Atmospheric Aerosols--Introduction and Overview
Atmospheric aerosols are particles of liquids or solids that are small enough to float in the
air. They can come from natural sources, such as: pollen from flowers; sea salt spray;
dust blowing over the desert; and ash from wildfires and volcanoes. Aerosols can also be
human made (anthropogenic), such as particles from factory smoke, auto emissions and
slash-and-burn agricultural practices.
Particles of soot (left) and sea salt (right). Image credit: Kimberly Prather, UCSD
(I hope these are OK resolution. I got them from Prather’s slide presentation.)
The life cycle of atmospheric aerosols is complex. Most atmospheric aerosols eventually
drop to the ground or get washed down with the rain. However, some particles are able
ascend to the highest levels of the atmosphere, stay for a very long time and travel long
distances. Since these particles know no borders, international cooperation is essential in
any measures designed to control them.
Global seasonal atmospheric aerosol distributions
(Original image at: http://www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/galhistory/2003_jun_04.html)
Image Credit: NASA/GSFC/LaRC/JPL, MISR Team
Atmospheric aerosols are not inert and unchanging. For example, particles may combine
with each other. Also, some aerosols are created in the atmosphere from gases, including
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and hydrocarbons. Aerosols that arise from
gas to particle conversions are known as secondary aerosols to distinguish them from
primary aerosols, which are emitted directly into the atmosphere.
Effects of Atmospheric Aerosols
1. Health
According to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology,
approximately 20 million Americans have asthma, and the prevalence of asthma has
increased dramatically in recent decades. The cause of this increase is not well
understood, but aerosols, both natural and anthropogenic, create serious challenges for
people with asthma or other lung problems, and children growing up in heavily polluted
cities have lowered lung function. Asthma costs Americans billions of dollars every
year. Very fine particulates (2.5 micrometers or less in diameter) can penetrate deep into
the lungs. The finest particles can also leave the lungs to enter the bloodstream and affect
other parts of the body, especially as carcinogens.
2.
Ozone Layer
The hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica
(Original image at: http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/rsd/images/NGSAW/)
Image credit Fritz Hasler and Hal Pierce, Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center.
High up in the atmosphere is a layer called the stratosphere. Part of the
stratosphere is the ozone layer, which absorbs ultraviolet B wavelengths. UVB is known
to cause skin cancer; therefore a healthy ozone layer is very important to human health.
Many synthetic products once contained chlorine compounds called
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that can end up in the stratosphere or even higher. Some
other ozone depleting substances, including methyl bromide and methyl chloroform, are
still used as insecticides and industrial solvents. Chlorine or bromine from ozone
depleting substances reacts with ozone in the stratosphere, diminishing the ozone layer.
Aerosol particles that are able to drift all the way up to the stratosphere are thought to
provide a surface on which chlorine can react with ozone more rapidly. In other words,
atmospheric aerosols can make chlorine more effective at destroying ozone.
3. Global Climate Change
Aerosols are a major uncertainty in studies of global climate change. They can
have both direct and indirect effects on climate, and depending on what effects
predominate, may either contribute to global cooling or global warming. The emission of
sulfur dioxide from the burning of coal and oil are of particular concern, because not only
does some of this end up as acid rain (another serious environmental problem), but a
large fraction becomes sulfate aerosols.
(Please insert image on Powerpoint slide: Aerosol_climatechange)
The direct effects of aerosols are the scattering (which causes cooling) and absorption
(which causes warming) of sunlight. High concentrations of aerosols in certain localities
may cause local warming, which can alter air currents. Atmospheric aerosols can also
affect climate indirectly by acting as “cloud condensation nuclei,” which make the liquid
droplets in clouds smaller. Clouds with smaller droplets have longer lifetimes and reflect
more sunlight. Smoke stacks from cruise ships eject aerosols, and satellites can chart
ship’s progress across the ocean because they leave an artificial cloud trail behind them.
………………………………………………………………………..
(To include under Multimedia—Atmospheric Chemistry)
These can be listed as the last item on the Multimedia page, just beneath the link to
the Monitoring Atmospheric Aerosols video
Additional Resources
Background information on atmospheric aerosols from NASA Facts On-line
http://oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS/Aerosols.html
Earth’s atmosphere basics from NASA
http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html
Health effects of atmospheric aerosols
Statistics and resources on asthma are available from the American Academy of Allergy,
Asthma and Immunology
http://www.aaaai.org/media/resources/media_kit/asthma_statistics.stm
Information on the heath effects of air pollution from the American Lung Association
http://www.californialung.org/spotlight/cleanair03_research.html
Discussion of air quality index and particulate matter from the University of Michigan
http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/samson/aerosols/
Effects of atmospheric aerosols on the ozone layer
A description of ozone balance, ozone depletion and the difference between “good” and
“bad” ozone is available from NASA’s SOLAR
http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/SOLAR/learning-ozone.html
Detailed information about ozone, ozone depletion, common myths about ozone, a link to
the Montreal Protocol, etc. available from the Environmental Protection Agency
http://0-www.epa.gov.library.unl.edu:80/ozone/science/aerosol.html
Climate effects of atmospheric aerosols
“Human-produced Aerosols in Many Arctic Clouds Contribute to Climate Warming”
from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Center for Atmospheric Sciences
http://scrippsnews.ucsd.edu/article_detail.cfm?article_num=712
Clouds, aerosols and climate change information from NASA’s Earth Observatory
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/CALIPSO/
Atmospheric aerosols visualizations and data sets
Use of satellites and animations to distinguish human pollution from other atmospheric
particles by NASA’s Earth Observatory
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/Aerosols/
Air quality real time images from the USDA Forest Service
http://www.fsvisimages.com/all.html
Global aerosol and ozone mapping from NASA
http://toms.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Atmospheric animations from NASA’s Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICES)
http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/list.htm
More about the techniques used to study atmospheric aerosols from The National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
http://www.oar.noaa.gov/atmosphere/atmos_al.html
Air Quality Legislation
Federal air quality legislation from the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal
Highway Administration
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/resourcecenter/teams/airquality/publications.cfm
Link to the South Coast Air Quality Management District
http://www.aqmd.gov/smog/inhealth.html