A small binomial theorem problem Yue Kwok Choy Question If x 1 1 , x x7 prove that 1 1. x7 Solution 3 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 x x 3x 3 x 3 3 x x x x x x Method 1 1 1 13 x 3 3 31 x 3 3 1 3 2 x x By given, 5 1 10 5 1 5 1 3 1 1 5 3 x x 5x 10x 3 5 x 5 5 x 3 10 x x x x x x x x 1 1 15 x 5 5 5 2 101 x 5 5 1 x x 7 1 7 1 5 1 1 3 1 x x 7 7 x 5 21 x 3 35 x x x x x x 17 x 7 1 x7 x Method 2 1 7 71 21 2 351 x 7 1 x 1 1 x x x 2 x 1 0 1 3 1 3 a b, 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 x 1 3 1 3 1 3 Also, x7 x 2 1 x 1 3 where a , b 2 2 2 1 3 1 3 ab 4 2 1 7 7 a b a b 2 a 7 21a 5 b 2 35a 3 b 4 7ab 6 7 x 5 3 1 7 1 3 1 9 1 27 1 63 315 189 2 21 2 35 4 7 6 2 1 27 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Method 3 x 1 1 x x 2 1 x x x 2 x 1 0 x r x 2 x 1 0 x r 2 x r 1 x r 0 Now, x7 x7 x6 x5 …. (*) 6 x5 x4 x4 x3 x 2 x3 x 2 x x =0+0–0–0+x =x Divide (1) by (1) + (2), x7 x8 0 , by (*) , we get ….. (1) 1 1 x7 x …. (2) 1 1 x 1. 7 x x 1 Method 4 x 1 1 x x 2 1 x x 2 x 1 0 …. (1) 1 1 1 1 1 1 x x 7 x 7 x x 6 1 7 x 6 1 x 6 1 x 7 7 x x x x x x x7 1 1 x 3 1x 3 1 x 7 x 1x 2 x 1x 1x 2 x 1 x 7 0 , by (1) x x x7 1 1 x 1 7 x x Method 5 1 x 1 x 2 1 x 12 x x2 2 1 1 x2 x2 x3 1 2 1 1 1 x 2 x x 11 1 2 3 x x x x x5 1 3 1 2 1 1 x 3 x 2 x 2 1 1 1 5 x x x x x7 1 5 1 2 1 3 1 x 5 x 2 x 3 1 1 2 1 x7 x x x Note: un xn If In particular, Method 6 x u nk u n u k u nk , where k < n . then we have: u n1 u n u1 u n 1 , where n >1 . (For those who know complex number) 1 1 x x 1 xn 1 1 x2 x 2 1 x x 2 x 1 0 1 3 1 3 i cos i sin 2 2 2 3 3 By de Morivres’ Theorem, 1 cos i sin cos i sin 7 3 3 3 3 x 7 x7 7 7 7 7 7 cos i sin cos i sin 3 3 3 3 7 7 7 7 7 1 cos i sin i sin 2 cos 2 1 cos 2 cos 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2