Dynamic Expressions and Queries in LINQ
Database applications frequently rely on “Dynamic SQL”—queries that are constructed at run-time
through program logic. The LINQ infrastructure supports similar capabilities through dynamic
construction of expression trees using the classes in the System.Linq.Expressions namespace.
Expression trees are an appropriate abstraction for a variety of scenarios, but for others a string-based
representation may be more convenient. The Dynamic Expression API extends the core LINQ API with
that capability. The API is located in the Dynamic.cs source file and provides

Dynamic parsing of strings to produce expression trees (the ParseLambda and Parse methods),

Dynamic creation of “Data Classes” (the CreateClass methods), and

Dynamic string-based querying through LINQ providers (the IQueryable extension methods).
The Dynamic Expression API relies on a simple expression language for formulating expressions and
queries in strings.
Dynamic Expression API
The Dynamic Expression API is brought into scope by using (importing)
the System.Linq.Dynamic namespace. Below is an example of applying the Dynamic Expression API
to a LINQ to SQL data source.
var query =
db.Customers.
Where("City = @0 and Orders.Count >= @1", "London", 10).
OrderBy("CompanyName").
Select("new(CompanyName as Name, Phone)");
Note that expressions in the query are strings that could have been dynamically constructed at runtime.
The ParseLambda Methods
The System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicExpression class defines the following
overloaded ParseLambda methods for dynamically parsing and creating lambda expressions.
public static LambdaExpression ParseLambda(
ParameterExpression[] parameters, Type resultType,
string expression, params object[] values);
public static LambdaExpression ParseLambda(
Type argumentType, Type resultType,
string expression, params object[] values);
public static Expression<Func<TArgument, TResult>>
ParseLambda<TArgument, TResult>(
string expression, params object[] values);
The first ParseLambda overload parses a lambda expression with the
given parameters and expression body and returns an Expression<Func<…>> instance
representing the result. If the resultType parameter is non-null it specifies the required result type for
the expression. The values parameter supplies zero or more substitution values that may be
referenced in the expression.
The example
ParameterExpression x = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int), "x");
ParameterExpression y = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int), "y");
LambdaExpression e = DynamicExpression.ParseLambda(
new ParameterExpression[] { x, y }, null, "(x + y) * 2");
creates and assigns an Expression<Func<int, int, int>> instance to e representing the
expression (x + y) * 2. If a required result type is specified, as in
LambdaExpression e = DynamicExpression.ParseLambda(
new ParameterExpression[] { x, y }, typeof(double), "(x + y) * 2");
the parsing operation will include an implicit conversion to the given result type, in this case yielding
an Expression<Func<int, int, double>> instance.
The second ParseLambda overload parses a lambda expression with a single unnamed parameter of a
specified argumentType. This method corresponds to calling the first ParseLambda overload with
a parameters argument containing a single ParameterExpression with an empty or
null Nameproperty.
When parsing a lambda expression with a single unnamed parameter, the members of the unnamed
parameter are automatically in scope in the expression string, and the current instance given by the
unnamed parameter can be referenced in whole using the keyword it. The example
LambdaExpression e = DynamicExpression.ParseLambda(
typeof(Customer), typeof(bool),
"City = @0 and Orders.Count >= @1",
"London", 10);
creates and assigns an Expression<Func<Customer, bool>> instance to e. Note
that City and Orders are members of Customer that are automatically in scope. Also note the use
of substitution values to supply the constant values "London" and 10.
The third ParseLambda overload is a genericly typed version of the second overload. The example
below produces the same Expression<Func<Customer, bool>> instance as the example above,
but is statically typed to that exact type.
Expression<Func<Customer, bool>> e =
DynamicExpression.ParseLambda<Customer, bool>(
"City = @0 and Orders.Count >= @1",
"London", 10);
The Parse Method
The System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicExpression class defines the following method for parsing
and creating expression tree fragments.
public static Expression Parse(Type resultType, string expression,
params object[] values);
The Parse method parses the given expression and returns an expression tree. If
the resultType parameter is non-null it specifies the required result type of the expression.
The values parameter supplies zero or more substitution values that may be referenced in the
expression.
Unlike the ParseLambda methods, the Parse method returns an “unbound” expression tree fragment.
The following example uses Parse to produce the same result as a previous example:
ParameterExpression x = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int), "x");
ParameterExpression y = Expression.Parameter(typeof(int), "y");
Dictionary<string, object> symbols = new Dictionary<string, object>();
symbols.Add("x", x);
symbols.Add("y", y);
Expression body = DynamicExpression.Parse(null, "(x + y) * 2",
symbols);
LambdaExpression e = Expression.Lambda(
body, new ParameterExpression[] { x, y });
Note the use of a Dictionary<string, object> to provide a dictionary of named substitution
values that can be referenced in the expression.
Substitution Values
Several methods in the Dynamic Expression API permit substitution values to be specified through a
parameter array. Substitution values are referenced in an expression using identifiers of the form @x,
where x is an index into the parameter array. The last element of the parameter array may be an object
that implements IDictionary<string, object>. If so, this dictionary is used to map identifiers to
substitution values during parsing.
An identifier that references a substitution value is processed as follows:

If the value is of type System.Linq.Expressions.LambdaExpression, the identifier must
occur as part of a dynamic lambda invocation. This allows composition of dynamic lambda
expressions.

Otherwise, if the value is of type System.Linq.Expressions.Expression, the given
expression is substituted for the identifier.

Otherwise, the Expression.Constant method is used to create a constant expression from
the value which is then substituted for the identifier.
Dynamic Data Classes
A data class is a class that contains only data members.
The System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicExpression class defines the following methods for
dynamically creating data classes.
public static Type CreateClass(params DynamicProperty[] properties);
public static Type CreateClass(IEnumerable<DynamicProperty>
properties);
The CreateClass method creates a new data class with a given set of public properties and returns
the System.Type object for the newly created class. If a data class with an identical sequence of
properties has already been created, the System.Type object for this class is returned.
Data classes implement private instance variables and read/write property accessors for the specified
properties. Data classes also override the Equals and GetHashCode members to implement by-value
equality.
Data classes are created in an in-memory assembly in the current application domain. All data classes
inherit from System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicClass and are given automatically generated names
that should be considered private (the names will be unique within the application domain but not
across multiple invocations of the application). Note that once created, a data class stays in memory for
the lifetime of the current application domain. There is currently no way to unload a dynamically
created data class.
The dynamic expression parser uses the CreateClass methods to generate classes from data object
initializers. This feature in turn is often used with the dynamic Select method to create projections.
The example below uses CreateClass to create a data class with two
properties, Name and Birthday, and then uses .NET reflection to create an instance of the class and
assign values to the properties.
DynamicProperty[] props = new DynamicProperty[] {
new DynamicProperty("Name", typeof(string)),
new DynamicProperty("Birthday", typeof(DateTime)) };
Type type = DynamicExpression.CreateClass(props);
object obj = Activator.CreateInstance(type);
t.GetProperty("Name").SetValue(obj, "Albert", null);
t.GetProperty("Birthday").SetValue(obj, new DateTime(1879, 3,
14), null);
Console.WriteLine(obj);
IQueryable Extension Methods
The System.Linq.Dynamic.DynamicQueryable class implements the following extension methods
for dynamically querying objects that implement the IQueryable<T> interface.
public static IQueryable Where(this IQueryable source,
string predicate, params object[] values);
public static IQueryable<T> Where<T>(this IQueryable<T> source,
string predicate, params object[] values);
public static IQueryable Select(this IQueryable source,
string selector, params object[] values);
public static IQueryable OrderBy(this IQueryable source,
string ordering, params object[] values);
public static IQueryable<T> OrderBy<T>(this IQueryable<T> source,
string ordering, params object[] values);
public static IQueryable Take(this IQueryable source, int count);
public static IQueryable Skip(this IQueryable source, int count);
public static IQueryable GroupBy(this IQueryable source,
string keySelector, string elementSelector, params object[]
values);
public static bool Any(this IQueryable source);
public static int Count(this IQueryable source);
These methods correspond to their System.Linq.Queryable counterparts, except that they operate
on IQueryable instead of IQueryable<T> and use strings instead of lambda expressions to express
predicates, selectors, and orderings. IQueryable is the non-generic base interface
forIQueryable<T>, so the methods can be used even when T isn’t known on beforehand, i.e. when
the source of a query is dynamically determined. (Note that because a dynamic predicate or ordering
does not affect the result type, generic overloads are provided for Where and OrderBy in order to
preserve strong typing when possible.)
The predicate, selector, ordering, keySelector, and elementSelector parameters are
strings containing expressions written in the expression language. In the expression strings, the
members of the current instance are automatically in scope and the instance itself can be referenced
using the keyword it.
The OrderBy method permits a sequence of orderings to be specified, separated by commas. Each
ordering may optionally be followed by asc or ascending to indicate
ascending order, or desc or descending to indicate descending order. The default order is ascending.
The example
products.OrderBy("Category.CategoryName, UnitPrice descending");
orders a sequence of products by ascending category name and, within each category, descending unit
price.
The ParseException Class
The Dynamic Expression API reports parsing errors using
the System.Linq.Dynamic.ParseException class. The Position property of
the ParseException class gives the character index in the expression string at which the parsing error
occurred.
Expression Language
The expression language implemented by the Dynamic Expression API provides a simple and convenient
way of writing expressions that can be parsed into LINQ expression trees. The language supports most
of the constructs of expression trees, but it is by no means a complete query or programming language.
In particular, the expression language does not support statements or declarations.
The expression language is designed to be familiar to C#, VB, and SQL users. For this reason, some
operators are present in multiple forms, such as && and and.
Identifiers
An Identifier consists of a letter or underscore followed by any number of letters, digits, or underscores.
In order to reference an identifier with the same spelling as a keyword, the identifier must be prefixed
with a single @ character. Some examples of identifiers:
x
Hello
m_1
@true
@String
Identifiers of the from @x, where x is an integral number greater than or equal to zero, are used to
denote the substitution values, if any, that were passed to the expression parser. For example:
customers.Where("Country = @0", country);
Casing is not significant in identifiers or keywords.
Literals
The expression language supports integer, real, string, and character literals.
An integer literal consists of a sequence of digits. The type of an integer literal is the first of the
types Int32, UInt32, Int64, or UInt64 that can represent the given value. An integer literal implicitly
converts to any other numeric type provided the number is in the range of that type. Some examples of
integer literals:
0
123
10000
A real literal consists of an integral part followed by a fractional part and/or an exponent. The integral
part is a sequence of one or more digits. The fractional part is a decimal point followed by one or more
digits. The exponent is the letter e or E followed by an optional + or – sign followed by one or more
digits. The type of a real literal is Double. A real literal implicitly converts to any other real
type provided the number is in the range of that type. Some examples of real literals:
1.0
2.25
10000.0
1e0
1e10
1.2345E-4
A string literal consists of zero or more characters enclosed in double quotes. Inside a string literal, a
double quote is written as two consecutive double quotes. The type of a string literal is String. Some
examples of string literals:
"hello"
""
"""quoted"""
"'"
A character literal consists of a single character enclosed in single quotes. Inside a character literal, a
single quote is written as two consecutive single quotes. The type of a character literal is Char. Some
examples of character literals:
'A'
'1'
''''
'"'
Constants
The predefined constants true and false denote the two values of the type Boolean.
The predefined constant null denotes a null reference. The null constant is of type Object, but is
also implicitly convertible to any reference type.
Types
The expression language defines the following primitive types:
Object
Int16
Decimal
Boolean
UInt16
Single
Char
Int32
Double
String
UInt32
DateTime
SByte
Int64
TimeSpan
Byte
UInt64
Guid
The primitive types correspond to the similarly named types in the System namespace of the .NET
Framework Base Class Library. The expression language also defines a set of accessible types consisting
of the primitive types and the following types from the System namespace:
Math
Convert
The accessible types are the only types that can be explicitly referenced in expressions, and method
invocations in the expression language are restricted to methods declared in the accessible types.
The nullable form of a value type is referenced by writing a ? after the type name. For
example, Int32? denotes the nullable form of Int32.
The non-nullable and nullable forms of the
types SByte, Byte, Int16, UInt16, Int32, UInt32, Int64, and UInt64 are collectively called
the integral types.
The non-nullable and nullable forms of the types Single, Double, and Decimal are collectively called
the real types.
The integral types and real types are collectively called the numeric types.
Conversions
The following conversions are implicitly performed by the expression language:

From the the null literal to any reference type or nullable type.

From an integer literal to an integral type or real type provided the number is within the range
of that type.

From a real literal to a real type provided the number is within the range of that type.

From a string literal to an enum type provided the string literal contains the name of a member
of that enum type.

From a source type that is assignment compatible with the target type according to
the Type.IsAssignableFrom method in .NET.

From a non-nullable value type to the nullable form of that value type.

From a numeric type to another numeric type with greater range.
The expression language permits explicit conversions using the syntax type(expr), where type is a type
name optionally followed by ? and expr is an expression. This syntax may be used to perform the
following conversions:

Between two types provided Type.IsAssignableFrom is true in one or both directions.

Between two types provided one or both are interface types.

Between the nullable and non-nullable forms of any value type.

Between any two types belonging to the set consisting
of SByte, Byte, Int16, UInt16, Int32, UInt32, Int64, UInt64, Decimal, Single, Doubl
e, Char, any enum type, as well as the nullable forms of those types.
Operators
The table below shows the operators supported by the expression language in order of precedence from
highest to lowest. Operators in the same category have equal precedence. In the table, x, y,
and z denote expressions, T denotes a type, and m denotes a member.
Category
Expression
Description
Primary
x.m
Instance field or instance property access. Any public field or property
can be accessed.
x.m(…)
Instance method invocation. The method must be public and must be
declared in an accessible type.
x[…]
Array or indexer access. Multi-dimensional arrays are not supported.
T.m
Static field or static property access. Any public field or property can
be accessed.
T.m(…)
Static method invocation. The method must be public and must be
declared in an accessible type.
T(…)
Explicit conversion or constructor invocation. Note thatnew is not
required in front of a constructor invocation.
new(…)
Data object initializer. This construct can be used to perform dynamic
projections.
it
Current instance. In contexts where members of a current object are
implicitly in scope, it is used to refer to the entire object itself.
x(…)
Dynamic lambda invocation. Used to reference another dynamic
lambda expression.
iif(x, y,
z)
Conditional expression. Alternate syntax for x ? y : z.
-x
Negation. Supported types are Int32, Int64, Decimal,Single,
and Double.
!x
Logical negation. Operand must be of type Boolean.
Unary
Category
Expression
Description
not x
x * y
Multiplication. Supported types
are Int32, UInt32,Int64, UInt64, Decimal, Single,
and Double.
x / y
Division. Supported types
are Int32, UInt32, Int64,UInt64, Decimal, Single,
and Double.
x % y
x mod y
Remainder. Supported types
are Int32, UInt32, Int64,UInt64, Decimal, Single,
and Double.
x + y
Addition or string concatenation. Performs string concatenation if
either operand is of type String. Otherwise, performs addition for
the supported
typesInt32, UInt32, Int64, UInt64, Decimal, Single,Double, D
ateTime, and TimeSpan.
x – y
Subtraction. Supported types
are Int32, UInt32, Int64,UInt64, Decimal, Single, Double, Da
teTime, andTimeSpan.
x & y
String concatenation. Operands may be of any type.
x = y
x == y
Equal. Supported for reference types and the primitive types.
Assignment is not supported.
x != y
x <> y
Not equal. Supported for reference types and theprimitive types.
x < y
Less than. Supported for all primitive
types exceptBoolean, Object and Guid.
x > y
Greater than. Supported for all primitive
types exceptBoolean, Object and Guid.
x <= y
Less than or equal. Supported for all primitive
typesexcept Boolean, Object and Guid.
x >= y
Greater than or equal. Supported for all primitive
typesexcept Boolean, Object and Guid.
Logical AND
x && y
x and y
Logical AND. Operands must be of type Boolean.
Logical OR
x || y
x or y
Logical OR. Operands must be of type Boolean.
Conditional
x ? y : z
Evaluates y if x is true, evaluates z if x is false.
Multiplicati
ve
Additive
Relational
Method and Constructor Invocations
The expression language limits invocation of methods and constructors to those declared public in
the accessible types. This restriction exists to protect against unintended side effects from invocation of
arbitrary methods.
The expression language permits getting (but not setting) the value of any reachable public field,
property, or indexer.
Overload resolution for methods, constructors, and indexers uses rules similar to C#. In informal terms,
overload resolution will pick the best matching method, constructor, or indexer, or report an ambiguity
error if no single best match can be identified.
Note that constructor invocations are not prefixed by new. The following example creates
a DateTime instance for a specfic year, month, and day using a constructor invocation:
orders.Where("OrderDate >= DateTime(2007, 1, 1)");
Data Object Initializers
A data object initializer creates a data class and returns an instance of that class. The properties of the
data class are inferred from the data object initializer. Specifically, a data object initializer of the form
new(e1 as p1, e2 as p2, e3 as p3)
creates a data class with three properties, p1, p2, and p3, the types of which are inferred from the
expressions e1, e2, and e3, and returns an instance of that data class with the properties initialized to
the values computed by e1, e2, and e3. A property initializer may omit the as keyword and the
property name provided the associated expression is a field or property access. The example
customers.Select("new(CompanyName as Name, Phone)");
creates a data class with two properties, Name and Phone, and returns a sequence of instances of that
data class initialized from the CompanyName and Phone properties of each customer.
Current Instance
When parsing a lambda expression with a single unnamed parameter, the members of the unnamed
parameter are automatically in scope in the expression string, and the current instance given by the
unnamed parameter can be referenced in whole using the keyword it. For example,
customers.Where("Country = @0", country);
is equivalent to
customers.Where("it.Country = @0", country);
The IQueryable extension methods all parse their expression arguments as lambda expressions with a
single unnamed parameter.
Dynamic Lambda Invocation
An expression can reference other dynamic lambda expressions through dynamic lambda invocations. A
dynamic lambda invocation consists of a substitution variable identifier that references an instance
of System.Linq.Expressions.LambdaExpression, followed by an argument list. The arguments
supplied must be compatible with the parameter list of the given dynamic lambda expression.
The following parses two separate dynamic lambda expressions and then combines them in a predicate
expression through dynamic lambda invocations:
Expression<Func<Customer, bool>> e1 =
DynamicExpression.ParseLambda<Customer, bool>("City = \"London\"");
Expression<Func<Customer, bool>> e2 =
DynamicExpression.ParseLambda<Customer, bool>("Orders.Count >=
10");
IQueryable<Customer> query =
db.Customers.Where("@0(it) and @1(it)", e1, e2);
It is of course possible to combine static and dynamic lambda expressions in this fashion:
Expression<Func<Customer, bool>> e1 =
c => c.City == "London";
Expression<Func<Customer, bool>> e2 =
DynamicExpression.ParseLambda<Customer, bool>("Orders.Count >=
10");
IQueryable<Customer> query =
db.Customers.Where("@0(it) and @1(it)", e1, e2);
The examples above both have the same effect as:
IQueryable<Customer> query =
db.Customers.Where(c => c.City == "London" && c.Orders.Count >=
10);
operators
A subset of the Standard Query Operators is supported for objects that implement IEnumerable<T>.
Specifically, the following constructs are permitted, where seq is
an IEnumerable<T> instance, predicate is a boolean expression, and selector is an expression of any
type:
seq . Where ( predicate )
seq . Any ( )
seq . Any ( predicate )
seq . All ( predicate )
seq . Count ( )
seq . Count ( predicate )
seq . Min ( selector )
seq . Max ( selector )
seq . Sum ( selector )
seq . Average ( selector )
In the predicate and selector expressions, the members of the current instance for that sequence
operator are automatically in scope, and the instance itself can be referenced using the keyword it. An
example:
customers.Where("Orders.Any(Total >= 1000)");
Enum type support
The expression language supports an implicit conversion from a string literal to an enum type provided
the string literal contains the name of a member of that enum type. For example,
orders.Where("OrderDate.DayOfWeek = \"Monday\"");
is equivalent to
orders.Where("OrderDate.DayOfWeek = @0", DayOfWeek.Monday);