GAUTENG DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
GENERAL WASTE MINIMISATION PLAN
FOR GAUTENG
July 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... III
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................... IVV
DEFINITION OF TERMS............................................................................................................................V
GAUTENG PROVINCE INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY ........................................................ 7
1.
BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................. 10
2.
WASTE STREAM PROFILE ............................................................................................................. 12
2.1
2.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.
IDENTIFICATION OF WASTE MINIMISATION OPTIONS ................................................................. 25
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.
CURRENT W ASTE GENERATION ............................................................................................. 12
WASTE STREAM ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................. 13
LANDFILL LIFESPAN ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 15
W ASTE GENERATION FORECAST............................................................................................ 18
W ASTE GENERATION MODEL ESTIMATES .............................................................................. 29
W ASTE SEPARATION ............................................................................................................... 25
RECYCLING .............................................................................................................................. 25
REUSE ..................................................................................................................................... 25
COMPOSTING........................................................................................................................... 25
ALTERNATIVE USES................................................................................................................. 26
POTENTIAL W ASTE MINIMISATION ACTIVITIES ....................................................................... 26
LEGISLATIVE INTERVENTIONS ................................................................................................. 27
GDACE GENERAL WASTE MINIMISATION PLAN ........................................................................... 30
6. WASTE MINIMISATION PLANS AND INDICATORS............................................................................. 40
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 46
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Gauteng Province Integrated Waste Management Policy: In September 2006, the Gauteng Provincial
Government (GPG) published an Integrated Waste Management (IWM) Policy. The overall goal of this
policy is to set out the vision, principles and strategic goals, as well as objectives that the GPG will apply to
achieve integrated and environmentally sustainable waste management in the Province. The objective of the
GPG is to move away from fragmented and uncoordinated waste management to IWM.
Background: A total of 5.7 million tons of general waste is generated in Gauteng annually, of which some
3.4 million tons per annum (60%) is available for recycling and recovery from the waste stream. Waste
Management in the province is beset by numerous waste management problems including the following:
Economic constraints; limited refuse removal services in poor areas; inadequate enforcement of the national,
provincial and municipal laws and regulations; ineffective waste legislation; lack of encouragement of waste
minimisation and recycling in the general public; uncontrolled scavenging, poor monitoring and maintenance at
landfill sites; littering in residential areas (streets, taxi ranks, stations, etc) and remnants of a historical culture of
non-payment for waste services in some instances.
The goal of the General Waste Minimisation Plan (GWMP) is to stabilise waste generation by 2014 and
reduce waste disposal by a margin 1% per annum over the next 5 years, i.e. 2009 to 2014. The
achievement of this goal necessitates that Gauteng Province promotes various waste minimisation initiatives.
The implementation of this plan should result in reduction of harmful environmental, social and health
impacts of waste on people and environment, whilst ensuring sustainable livelihoods from waste recovery.
The change of mindset, i.e. to turn waste into a resource, is key. Informal waste picking needs to be
transformed into safe, healthy, efficient and sustainable waste management.
The objectives of the GWMP included: establishment of current waste minimisation practices in the
Province and ways of strengthening these; forecasting of waste quantities and future generation rates with
current status quo in waste management; identification of significant general waste streams and innovative
ways of prevention / minimisation and minimising these; establishment of the current life span and air space
of general waste landfills with current status quo and setting scenarios for improved waste minimisation;
establishment of the volumes of waste currently deviated from landfills through formal and informal means;
supporting the Gauteng Strategy for Sustainable Development; stimulation, prevention and minimisation of
general waste generation; and promotion of job creation through various waste minimisation initiatives.
Scope of the GWMP: This Waste Minimisation Plan includes prevention, reduction, recovery and recycling
and reprocessing of general waste. The plan excludes hazardous waste.
Current Waste Generation: Current estimates and projected future waste generation rates in Gauteng
Province are listed in the Table below.
General Waste Volumes Generated in Gauteng:
Actual for 2006 and Predicted for 2007 and 2008
District
Waste Generated
2006 (t/annum)
Source of
Information
Estimated
2007*
Estimated
2008*
Tshwane
2,401,840
Tshwane Waste
Department
2,401,600
2,411,303
Johannesburg
1,492,000
Pikitup
1,491,851
1,497,878
Ekurhuleni
1,368,000
Enviro-fill Database
1,367,863
1,373,390
Sedibeng
373,071
Emfuleni IWMP,
Lesedi IWMP,
Midvaal IWMP
373,034
374,541
West Rand
60,949
West Rand IWMP
60,943
61,189
Metsweding
33,660
Metsweding
Municipality
33,657
33,793
5,728,947
5,752,094
Municipality
Total General Waste
5,729,520*
*Current waste generation figures were estimated by the relevant local authorities, refer to Reference list
**Method of estimating waste generation for 2007 and 2008 is set out in Section 3.5 of this report
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The lack of weighbridges means that there could be a high degree of uncertainty in the volumes of waste
reporting to landfill as the estimates would be based on number of vehicles and not on the mass of waste
weighed. This uncertainty in reported masses of waste also affects projections / estimates of the nature of
the waste reporting to landfill, i.e. the accuracy of estimates of the waste types (organics, building rubble etc)
which are being reported. Illegal dumping also skews the numbers; e.g. it is estimated that in Gauteng
approximately 2,000,000 tons per annum, is illegally dumped waste.
Gauteng Wide Waste Stream Composition (2006)
Gauteng
Percentage
Amount in
tons/annum
Non-Recyclable
Organics
Main Line
Recyclables
(PPGTT)
Builders
Rubble
40%
15%
25%
20%
2,292,000
859,000
1,432,000
1,146,000
Non-Recylables
20
40
25
15
Organics
Main Line Recyclables
Builders Rubble
Percentage contribution of the total volumes of waste per stream for Gauteng
Waste Generation Model Estimates: The report presents an assessment of the quantities of general
waste generated in each district municipality in Gauteng. It highlights possible inaccuracies and different
confidence levels in the data collected and reported by the various district municipalities. The analysis of the
waste streams also highlights the difference between municipalities. A particularly troublesome reality which
makes accurate quantification of the waste disposed of at the Gauteng landfill sites difficult, are the limited
numbers of landfill sites with weighbridges, with the consequent potential discrepancies in waste quantities
which are estimated based on the number of waste loads/trucks, rather than actual weighed masses of
waste disposed.
Identification of Waste Minimisation Options: Waste minimisation options considered included: Waste
separation; recycling, reuse (e.g. composting); and, alternative uses (e.g. brick-making, fuels, fill material and
building materials).
Potential Waste Minimisation Activities: Potential waste minimisation activities, aimed at commercial,
industrial and domestic users, included: Dissemination and sharing of information; Technical training; Public
reporting; Waste minimisation clubs; Awareness creation; Job creation; and Hands-on training programmes.
Legislative Interventions: In order to make it possible to implement some of the above options, it may be
desirable or in some cases essential to implement legislative interventions. Furthermore it is important to
implement effective measures or plans that will contribute to addressing the identified areas of the integrated
waste management cycle (from waste generation to final disposal) and thereby prevent the pollution of the
Province resources, be it - land, water or air.
GDACE General Waste Minimisation Plan: The activities considered in drawing-up the Plan were as was
discussed and accepted by stakeholders at the final multi-stakeholder workshop held on 27 February 2008.
These are listed in section 5 of this plan. The following timeframes were agreed on: Short term: 2009 to
2010; Medium Term: 2011 to 2014; and, Long Term: 2015 and beyond. A Number of waste minimisation
indicators were developed to track the progress with implementation of the plan.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CDM
Clean Development Mechanism
COJ
City of Johannesburg
DEAT
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
DSM
Demand Side Management
ECA
Environmental Conservation Act
EPR
Extended Producer Responsibility
GDACE
Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment
GDARD
Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
(formerly known as GDACE)
GPG
Gauteng Provincial Government
GWMP
General Waste Management Plan
IWM
Integrated Waste Management
IWMP
Integrated Waste Management Plan
NWMS
National Waste Management Strategy
NWMSIP
National Waste Management Strategy Implementation Project
PPGTT
Paper, Plastics, Glass, Tins and Tyres
PPPs
Public Private Partnerships
SANS
South African National Standards
Stats SA
Statistics South Africa
SDM
Sedibeng District Municipality
SOER
State of Environment Report
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
General Waste
‘‘general waste’’ means waste that does not pose an immediate
hazard or threat to health or to the environment, and includes (a) domestic waste;
(b) building and demolition waste;
(c) business waste; and
(d) inert waste; (Waste Act, 2008)
Hazardous Waste
‘‘hazardous waste’’ means any waste that contains organic or
inorganic elements of compounds that may, owing to the inherent
physical, chemical or toxicological characteristics of that waste, have a
detrimental impact on health and the environment; (Waste Act, 2008)
Landfill site / Waste
Disposal Facility
‘‘waste disposal facility’’ means any site or premise used for the
accumulation of waste with the purpose of disposing of that waste at
that site or on that premise; (Waste Act, 2008)
Polluter Pays Principle
“polluter pays principle” means those responsible for environmental
damage must pay the remediation costs, both to the environment and
to human health, and the costs of preventive measures to reduce or
prevent further pollution and environmental damage.
Recycle (External)
"recycle" means a process where waste is reclaimed for further use,
which process involves the separation of waste from a waste stream
for further use and the processing of that separated material as a
product or raw material; (Waste Act, 2008)
Re-use
‘‘re-use’’ means to utilize articles from the waste stream again for a
similar or different purpose without changing the form or properties of
the articles; (Waste Act, 2008)
Waste
"waste" means any substance, whether or not that substance can
be reduced, re-used, recycled and recovered (a) that is surplus, unwanted, rejected, discarded, abandoned or
disposed of;
(b) which the generator has no further use of for the purposes of
production;
(c) that must be treated or disposed of; or
(d)
that is identified as a waste by the Minister by notice in the
Gazette and includes waste generated by the mining, medical or
other sector, but
(i) a by-product is not considered waste: and
(ii) any portion of waste, once re-used, recycled and recovered,
ceases to be waste; (Waste Act, 2008)
Waste Indicator
“waste indicator” allows for consistent reporting of specific activities
related to a topic of concern (DEAT, 2002)
Waste Minimisation
Programme
"waste minimisation programme" means a programme that is
intended to promote the reduced generation and disposal of waste;
(Waste Act, 2008)
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Waste Minimisation
Plan
“waste minimisation plan” means a systematic strategy plan
intended to promote the reduced generation and disposal of waste; this
will include the re-use, recycle, treatment and reduced disposal of
waste
Waste Stream
“Waste Stream” means the total flow of waste falling under a
particular waste category from activity areas, businesses units, and
operations that is recovered, recycled, reused, or disposed of in
landfills e.g. domestic waste, hydrocarbon waste, etc. (GDACE, 2006)
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PREAMBLE
GAUTENG PROVINCE INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY1
In September 2006, the Gauteng Provincial Government (GPG) published an Integrated
Waste Management (IWM) Policy (GDACE, 2006). The overall goal of this policy is to set
out the vision, principles and strategic goals, as well as objectives that the GPG will apply
to achieve integrated and environmentally sustainable waste management in the
Province.
The objective of the GPG is to move away from fragmented and uncoordinated waste
management to Integrated Waste Management (IWM). Such a holistic and integrated
approach extends over the entire waste cycle, from cradle to grave, covering the
avoidance, reduction, generation, collection, transport, recovery, recycling, reuse,
treatment and final disposal of waste, with an emphasis on waste avoidance and
minimisation.
The 15 objectives of the GPG for IWM are the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Integrated Waste Management Planning
Roles and Responsibilities
Waste Information Management
Institutional Development
Capacity Building
Alignment with National Legislation
Funding
Avoidance and Substitution
Waste Reduction and Minimisation
Waste Recovery and Recycling
Waste Collection and Transportation
Waste Processing
Waste Treatment and Disposal
Environmental Management
Selected Waste Streams
The most applicable objectives to this Waste Minimisation Plan are:
Waste Reduction and Minimisation:
The GPG endorses the development and adoption of appropriate and realistic targets
requiring reduction and minimisation in waste generation of all forms of waste. This
includes the implementation of waste minimisation options at source.
The GPG recognises the need for the development and implementation of waste
exchange and waste minimisation clubs to facilitate the avoidance, substitution, recovery,
reuse and recycling of waste between different industries and organisations.
The GPG recognises the need to supply Local Government, industries and other waste
role players with information and guidance on, for example, waste reduction and
minimisation initiatives as well as other waste databases available to the GPG.
1
GDACE (2006) Gauteng Integrated Waste Management Policy, Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and the
Environment, Johannesburg
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Waste Recovery and Recycling:
The GPG confirms the need for laws for the recovery, reuse and recycling of all waste as
well as guidance for and encouragement of the recovery, reuse and recycling thereof.
This can take place through source separation or co-mingled collection programmes,
manual or mechanical separation, or waste exchange, to provide recovery and recycling
of appropriate prioritised waste streams. The GPG also confirms that increased waste
separation at source, recovery and recycling are necessary.
The GPG furthermore encourages actions that lead to the expansion and stabilisation of
the economic base for recovery and recycling in the local, provincial, and national
economy; including the support of existing and new laws designed to encourage the
manufacture and purchase of products made from recovered and recycled materials.
Waste Treatment and Disposal
The GPG recognises the need for safe treatment and disposal of waste only as a last
option in terms of the waste management hierarchy. The GPG also recognises the need
to close and remediate illegal waste dumps including redundant and abandoned mine
tailings and slimes dams in accordance with national legislation.
The GPG recognises the need for the removal of illegally dumped waste, (including but
not limited to abandoned cars and construction and demolition debris) not expressly
covered by permitting policies, to safe disposal facilities.
The GPG also recognises the need for the implementation of legislation to trace and
prosecute illegal waste disposers for the costs incurred in the management of such
wastes and the environmental and human health damage caused by such activities,
according to the duty-of-care principle.
The GPG recognises the need for the use of waste treatment and recovery technologies
that can generate or replace energy using waste resources, with the recognition that
energy recovery from waste should not compromise South Africa’s standing as a
signatory to international treaties and policies, such as the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols.
Waste Collection and Transportation
The GPG endorses the development of collection and transportation requirements that
are compatible with national, provincial and local legislation.
The GPG embraces the development and implementation of legislation that governs the
transport of waste material in line with the principles of the National Road Traffic Act,
1996 (Act 93 of 1996), relevant South African National Standards (SANS) codes of
conduct and relevant international codes of conduct. This legislation ensures that any
person(s) transporting waste without a license to do so, or transferring custody of waste
to a transporter who is not registered, will be prosecuted.
The GPG recognises the need for the use of forms of transport other than road haulage
for the transportation of waste, in line with environmental best practices. These forms of
transport should be considered by planning authorities when preparing waste
management plans, taking into account economic principles and the practicality thereof.
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Waste Processing
The GPG recognises that alternative waste processing options exist for circumstances in
which it is not possible or economically viable to recycle certain waste. These provide for
the recovery of waste or components of waste (e.g. energy, minerals) and should be
considered as legal requirements are satisfied.
Environmental Management
The GPG recognises the need for the preparation of environmental instruments, and the
inclusion of waste management principles and requirements in national and provincial
legislation to guide environmental processes. These must lay down the procedures to be
followed and the institutional arrangements that are required for such processes.
It is recognised that, where applicable, all environmental process reports should address
the waste hierarchy and define a waste management plan.
The GPG recognises the need for strategic planning and guidelines for the planning and
operation of waste buy-back stations, watercare works, landfills and associated waste
management facilities, to prevent or reduce as far as possible, the negative effects of
handling and transportation of wastes on the environment and human health.
The GPG recognises the need for procedures that ensure that waste handling and
management facilities, landfills, incinerators or watercare works (including industrial
effluent and sewage treatment works) meet existing and, where practical, new standards,
and operate in an environmentally safe way in accordance with the principles of the
relevant regulations and their specific certification requirements.
Selected Waste Streams - Hazardous domestic waste
The GPG recognises the need for the segregation and separate collection of hazardous
domestic waste from the general waste stream for safe removal and disposal in
accordance with a prioritisation of waste streams, such as batteries, paints, solvents,
engine oils, old refrigerators, asbestos sheeting/lagging, fluorescent tubes, etc.
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1.
BACKGROUND
Gauteng Province produces about 5.7 million tons of waste annually. The province is
beset by numerous waste management problems including the following (GDACE,
2004):
• Economic constraints limit the ability of local government to provide an optimum waste
management service infrastructure, vehicles and staffing.
• There are limited refuse removal services in poor areas.
• There is generally a lack of enforcement of the national, provincial and municipal laws
and regulations.
• Ineffective waste legislation does not allow local, provincial and national authorities to
effectively and efficiently penalise waste polluters.
• Lack of encouragement of waste minimisation and recycling in the general public.
Un-maintained parks and open spaces encourage illegal dumping.
• There is uncontrolled scavenging, poor monitoring and maintenance at landfill sites.
• There is a large amount of littering in residential areas (streets, taxi ranks, stations,
etc).
• Remnants of a historical culture of non-payment for waste services in some instances.
In support and conformance with the National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS)
(DEAT, 1999), and the National Environmental Management: Waste Act ( Act 59 of
2008), the Gauteng Provincial Government (GPG) has developed an Integrated Waste
Management Policy (IWMP) (GDACE, 2006). The overall aim in developing this policy is
to ensure the effective integration and optimization appropriate waste management
services for the Province and to address needs and problems holistically. The first
objective of this Policy is to introduce Integrated Waste Management Planning within the
Province.
The first step in the process Integrated Waste Management was to undertake a status
quo assessment of waste management in the Province (GDACE, 2008). Based on the
findings of this assessment, a General Waste Minimisation Plan (GWMP) was
developed. The objectives of the General Waste Minimisation Plan (GWMP) are to
implement the Gauteng Province Integrated Waste Management Policy objectives of
waste hierarchy i.e. avoidance, substitution, reduction, minimisation, recovery and
recycling.
The goal of the General Waste Minimisation Plan (GWMP) is to stabilise waste
generation by 2014 and reduce waste disposal by a margin 1% per annum over the next
5 years, i.e. 2009 to 2014 (see Figure 2.1). The achievement of this goal necessitates
that Gauteng Province promotes various waste minimisation initiatives.
The
implementation of this plan should result in reduction of harmful environmental, social
and health impacts of waste on people and environment, whilst ensuring sustainable
livelihoods from waste recovery. The change of mindset is key, i.e. to turn waste into a
resource. Informal waste picking needs to be transformed into safe, healthy, efficient and
sustainable waste management.
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7000000
6500000
6000000
5000000
5400000
5800000
6000000
4000000
Tons
3000000
Total Rev 1% per anum
2000000
1000000
0
2001-2005 2005-2010 2010-2015 2015-2020
Years
Figure 1.1 Projected growth in waste discharge to landfills (i) based on
current figures, and based improved waste minimisation at source
The objectives of the General Waste Minimisation Plan were to:








Establish current waste minimisation practices in the Province and ways of
strengthening these;
Forecast waste quantities and future generation rates with current status quo in waste
management;
Identify significant general waste streams and innovative ways of prevention /
minimisation and minimising these;
Establishing the current life span and air space of general waste landfills with current
status quo and set scenarios for improved waste minimisation;
Establish the volumes of waste currently deviated from landfills through formal and
informal means;
Support Gauteng Strategy for Sustainable Development;
Stimulate prevention and minimisation of general waste generation; and
To promote job creation through various waste minimisation initiatives.
Scope of the GWMP: This waste minimisation plan includes prevention, reduction,
recovery and recycling and reprocessing of general waste. The plan excludes hazardous
waste.
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2.
WASTE STREAM PROFILE
2.1 Current Waste Generation
Current estimates and projected future waste generation rates in Gauteng Province are
listed in Table 2.1 below.
Table 2.1: General Waste Volumes Generated in Gauteng:
Actual for 2006 and Predicted for 2007 and 2008
Waste
Generated 2006
(t/annum)
Source of
Information
Estimated
2007*
Estimated
2008*
Tshwane
2,401,840
Tshwane
Waste
Department
2,401,600
2,411,303
Johannesburg
1,492,000
Pikitup
1,491,851
1,497,878
Ekurhuleni
1,368,000
Enviro-fill
Database
1,367,863
1,373,390
Sedibeng
373,071
Emfuleni
IWMP,
Lesedi IWMP,
Midvaal IWMP
373,034
374,541
West Rand
60,949
West Rand
IWMP
60,943
61,189
Metsweding
33,660
Metsweding
Municipality
33,657
33,793
5,728,947
5,752,094
District
Municipality
Total General
Waste
5,729,520*
*Current waste generation figures were estimated by the relevant local authorities, refer to Reference list
**Method of estimating waste generation for 2007 and 2008 is set out in Section 3.5 of this report
The lack of weighbridges means that there could be a high degree of uncertainty in the
volumes of waste reporting to landfill as the estimates would be based on number of
vehicles and not on the mass of waste weighed. This uncertainty in reported masses of
waste also affects projections / estimates of the nature of the waste reporting to landfill,
i.e. the accuracy of estimates of the waste types (organics, building rubble etc) which are
being reported. Illegal dumping also skews the numbers; e.g. it is estimated that in
Gauteng approximately 2,000,000 tons per annum is illegally dumped waste.
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8000000
6000000
5400000
6000000
5800000
6500000
4000000
Tons
2000000
Total Reduction 1% per anum
0
2001-2005 2005-2010 2010-2015 2015-2020
Figure 2.1 Predicted tonnages with no change versus 5% reduction over 5 years
2.2 Waste Stream Analysis
The same data sources as for the total general waste generation (see Section 2.1) were
used in preparing the general waste stream analysis figures. Available data has been
used, and where data was not available, estimates were made. Table 2.2 below presents
and analysis of the general waste stream in percentage terms for the main categories of
general waste, which includes Non-Recyclables (grossly contaminated waste, putrefied
waste, ceramics, wax coated paper and boxes, toiletry containers, etc.) and Recyclables,
e.g. organics (e.g. garden greens and compostable organic material), main line
recyclables (i.e. paper, plastics, glass, tins and tyres, PPGTT) and building rubble.
Table 2.2: Waste Stream Analysis as a Percentage of Total Generation
Recyclables
NonRecyclables
Area
Organics
Main Line
Recyclables
(PPGTT)
Total
Percentage
Builders Rubble
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
Tshwane
35
20
25
20
100
Johannesburg
39
10
29
22
100
Ekurhuleni*
37
12
32
19
100
Sedibeng*
57
9
25*
9
100*
West Rand
51
18
25*
6
100*
Metsweding
44
12
14
30
100
*estimates made by study
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3000000
2500000
Sedibeng
2000000
West Rand
1500000
Johannesburg
1000000
Ekurhukeni
Tshwane
500000
Metsweding
0
2006
2007
2008
Figure 2.2: Predicted waste tonnages (Tons/annum)
Figure 2.3: Waste stream analysis as a percentage of total generation
An analysis of the waste stream percentages indicates the following:

The majority of general waste reporting to landfills in Gauteng is from a domestic
origin;

Organics make up between 9 and 20 percent of the waste stream;

Builders rubble makes up between 6 and 30 percent of the waste stream;

Data for Johannesburg indicates that 29 percent of the total waste stream are Main
Line Recyclables (PPGTT);

Data for Metsweding indicates that 14 percent of the total waste stream are Main
Line Recyclables (PPGTT);
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
Data for Tshwane indicates that 25 percent of the domestic waste stream are Main
Line Recyclables (PPGTT); and

Data for Ekurhuleni indicates 32 percent of the domestic waste stream are Main Line
Recyclables (PPGTT).
In order to evaluate the potential tonnages available for recovery from the waste stream,
it is necessary to determine which of these percentage contributions can be used to
assess the potential in those areas where data is not available. To do this, the following
assumptions were made:
Data for the volume of material available for recycling in the domestic waste stream is
available for Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni, Tshwane and Metsweding. Metsweding
characterises a more rural community with small developed areas (both residential since
the Municipalities of Sedibeng and West Rand, are also predominantly urban, the values
of percentage of recyclables in the Gauteng average waste stream are more
representative than those for Metsweding.
By applying 42 percent of the non-recyclables wastes stream to recyclables for the
unknowns, and averaging all the waste streams from the various Municipalities, it is
possible to generate Gauteng wide values for the waste stream. These are presented in
Table 2.3.
Table 2.3: Gauteng Wide Waste Stream Composition (2006)
Gauteng
NonRecyclable
Organics
Main Line
Recyclables
(PPGTT)*2
Builders
Rubble
TOTAL
Percentage2
40%
15%
25%
20%
100%
Amount in
tonnes
/annum
2,292,000
859,000
1,432,000
1,146,000
5,729,000
By applying these percentages to the volumes of total waste reporting to landfill as
supplied, the individual streams can be estimated. Table 2.3 presents the volumes of
waste per stream for Gauteng as well as the percentages; figures are based on 2006
data.
2.3 Landfill Lifespan Analysis
An analysis of landfill lifespan for various landfills in Gauteng was carried out and the
results are presented in Table 2.4. It can be seen that many of the existing landfills will
reach their capacity within the next 30 years. Thus any deviation of waste away from the
landfill will result in an extension of lifespan and this is also a key driver for minimisation.
2
These percentages are based on the data available to the authors at the time of writing the report; PACSA believes the percentage
for PPGTT is between 6-10%
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Table 2.4: Estimate Life-spans for Gauteng Landfill Sites
LOCAL
AUTHORITY
SITE NAME
ESTIMATED LIFESPAN (2007)
Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality
Ekurhuleni - Council Landfills
Ekurhuleni
Weltevreden
30 years
Ekurhuleni
Rietfontein
40 years
Ekurhuleni
Rooikraal
30 years
Ekurhuleni
Simmer & Jack
20 years
Ekurhuleni
Platkop
60 years
Ekurhuleni - Private Landfills
Enviroserv
Chloorkop (Dispose-Tech) 5 years
City of Johannesburg Metropolitan
Municipality
City of Johannesburg - Council Landfills
Piki-Tup
Ennerdale
5 years
Piki-Tup
Goudkoppies
15 to 20 years
Piki-Tup
Marie-Louise
Reached permit capacity but site still
in use
Piki-Tup
Robinson Deep
5 to 11 years
City of Johannesburg - Private Landfills
Enviro-Fill
General Waste Minimisation Plan
FG dumpsite
10 years
16 | P a g e
Table 2.4 (continued): Estimate Life-spans for Gauteng Landfill Sites
LOCAL
AUTHORITY
SITE NAME
(Private sites: Name
of Owner given)
ESTIMATED LIFESPAN
(2007)
City of Tshwane Metropolitan
Municipality
City of Tshwane - Council Landfills
Tshwane
Kwaggasrand
less than 3 years
Tshwane
Onderstepoort
10 years
Tshwane
Garstkloof
3 years
Tshwane
Hartherley
40 years
Tshwane
Soshanguve
10 years
Tshwane
Derdepoort
5 years
Tshwane
Valhalla
less than 5 years
LOCAL
AUTHORITY
Tshwane
SITE NAME
Ga-Rankuwa
ESTIMATED LIFESPAN
(2008)
15 years
City of Tshwane - Private landfills
Waste Group
Bon Accord (Waste
Group)
12 years
Waste Group
Mooiplaats (Waste
Group)
10 years
Enviroserv
Rosslyn (DisposeTech)
10 years
LOCAL
AUTHORITY
SITE NAME
(Private sites: Name
of Owner given)
ESTIMATED LIFESPAN
(2007)
Metsweding Metropolitan Municipality
Kungwini - Council Landfills
Kungwini
Bronkhorstspruit
New Cell under construction
(Nov. 2008) to have 7 to 10
years
Kungwini - Private Landfills
MEGA
General Waste Minimisation Plan
Ekandustria
10 years
17 | P a g e
Table 2.4 (continued): Estimate Life-spans for Gauteng Landfill Sites
Sedibeng District Municipality
Lesedi - Council Landfills
Lesedi
Devon
7-10 years
Emfuleni - Council Landfills
Emfuleni
Palm Springs
2 years (extension of new cell
up to 30 years). Permit granted
Emfuleni
Boitshepi
1 year
Emfuleni
Waldrift
7 years on the new cell
Midvaal - Council Landfills
Midvaal
Randvaal
10 years
Midvaal
Walkerville
15 years
Midvaal
Henley-on-Kip
10 years
Midvaal
Vaal Marina
10 years
Midvaal - Private Landfills
West Rand District Municipality
Mogale City - Council Landfills
Mogale
Luipaardsvlei
8 years
Mogale
Magaliesburg
5 years
Merafong - Council Landfills
Merafong
Carltonville /
Rooipoortjie
10 years
Merafong - Private Landfills
Driefontein
Consolidated Ltd
5 years
Westonaria - Council Landfills
Westonaria
Westonaria
6-7 years
A detailed assessment of the net gain in lifespan (and therefore associated airspace) can
only be done based on site specific surveys, most of which have not been undertaken by
the local authorities. It is thus a recommendation that this issue be addressed as part of
the Local Authority’s Integrated Waste Management Plans.
2.4 Waste Generation Forecast
By applying the percentages shown in Table 2.3 to the volumes of total waste reporting
to landfill as supplied, the individual streams can be estimated. Table 2.5 presents the
volumes of waste per stream for the various districts in Gauteng. Data is based on 2006
data. Figure 2.4 presents the percentage contribution of the total volumes of waste per
stream for Gauteng.
General Waste Minimisation Plan
18 | P a g e
Table 2.5: 2007 Predicted Waste Stream Composition for
Gauteng Province (t/annum)
NonRecyclables
Area
Organics
Main Line
Recyclables
(PPGTT)
Builders
Rubble
Sedibeng
150,982
56,323
93,206
72,477
West Rand
24,666
9,202
15,227
11,841
Johannesburg
603,812
225,249
372,752
289,854
Ekurhuleni
553,630
206,529
341,772
265,764
Tshwane
972,025
362,609
600,060
466,611
Metsweding
13,622
5,082
8,409
6,539
2,318,737
864,994
1,431,426
1,113,086
Total
Total Estimated Volumes available
for recovery and recycling in Gauteng
20
40
Non-Recylables
Organics
25
Main Line Recyclables
15
Builders Rubble
Figure 2.4: Percentage contribution of the total volumes of
waste per stream for Gauteng
In order to verify the figures calculated in Table 2.5 above, the calculated values for each
waste stream have been compared to data available for individual waste streams located
through the project data collection phase, where available:
Tshwane currently estimates that for 2006 some 595,909 tons of recyclables were
reclaimed from their landfill sites. The calculated mass of recyclables is 600,060 tons,
which is in the same range, but could be an underestimate as it is unlikely that
reclamation at the landfill is completely efficient. Pikitup commissioned a study on
builders’ rubble and volumes reporting to landfill were estimated at 316,000 tons per
annum. The calculated amount of 289,854 tons per annum correlates reasonably well
with this figure, i.e. within 8.5%.
General Waste Minimisation Plan
19 | P a g e
Metsweding estimates that for 2005, some 4,170 tons of organics were available, and
this compares to a calculated value of 5,082 tons per annum in 2006. This equates to a
difference of 17%. Metsweding estimates that builders’ rubble amounts to 10,000 tons
per annum in 2005, while the calculated amount is 6,539 tons per annum. The difference
is 35%. However, an estimate of 30% of the total waste stream for builders’ rubble is
significantly higher than other Municipalities, where the average is around 20%.
Adjusting the Metsweding estimate to 20% produces an estimate of 6,720 tons per
annum which is 4% over the calculated value.
Based on the calculations made above, of the total general waste generated in
Gauteng, 5.7 million tons per annum, some 3.4 million tons per annum (60%) is
available for recycling and recovery from the waste stream. (The accuracy of this
figure is within about 10%). This represents a key driver for minimisation as this waste
reports to the landfill.
2.5
Waste Generation Model Estimates
Section 3.2 of the report presented an assessment of the quantities of general waste
generated in each municipality in Gauteng. It highlights possible inaccuracies and
different confidence levels in the data collected and reported by the various district
municipalities. The analysis of the waste streams also highlights the difference between
municipalities. A particularly troublesome reality which makes accurate quantification of
the waste disposed of at Gauteng landfill sites difficult, are the limited numbers of landfill
sites with weighbridges, with the consequent potential discrepancies in waste quantities
which are estimated based on the number of waste loads/trucks, rather than actual
weighed masses of waste disposed. Because of these differences in data and the
difficulty in verifying the data, it is proposed that some other form of a system be used to
generate data that would be representative of Gauteng as a whole. The development of
the Waste Minimisation Plan is not focussed on differences of a few thousand tons but
rather on the potential opportunities for waste to be recovered from the waste stream.
The total amount of potential recovery from the waste stream for the different time
horizons are presented in Table 2.6.
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20 | P a g e
Table 2.6: Population Growth Model
Year
Sedibeng
West
Rand
Johannesburg
Ekurhuleni
Tshwane
Metsweding
2001
796,756
533,675
3,225,309
2,478,632
1,982,234
162,270
2002
804,724
539,012
3,257,562
2,503,418
2,002,056
163,893
2003
812,771
544,402
3,290,138
2,528,453
2,022,077
165,532
2004
820,899
549,846
3,323,039
2,553,737
2,042,298
167,187
2005
829,107
555,344
3,356,269
2,579,274
2,062,721
168,859
2006
837,399
560,898
3,389,832
2,605,067
2,083,348
170,547
2007
845,773
566,507
3,423,730
2,631,118
2,104,181
172,253
2008
854,230
572,172
3,457,968
2,657,429
2,125,223
173,975
2009
862,773
577,894
3,492,547
2,684,003
2,146,475
175,715
2010
871,400
583,672
3,527,473
2,710,843
2,167,940
177,472
2011
880,114
589,509
3,562,748
2,737,952
2,189,620
179,247
2012
888,915
595,404
3,598,375
2,765,331
2,211,516
181,040
2013
897,805
601,358
3,634,359
2,792,985
2,233,631
182,850
2014
906,783
607,372
3,670,703
2,820,914
2,255,967
184,678
2015
915,850
613,446
3,707,410
2,849,124
2,278,527
186,525
2016
925,009
619,580
3,744,484
2,877,615
2,301,312
188,390
2017
934,259
625,776
3,781,928
2,906,391
2,324,325
190,274
2018
943,602
632,034
3,819,748
2,935,455
2,347,569
192,177
2019
953,038
638,354
3,857,945
2,964,809
2,371,044
194,099
2020
962,568
644,738
3,896,525
2,994,458
2,394,755
196,040
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Table 2.7: Reported waste generation per capita figures for Gauteng
(see Reference List)
Area
Kg/c/p/d
Source
Sedibeng
0.200
Emfuleni IWMP
West Rand
0.309
IWMP (28kg/week/point/(750000/58000)
persons/household)
Johannesburg
0.985
High Income
DSM Env Services Report on Material
Reclamation Study/3 persons/household
Johannesburg
Medium
0.656
Income
DSM Env Services Report on Material
Reclamation Study/3.5 persons/household
Johannesburg
0.377
Low Income
DSM Env Services Report on Material
Reclamation Study/4.5 persons/household in
Alex
Ekurhuleni
-
-
Tshwane
2.986
Tshwane SOER (1.09 t/annum per capita)
Metsweding
-
-
Gauteng
1.315
Gauteng SOER (480 kg/c /annum)
In order to determine the potential volumes of material that are available for recovery
over the short medium and longer term time frames, a waste generation model was
developed. The model uses the following basic formula to determine the volumes of
material that will be generated for each waste stream at 2006 rates, 2010, 2015 and
2020 time horizons:
General Waste Generated =
(Projected Population) x (Waste Generation per capita)
x (Percentage of waste per waste stream)
Projected population figures were generated based on the 2001 census data. Stats SA
have also prepared a mid term 2007 population report. The data from Stats SA indicates
a slight increase in population for Gauteng from the 2001 census to the mid-term 2007
survey, from 9170000 to 9688000, an increase of 6 percent over the time period. This
equates to an increase in population of around 1% increase per annum. The 2001
population figures for the Municipalities were therefore escalated at 1% per annum in
Table 2.6
Waste generation per capita figures are problematic. A wide variety of values have been
proposed in the various data sources. These are presented in Table 2.8.
General Waste Minimisation Plan
22 | P a g e
If these values are used in the waste generation model, variations of up to 300% were
calculated versus actual waste volumes, meaning that their use would not provide a true
estimate of the potential for waste minimisation. To correct this, actual waste volumes for
2006 were apportioned to the population model for 2006 and these values were used in
the model.
The rates per waste stream that were generated from the various waste streams in
section 2.4 were used in the waste generation model to determine the potential volume of
waste per waste stream for the short, medium and long terms.
Table 2.8: Waste Generation Model Results for the short, medium and
long term time horizons.
Area
Per
capita
Domestic Organics Recyclables
Builders
Total
2006
Sedibeng
0.45
149,228
55,961
93,268
70,883
369,340
West Rand
0.11
24,380
9,142
15,237
11,580
60,340
Johannesburg
0.44
596,800
223,800
373,000
283,480 1,477,080
Ekurhuleni
0.53
547,200
205,200
342,000
259,920 1,354,320
Tshwane
1.15
960,736
360,276
600,460
456,350 2,377,822
Metsweding
0.20
13,464
5,049
8,415
2,291,808
859,428
Total
6,395
33,323
1,432,380 1,088,609 5,672,225
2010
Area
Per
capita
Domestic Organics Recyclables
Builders
Total
Sedibeng
0.45
155,288
58,233
97,055
73,762
384,337
West Rand
0.11
25,370
9,514
15,856
12,051
62,790
Johannesburg
0.44
621,032
232,887
388,145
294,990 1,537,055
Ekurhuleni
0.53
569,419
213,532
355,887
270,474 1,409,311
Tshwane
1.15
999,746
374,905
624,841
474,879 2,474,371
Metsweding
0.20
14,011
5254
8,757
23,84,865
894,324
Total
General Waste Minimisation Plan
6,655
34,676
1,490,540 1,132,811 5,902,540
23 | P a g e
Table 2.8 (Cont.): Waste Generation Model Results for the short, medium and
long term time horizons.
Area
Per
capita
Domestic Organics Recyclables
Builders
Total
2015
Sedibeng
0.45
163,209
61,203
102,006
77,524
403,942
West Rand
0.11
26,664
9,999
16,665
12,665
65,992
Johannesburg
0.44
652,711
244,767
407,945
310,038 1,615,461
Ekurhuleni
0.53
598,465
224,424
374,040
284,271 1,481,200
Tshwane
1.15 1,050,743
394,029
656,714
499,103 2,600,588
Metsweding
0.20
14,725
5,522
9,203
2,506,517
939,944
Total
6,995
36,445
1,566,573 1,190,595 6,203,629
2020
Area
Per
capita
Domestic Organics Recyclables
Builders
Total
Sedibeng
0.45
171,534
64,325
107,209
81,479
424,547
West Rand
0.11
28,024
10,509
17,515
13,311
69,359
Johannesburg
0.44
686,006
257,252
428,754
325,853 1,697,865
Ekurhuleni
0.53
628992
235,872
393,120
298,771 1,556,756
Tshwane
1.15 1,104,341
414,128
690,213
524,562 2,733,245
Metsweding
0.20
15,477
5,804
9,673
2,634,374
987,890
Total
General Waste Minimisation Plan
7,351
383,04
1,646,484 1,251,328 6,520,076
24 | P a g e
3.
IDENTIFICATION OF WASTE MINIMISATION OPTIONS
Waste minimisation options considered included (GDACE, 2008): Waste separation;
recycling, reuse (e.g. composting); and, alternative uses (e.g. brick-making, fuels, fill
material and building materials).
3.1 Waste separation
A number of material recovery facilities (MRF) have been established in Gauteng. These
are typically privately run organisations feeding from the general public. Waste buy-back
centres are also being established and these provide the means to dispose of already
sorted materials. A combination of such activities would provide a reasonable programme
to recover significant volumes of waste materials. Opportunities exist to expand on such
programmes and some possible examples include, streamlining of the National
Environmental Management Act Regulations for waste transfer stations.
3.2 Recycling
The formal recycling of paper, cans, glass and plastic is recovering between 25 and 67
percent of the waste produced. According to the waste generation model, Gauteng
produces approximately 1.4 million tons of recyclables. This means that if this is to be
removed from the waste stream, an increase in recovery by about 4% per annum over
and above the increase in waste generation would be required to meet the 2022
Polokwane Declaration goal. A number of organisations have been active in this field,
e.g. Pikitup and Enviroserv/Remade. Opportunities exist to expand on such programmes
and some possible examples include:
 Development of by-laws to regulate and enforce separation at source (consistent with
national regulations in this regard); and
 Development of recyclable collection facilities.
3.3 Reuse
Reuse is product and industry dependent. Examples include the plastic shopping bag
that has been made thicker so it can be used many times. Returnable containers work in
some industries but are certainly not the solution across the spectrum. Aspects that need
to be considered include: Cost and energy of return loop; Water and cleaning material
wastage; and, Nature of the product. Opportunities exist to expand on such programmes
and some possible examples include the development of by-laws to encourage, regulate
and enforce reuse (consistent with national regulations in this regard).
3.4 Composting
A number of companies are currently composting waste. The volumes however are
relatively small. Approximately 300 000 m3 of compost is made by the private sector and
Pikitup produces some 50 000 tons per annum of compost. According to the waste
generation model developed for this plan, some 800 000 tons of organic material reports
to landfill sites in Gauteng. This means that roughly 10 percent of the organic load is
composted. If composting could become the norm, a significant portion (up to 30-40%)
of the waste stream would be diverted from landfill. Opportunities exist to expand on
such programmes and some possible examples include streamlining of the National
Environmental Management Act Regulations for waste composting.
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3.5 Alternative Uses
A differentiation is made on the scale of the minimisation process. In formal urban areas,
a waste separation initiative is typically done within the household itself. In some of the
poorly serviced areas, waste separation would be done either by third party collectors or
at the landfill itself. One aspect investigated was the potential to develop small
businesses aimed at collecting, sorting and recycling waste from these poorly serviced
communities at the household level. The aspect addressed was the willingness to pay
for services, since waste collectors can generate income from the waste recovered at
little or not cost to the household.
One of the significant waste streams reporting to landfill in Gauteng is builders’ rubble.
According to the waste generation model, some 1.08 million tons of builders’ rubble
reports to the landfills. In a study undertaken by Pikitup, an additional amount of 850,000
tons of builders’ rubble is generated in Johannesburg alone, but that this does not report
to the landfill but is used in other parts of the construction industry, such as for fill
material. Further emphasis on the use of building rubble should be a priority.
Waste to energy conversion is an area with significant potential. Particularly in the light
of energy shortages experienced recently by the national energy provider, Eskom.
Utilisation of methane from anaerobic digesters should be investigated.
3.6 Potential Waste Minimisation Activities
Potential waste minimisation activities, aimed at commercial, industrial and domestic
users, included:
(a) Dissemination and sharing of information: More effective dissemination and sharing
of information between and within local authorities on e.g. existing library databases,
waste minimisation success stories, best-practice case studies and typical industry
sector specific resource consumption “baselines” combined with training on how to
emulate and even exceed existing project successes.
(b) Green procurement: Develop markets for recyclate products. Workshop with
interested parties to take this forward. There are many opportunities in this area and
also many areas which should be developed in consultation with the authorities.
(c) Technical training: Provision of technical training to build capacity within local
authorities on the techniques and practical opportunities for waste minimisation in
key industrial sectors.
(d) Public reporting: Regular public reporting from Authorities e.g. on waste minimization
performance progress and achievement of waste reduction targets is crucial should
be done in form of a State of Waste Report (similar to the City’s annual “State of
Environment Report (SOER) and the recently published State of Energy Report”).
(e) Waste minimisation clubs: Establishment of new waste minimisation clubs and the
extension of existing clubs to other sectors/location areas, with the goal that they
ultimately all become commercially viable in the shortest possible time without the
need for any future financial support from government.
(f) Demonstration projects and showcasing: Encouraging public demonstration projects
and showcasing existing success stories for specific sectors and/or waste streams
aimed at highlighting the potential for win-win environmental and economic benefits
as well as enabling meaningful public participation in the development of local waste
strategies.
(g) Awareness creation: Increasing awareness within households on the benefits and
opportunities for waste minimisation and recycling, particularly in more affluent
communities with higher waste generation, building on the successes of previous
General Waste Minimisation Plan
26 | P a g e
initiatives. This can be done using a range of mechanisms, e.g. articles in the
popular press-local newspapers and magazines, talks on local radio, and articles in
technical journals.
(h) Job creation: Utilise new and expanded waste minimisation initiatives to create job
and small business enterprise opportunities.
(i) Hands-on training programmes: Supporting hands-on training programmes for
collectors and entrepreneurs who are willing to improve their sorting and collection
skills. Providing practical outcome-based training and education within tertiary
institutions, not only within engineering departments, but also at a multi-disciplinary
level, including e.g. subjects related to product design, policy-making, and finance.
(j) School curricula: There is a need to ensure the incorporation of waste minimisation
and recycling education into existing and new programmes as well as curricula of
primary and secondary schools. This could be a key aspect of whole-school policy
programs such as the already locally existing Eco-schools programme or a special
aspect of environmental education at schools level (City of Cape Town Draft
Assessment Report – Waste Minimisation, 2004)
3.7 Legislative Interventions
In order to make it possible to implement some of the above options, it may be desirable
or in some cases essential to implement legislative interventions. Furthermore it is
important to implement effective measures or plans that will contribute to addressing the
identified areas of the integrated waste management cycle (from waste generation to
final disposal) and thereby prevent the pollution of the Provinces resources, be it - land,
water or air. Opportunities exist to make legislative interventions, some possible
examples include:
 Lobbying the Department of Trade and Industry to protect the local recycling industry
by not allowing dumping of overseas recyclables (e.g. paper and glass) in the South
African region.
 Introduce legislative requirements to stimulate green procurement.
Based on the waste generation figures for the various areas in Gauteng, the following
waste minimisation options need to be investigated in-depth:
a) Tshwane’s waste generation rate appears far in excess of that of the rest of Gauteng;
this may be incorrect and the Tshwane Local authority should to be encouraged to
investigate the accuracy of their figures, and if correct to investigate underlying
reasons for this as a matter of urgency.
b) A number of waste recycling and re-use initiatives are in place; these should be
extended and improved, see proposed short, medium and long term targets in Table
3.1
c) Voluntary separation at source, particularly in the higher income group areas should
be investigated and encouraged.
d) Greater use should be made of builders’ rubble.
e) Composting of organics at households and municipal level should be encouraged.
General Waste Minimisation Plan
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Table 3.1: Total potential waste recovery targets over the short,
medium and long term
Time
Horizon
Potential
Recovery
Material
(t/annum)
2006
(current)
3,380,417
25%
33%
57%
67%
50%
20%
5%
2010
(short)
3,517,675
50%
40%
65%
70%
80%
40%
25%
2015
(medium)
3,697,112
60%
45%
70%
70%
80%
70%
50%
2020
(long)
3,885,702
65%
50%
70%
70%
80%
90%
70%
Glass Plastics Paper Tins Tyres Greens
Builders
Rubble
Predicted tonnages with no change v 5% reduction over 5 years
6.4
Million tons/annum
6.2
6.0
Total tons
5.8
Total tons with 5% decrease
over 5 years
5.6
5.4
5.2
14
13
12
15
20
20
20
10
09
08
07
11
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
06
5.0
Year
Figure 3.1 Predicted tonnages with no change vs 5% reduction over 5 years
General Waste Minimisation Plan
28 | P a g e
Predicted waste generated cumulative v reduction at 50% per
annum
million tons/annum
100
80
Total
60
Total tonnage with 50%
reduction
40
20
0
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
year
Figure 3.2 Predicted waste generated cumulative vs reduction at 50% p.a.
General Waste Minimisation Plan
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4.
GDARD GENERAL WASTE MINIMISATION PLAN
The following activities were considered in drawing the Plan was discussed and
accepted by stakeholders at the final multi-stakeholder workshop held on 27
February 2008. The following timeframes were agreed:

Short term:
2009 – 2010 (marked in green)

Medium Term:
2011 – 2014 (marked in yellow)

Long Term:
2015 and beyond (marked in blue)
General Waste Minimisation Plan
30 | P a g e
Action
Responsible
Organisation(s)
Term
Proposed Time Frames
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
1. ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
Implement Waste
Minimisation Policy
GDARD
Short
Streamline Environmental
Authorisation decision making
process
GDARD
Short
Review policy on liners for
composting facilities
GDARD
Medium
Include waste minimisation
requirements in
Environmental Authorisations
including mandatory waste
recovery systems for all new
developments
GDARD
Medium
Define and implement
requirement for industries to
prepare general waste
minimisation plans
GDARD
Short
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31 | P a g e
Action
Responsible
Organisation(s)
Term
Proposed Time Frames
Enforce use of GWIS by all
sectors of the waste stream
GDARD
Short
Refine Reporting Structures,
Protocols, Linkages and
Indicators/Targets to include
waste minimisation
GDARD
Medium
General Waste Minimisation Plan
2019
Short
2018
GDARD
2017
Legislate green procurement
practices for all local
authorities in Gauteng
2016
Short
2015
GDARD
2014
Implement green procurement
practices in all provincial
government departments
2013
Medium
2012
GDARD
2011
2010
Motivate Working Group
Meetings resistance to
dumping of recyclables by the
international community
32 | P a g e
Prepare waste minimisation
monitoring/audit reports at
agreed frequencies (types
and volumes of general waste
generated, transported,
treated, recycled and
disposed)
GDARD
Medium
Act on monitoring/audit report
outcomes
GDARD
Medium
Act as a technical resource
group to assist local
authorities to establish smart
waste tariffs
GDARD
Medium
Develop and implement
communications and
awareness programme
GDARD
Short
Prepare and conduct waste
minimisation skills
development programme for
local authorities
GDARD
Short
Prepare supply chain
awareness programmes on
waste minimisation for all
sectors of provincial
government
GDARD
Medium
General Waste Minimisation Plan
33 | P a g e
Invite stakeholders to prepare
proposals to carry out waste
minimisation projects
GDARD
Medium
Access funds from DWEA
(former DEAT) CSR funds for
approved minimisation
projects
GDARD
Medium
Integrate waste minimisation
strategy into Gauteng
Sustainable Development
Programme
GDARD
Short
Industries to Prepare and
submit Waste Minimisation
Plans to GDARD for approval
GDARD &
Industry
Short
Establish PPP manufacturing
and development hubs for
waste minimisation
GDARD &
Industry
Long
Industry to prepare supply
chain awareness programmes
on waste minimisation
GDARD &
Industry
Short
Establish waste minimisation
clubs to foster information
exchange between
companies
GDARD &
Industry
Short
General Waste Minimisation Plan
34 | P a g e
Establish a Waste Exchange
Database to facilitate waste
exchange between
businesses
GDARD &
Industry
Short
Mandate source separation
for local authorities
GDARD
Short
Mandate minimum
requirements of 1 MRF per
local authority
GDARD
Short
Prepare a plan for site
Industry
collection points (such as
bottle banks) at a variety of
points throughout the province
Short
Develop waste minimisation
techniques, such as custom
designed waste bin that
separates in the same bin
Industry
Short
Develop alternative waste
collection systems such as
the development of small
entrepreneurs to collect
recyclables in a block watch
fashion and then to
accumulate until sufficient
volume is achieved
Local Authority
Short
Establish smaller recyclable
collection facilities at the
community level
Local Authority
Short
General Waste Minimisation Plan
35 | P a g e
Develop integrated buy back
and recovery programme
Local Authority
Short
Improve billing systems using
systems such as smart
wheelie bins that
electronically record the
owner, the date of collection,
the weight of the bin and the
serial number of the bin
Local Authority
Short
Prepare reporting and
documentation requirements
for recycling industry
GDARD
Medium
Recycling Industry to produce
waste recycling plans
Industry
Short
Introduce weighbridges as a
matter of urgency
Industry & Local
Authorities
Short
Licenses for the transportation GDARD
of waste
Short
Establish waste recycling
centres
Long
General Waste Minimisation Plan
Industry & Local
Authorities
36 | P a g e
DEVELOPEMNT OF MRF’s
Short
Call for proposal from Waste
operators
Local Authority
Short
Sites approvals
Local Authority
Short
LANDFILL SITE RELATED
ISSUES
Short
Call for proposal from Waste
operators
Local Authority
Short
Sites approvals
Local Authority
Short
Integrate CDM techniques
with waste minimisation
GDARD &
Industry
Short
Integrate EPR techniques with GDARD &
waste minimisation
Industry
Short
Prepare motivation plans to
recover / recycle significant
waste streams (e.g. non
returnable beer bottles)
Industry
Long
GDARD to mandate local
authority to install at all
landfills a green’s chipper
GDARD & Local
Authority
Short
Set targets for composting
Local Authority
Short
General Waste Minimisation Plan
37 | P a g e
Amend procurement
requirements to source all
compost material from local
authority landfills
Local Authority
Short
Tender for the outsourcing of
a roving mobile rubble
crushing machine for use at
all landfills
Local Authority
Short
Replace landfill cover material
with crushed builders rubble
Local Authority
Short
Amend procurement
requirements to source all fill
and aggregate material from
builders rubble collection
points at local authority
landfills
Local Authority
Short
Tender for business plans to
establish builders rubble
recovery and /or reprocessing
facility at all landfills
Local Authority
Short
Align fines for illegal dumping
with those of National
Government
Local Authority
Short
Register pickers and issue
personal protective clothing
Local Authority
Short
General Waste Minimisation Plan
38 | P a g e
Provide a dedicated sorting
area at landfills away from
heavy machinery operations
Local Authority
Short
Develop (i) Landfill Pickers
Management System and
(ii) train pickers with respect
to health and safety
GDARD & Local
Authority
Short
Provide on-site collection
points and point of sales for
materials recovered
Local Authority
Short
Revise landfill disposal
charges to make waste
minimisation and recycling
more attractive
Local Authority
Short
Facilitate cooperation with
Department of Economic
Development to ensure
waste minimisation in
Gauteng facilitates “Green
Jobs “
GDARD
Short
DED
Medium
Facilitate cooperation with
Department of Local
Government and Housing to
realise waste minimisation in
the Province
GDARD
Short
DLGH
Medium
General Waste Minimisation Plan
Long
Long
39 | P a g e
5. WASTE MINIMISATION PLANS3 AND INDICATORS
ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
Short Term – GDARD
Indicator
1. Implement Integrated Waste Management Policy
1. Integrated Waste Management Policy implemented
2. Streamline Environmental Authorisation decision making
2. Environmental Authorisation decision making process
process
streamlined
3. Define and implement requirements for industries to prepare 3. Requirements for industries defined and implemented
general waste minimisation plans
4. Develop and implement green procurement practices in all
4. Green procurement practices developed and implemented
provincial government departments
5. Enforce use of GWIS by all sectors of the waste stream
5. GWIS used by all sectors of the waste stream
6. Refine Reporting Structures, Protocols, Linkages and
6. Reporting Structures, Protocols, Linkages and
Indicators/Targets to include waste minimisation
Indicators/Targets in place
7. Develop and implement communication and awareness
7. Communication and awareness programmes developed
programmes (including anti-litter programme)
and implemented
8. Prepare and conduct waste minimisation skills development 8. Waste minimisation skills development programme
programme for local authorities
prepared and conducted
9. Integrate waste minimisation strategy into Gauteng
9. Waste minimisation strategy integrated into Gauteng
Sustainable Development Programme
Sustainable Development Programme
10. Green jobs are realised from waste minimisation
10. Number of jobs created from waste minimisation
3
These proposed plans should take due cognizance of national activities in this regard
General Waste Minimisation Plan
40 | P a g e
Medium Term - GDARD
Indicator
1. Develop guidelines/standards on liners for composting
1. Guidelines/standards for composting facilities developed
facilities
2. Include waste minimisation requirements in Environmental
2. Waste minimisation requirements included in Environmental
Authorisations including mandatory waste recovery systems
Authorisations
for all new developments
3. GDARD to legislate green procurement practices for all
3. Green procurement practices legislated
local authorities in Gauteng
4. GDARD to prepare waste minimisation monitoring/audit
4. Monitoring report/audits prepared
reports at agreed frequencies (types and volumes of
general waste generated, transported, treated, recycled and
disposed)
5. GDARD to act on monitoring/audit report outcomes
5. Action taken on monitoring outcomes
6. GDARD to act as technical resource group to assist local
6. Support given to Local Authorities
authorities to establish smart waste tariffs
7. GDARD to prepare supply chain awareness programmes on 7. Supply chain awareness programmes prepared
waste minimisation for all sectors of provincial government
8. GDARD to invite stakeholders to prepare proposals to carry 8. Waste minimisation projects implemented by stakeholders
out waste minimisation projects
9. GDARD to access funds from DWEA Corporate Social
9. DWEA Corporate Social Responsibility funds accessed by
Responsibility funds for approved minimisation projects.
GDARD to fund approved minimisation projects
10. Encourage energy recovery from waste, where appropriate
10. Energy recovery from waste facilities implemented
11. Introduce eco-parks as a means to encourage waste
11. Eco-parks established
minimisation and recycling
12. Number of jobs created from waste minimisation
12. Green jobs are realised from waste minimisation
General Waste Minimisation Plan
41 | P a g e
GENERATION
Short Term
Indicator
1. Industries to Prepare and submit Waste Minimisation Plans
1. Waste Minimisation Plans submitted for approval
to GDARD for approval
2. Industry to prepare supply chain awareness programmes on 2. Supply chain awareness programmes on waste
waste minimisation
minimisation developed
3. Industry and GDARD to establish waste minimisation clubs
3. Waste minimisation clubs established
to foster information exchange between companies
4. Industry and GDARD to establish a Waste Exchange
4. Waste exchange database established
Database to facilitate waste exchange between businesses
Long Term
Indicator
1. Industry and GDARD to establish PPP manufacturing and
1. PPP manufacturing and development hubs established
development hubs for waste minimisation
TRANSPORT CYCLE
Short Term
Indicator
1. GDARD to mandate source separation for local authorities
1. Source separation for local authorities mandated
2. GDARD to mandate minimum requirements of 1 MRF per
2. Minimum requirement of 1 MRF per local mandated
local authority
3. Local authority to develop integrated buy back and recovery 3. Integrated buy back and recovery programme developed
programme
4. Local authorities to use improved billing systems such as
4. Improved billing systems implemented
smart wheelie bins that electronically record the owner, the
date of collection, the weight of the bin and the serial
number of the bin
General Waste Minimisation Plan
42 | P a g e
Medium Term
1. Industry to prepare a plan for site collection points (such as
bottle banks) at a variety of points throughout the province
2. Local authority to develop alternative waste collection
systems such as the development of small entrepreneurs to
collect recyclables in a block watch fashion and then to
accumulate until sufficient volume is achieved
3. Local authority to establish smaller recyclable collection
facilities at the community level
Long Term
1. Industry to develop waste minimisation techniques, such as
custom designed waste bin that separates in the same bin
RECOVERY AND RECYCLING
Short Term
1. Recycling Industry to produce waste recycling plans
Medium Term
1. GDARD to prepare reporting and documentation
requirements for recycling industry
Long Term
1. Industry and Local authorities to establish waste recycling
centres
General Waste Minimisation Plan
Indicator
1. Plan for site collection points prepared
2. Alternative waste collection systems developed
3. Smaller recyclable collection facilities established
Indicator
1. Waste minimisation techniques developed
Indicator
1. Waste recycling plans produced
Indicator
1. Reporting and documentation requirements prepared
Indicator
1. Waste recycling centres established
43 | P a g e
DEVELOPEMNT OF MRF’s
Medium Term – Local Authorities
1. Call for proposals from waste operators
2. Site applications for approvals of MRF’s lodged
DEVELOPEMT OF RUBBLE CRUSHING PLANTS
Short Term– Local Authorities
1. Call for proposal from Waste operators
2. Sites applications for approvals of crusher plants lodged
Medium Term
1. Industry and GDARD to integrate CDM techniques with
waste minimisation
2. Industry and GDARD to integrate EPR techniques with
waste minimisation
Long Term
1. Industry to prepare motivation plans to recover / recycle
significant waste streams (e.g. non returnable beer bottles)
General Waste Minimisation Plan
Indicator
1. Tenders awarded to successful bidders
2. MRF’s site applications which meet requirements approved
Indicator
1. Tenders awarded to successful bidders
2. Site applications which meet requirements approved
Indicator
1. CDM techniques integrated with waste minimisation
2. EPR techniques integrated with waste minimisation
Indicator
1. Motivation plans to recover / recycle significant waste
streams prepared
44 | P a g e
DISPOSAL
Short Term
1. Local authority to install weigh bridges at landfill sites
2. Local authority to set targets for composting
3. Local authority to amend procurement requirements to
source all compost material from local authority landfills
4. Local authority to replace landfill cover material with
crushed builders rubble
5. Local authority to amend procurement requirements to
source all fill and aggregate material from builders rubble
collection points at local authority landfills
6. Local authority to tender for business plans to establish
builder’s rubble recovery and /or reprocessing facility at all
landfills
7. Local authority to align fines with those levied by National
Government
8. Local authority to register pickers and issue personal
protective clothing
9. Local authority to provide a dedicated sorting area at
landfills away from heavy machinery operations
10. Local authority to train pickers with respect to health and
safety
11. Local authority to provide on-site collection points and point
of sales for materials recovered
12. GDARD to Develop Landfill Pickers Phase-out Plan
Medium Term
1. GDARD to mandate local authority to install a green’s
chipper at all landfills
2. Local authority to outsource a mobile rubble crushing
machine for use at all landfills
General Waste Minimisation Plan
Indicator
1. Weigh bridges at landfill sites installed and are operational
2. Targets for composting set
3. Procurement requirements amended
4. Landfill cover material replaced with crushed builders
rubble
5. Procurement requirements amended
6. Builders rubble recovery and /or reprocessing facility at all
landfills established
7. Fines aligned with those levied by National Government
8. Pickers registered and issued with personal protective
clothing
9. Dedicated sorting area at landfills provided
10. Pickers trained with respect to health and safety
11. On-site collection points and point of sales for materials
recovered
12. Landfill Pickers phase-out Plan developed
Indicator
1. Green’s chipper installed at all landfills
2.
Mobile rubble crushing machine used at all landfills
45 | P a g e
REFERENCES
DEAT (1999) National Waste Management Strategy, Department of Environmental
Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria
DEAT (2002) National Core Set of Environmental Indicators Phase 3: Selection of
Indicators Waste Management), Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism,
Pretoria
DEAT (2007) National Environmental Management: Waste Management, Government
Gazette, 12 January 2007
DEAT (2009) Draft Framework for the National Waste Management Strategy,
http://www.wastepolicy.co.za/nwms/book/export/html/34, 8 April 2009
DWAF (1998) Waste Generation in South Africa, Department of Water Affairs and
Forestry (DWAF) Report No W.3.0, 1998
GDACE (2004) State of the Environment Report, Gauteng Department of Agriculture,
Conservation and Environment
GDACE (2006) Gauteng Provincial Integrated Waste Management Policy, Gauteng
Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment, September 2006
GDACE (2007) General Waste Collection Standards for Gauteng, Version 3, Department
of Agriculture, Conservation, and Environment Gauteng, May 2007
Government Gazette (2009) National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008,
No. 59 of 2008, Government Gazette, Vol. 525, No. 32000, Cape Town, 10 March 2009
General Minimisation Plan
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