. Ph.D.Dissertatoin, University of Washington,.Seattle, WA
Weiss,R.E. and Waggoner,A.P. The importance of aerosol absorption and graphitic carbon in visibility and
atmospheric optics. (1981). Pittsburgh, PA.
Weiss,R.E. and Waggoner,A.P. (1982). Optical measurements of airborne soot in urban, rural and remote locations.
In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle, Wolff,G.T. and Klimish,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, NY,
pp. 317-315.
Weiss,R.E. and Waggoner,A.P. (1984). Aerosol optical absorption: Accuracy of filter measurement by comparison
with in-situ extinction. In Aerosols: Science, Technology, and Industrial Applications of Airborne Particles,
Liu,B.Y.H., Pui,D.Y.H., Fissan,H.J., Eds. Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York, NY, pp. 397-400.
Weiss,R.E. and Radke,L.F. (1989). Optical extinction and absorption of smokes from large fires: airborne
techniques and observations. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol.
35
Wendisch,M. and Von Hoyningen-Huene,W. (1994). Possibility of refractive index determination of atmospheric
aerosol particles by ground-based solar extinction and scattering measurements. Atmos. Environ. 28, 785-794.
West,R.A., Doose,L.R., Eibl,A.M., Tomasko,M.G., and Mishchenko,M.I. (1997). Laboratory measurements of
mineral dust scattering phase function and linear polarization. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 16871-16881.
Wilson,W.E. and Reist,P.C. (1994). A PC-based Mie scattering program for theoretical investigations of the optical
properties of atmospheric aerosols as a function of composition and relative humidity. Atmos. Environ. 28, 803810.
Wilson,W.E., Chow,J.C., Claiborn,C.S., Fusheng,W., Engelbrecht,J.P., and Watson,J.G. (2002). Monitoring of
particulate matter outdoors. Chemosphere 49, 1009-1043.
Wiscombe,W. and Mugnai,A. (1988). Scattering from nonspherical Chebyshev particles 2. Means of angular
scattering patterns. Appl. Opt. 27, 2405-2421.
Wiscombe,W.J. and Grams,G.W. (1976). The backscattered fraction in two-stream approximations. Atmos. Sci.
33, 2440-2451.
Wolbach,W.S. and Anders,E. (1989). Elemental carbon in sediments: Determination and isotopic analysis in the
presence of kerogen. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 1637-1647.
Wolff,G.T. (1981). Particulate elemental carbon in the atmosphere. JAPCA 31, 935-938.
Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,R.L. (1982). Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle. Wolff, G. T. and Klimisch, R.
L., Eds. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
Wolff,G.T., Groblicki,P.J., Cadle,S.H., Countess,R.J. (1982). Particulate carbon at various locations in the United
States. In Particulate Carbon: Atmospheric Life Cycle, Wolff,G.T. and Klimisch,R.L., Eds. Plenum Press, New
York, NY, pp. 297-315.
Wolff,G.T., Stroup,C.M., and Stroup,D.P. (1983). The coefficient of haze as a measure of particulate elemental
carbon. JAPCA 33, 746-750.
Wolff,G.T. (1984). Characerisitcs and consequences of soot in the atmosphere. Environ. Int. 11, 259-269.
Wornat,M.J., Ledesma,E.B., Sandrowitz,A.K., Roth,M.J., Dawsey,S.M., Qiao,Y.L., and Chen,W. (2001).
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons identified in soot extracts from domestic coal-burning stoves of Henan Province,
China. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 1943-1952.
Wójcik,M.A. (1995). The thermal decomposition of the carbonate reaction products. J. Thermal Analysis 43, 149156.
Wright,W.M., Stedman,D.H., Stefanutti,L., Terhune,R.W. (1982). Light Absorption by Aerosol Particles. Spectrum
Press, Guilford, CT.
Wright,W.M., Stedman,D.H., Stefanutti,L., Terhune,R.W. (1982). Measurement of light absorption by aerosols
with an optoacoustic detector. In Light Absorption by Aerosol Particles. Spectrum Press, pp. 373-378.
Wu,C.C., Suarez,A.E., Lin,Z., Kidwell,C.B., Borgoul,P.V., Caffrey,P.F., Ondov,J.M., and Sattler,B. (1998).
Application of an Ir tracer to determine soot exposure to students commuting to school on Baltimore public buses.
Atmos. Environ. 32, 1911-1920.
Wu,H., Wall,T., Liu,G., and Bryant,G. (1999). Ash liberation from included minerals during combustion of
pulverized coal: The relationship with char structure and burnout. Energy & Fuels 13, 1197-1202.
Wyllie,P.J. and Tuttle,O.F. (1960). The system CaO-CO 2-H2O and the origin of carbonatites. J. Petrology 1, 1-46.
Xu,J.R. and Balik,C.M. (1989). Infrared attenuated total reflectance study of latex paint films exposed to aqueous
sulfur dioxide. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 38, 173-183.
Xu,W., Zerda,T.W., Yang,H., and Gerspacher,M. (1996). Surface fractal dimension of graphitized carbon black
particles. Carbon 34, 165-172.
Yang,H. and Yu,J.Z. (2002). Uncertainties in charring correction in the analysis of elemental and organic carbon in
atmospheric particles by thermal/optical methods. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 5199-5204.
36
Yasa,Z., Amer,N.M., Rosen,H., Hansen,A.D.A., and Novakov,T. (1979). Photoacoustic investigation of urban
aerosol particles. Appl. Opt. 18, 2528-2530.
Yasinsky,J.B. and Ergun,S. (1965). Transmittance of single crystals of graphite in the infrared spectrum. Carbon
2, 355-358.
Yordanov,N.D., Lubenova,S., and Sokolova,S. (2001). On the possibility for separate determination of pyrolyzed
products (soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in aerosols by EPR spectrometry. Atmos. Environ. 35, 827831.
Yu,J.Z., Xu,J.H., and Yang,H. (2002). Charring characteristics of atmospheric organic particulate matter in thermal
analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 754-761.
Yu,M.L. and Hites,R.A. (1981). Identification of organic compounds on diesel engine soot. Anal. Chem. 53, 951954.
Zappia,G., Sabbioni,C., and Gobbi,G. (1993). Non-carbonate carbon content on black and white areas of damaged
stone monuments. Atmos. Environ. 27A, 1117-1121.
Zappoli,S., Andracchio,A., Fuzzi,S., Facchini,M.C., Gelencsér,A., Kiss,G., Krivácsy,Z., Molnár,A., Mészáros,E.,
Hansson,H.C., Rosman,K., and Zebühr,Y. (1999). Inorganic, organic and macromolecular components of fine
aerosol in different areas of Europe in relation to their water solubility. Atmos. Environ. 33, 2733-2743.
Zerda,T.W., Yang,H., and Gerspacher,M. (1992). Fractal dimension of carbon-black particles. Rubber Chemistry
and Technology 65, 130-136.
Zerda,T.W., Xu,W., Yang,H., and Gerspacher,M. (1998). The effects of heating and cooling rates on the structure
of carbon black particles. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, 26-37.
Zheng,M., Fang,M., Wang,F., and To,K.L. (2000). Characterization of the solvent extractable organic compounds
in PM2.5 aerosols in Hong Kong. Atmos. Environ. 34, 2691-2702.
Zhou,S., Ren,G.Y., and Yu,S. (1989). Separation and determination of organics in air particulate matters using a
new technique, low-volume liquid chromatography. Atmos. Environ. 23, 863-867.
Zimmermann,R., van Vaeck,L., Davidovic,M., Beckmann,M., and Adams,F. (2000). Analysis of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) adsorbed on soot particles by fourier transform laser microprobe mass spectrometry
(FT LMMS): Variation of the PAH patterns at different positions in the combustion chamber of an incineration
plant. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 4780-4788.
Zinke,P.J., Stangenberger,A.G., Post,W.M., Emanual,W.R., and Olson,J.S. (1986). Worldwide organic soil carbon
and nitrogen data. Report No. ORNL/TM--8857. by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.
Zoccolillo,L., Liberti,A., Coccioli,F., and Ronchetti,M. (1984). Routine determination of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in carbon black by chromatographic techniques. J. Chromatol. 288, 347-355.
37
Download