土壤与环境 2001, 10(4): 277~281
Soil and Environmental Sciences
http://www.environment.soil.gd.cn
E-mail: ses@soil.gd.cn
文章编号：1008-181X（2001）04-0277-05
Factor Analysis and Dynamics of Water Quality of Songhua River
YU Shu-xia，SHANG Jin-cheng，ZHAO Jin-song
（Department of Environmental Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China）
Abstract: The water quality of Songhua River (Northeast China) was of concern, especially in 1980s and early 1990s. Many studies
had focused on the source and sink, fate and ecological effects of the main pollutants, heavy metal and toxic organic pollutants.
However, only one or several water quality indices were considered separately. The combined effects of multiple indices were seldom studied. In this paper, based on the monitoring data, the water quality of Songhua River was analyzed by using factor analysis
method, which comprehensively considered six indices of water quality of each monitoring section. Results showed that the main
pollutants had changed to nitrogenous pollutants originated from nonpoint sources and water quality was variable in different hydrological period. Results also presented that the method was comprehensive and efficient in analyzing the dynamics of water quality.
Key words: factor analysis; dynamics of water quality; Songhua River
CLC number: X53
Document code: A
松花江水质因子分析及动态变化
于书霞，尚金城，赵劲松
（东北师范大学环境科学系，吉林 长春 130024）
摘要：松花江的水质一直受到各方的关注，尤其是在 80 年代末到 90 年代初。大多数的研究都关注重金属、有机有毒污染物
等主要污染物的源、汇、归宿以及生态效应。然而，这些研究通常只考虑一个或几个独立的水质指标，多个指标的联合效应
则很少研究。文章在监测数据的基础上，对松花江水质运用因子分析方法进行了研究。利用因子分析方法可以综合地考虑每
个监测断面上的各个监测指标在不同水文期的变化。分析结果表明，松花江的主要污染物是来自非点源的氮源污染物，且其
水质在不同的水文期是不同的。这一结果也表明，因子分析方法在分析水质动态变化上是综合有效的。
关键词：因子分析；水质动态变化；松花江
中图分类号：X52
文献标识码：A
In this paper, the term Songhua River was used for the section
pounds [1-5]. The studies on the combined effects on water qual-
of Songhua River across Jilin Province, China, which is generally
ity were seldom done. However, for aquatic environment, the
called the Second Songhua River. It is the longest river in Jilin
combined effects should be given more attention, because of its
province, which rises from Tianchi Lake, Changbai Mountain,
heterogeneousness
integrates with Nen River in Sancha River mouth, and the total
by Provincial Monitoring Bureau, factor analysis method was
length is 968 km. The watershed is located in 120°30′ ~ 128°45′
used in the article to determined: ①what were the main pollu-
E，41°45′ ~ 45°30′ N, its area is 78 182 km2. It plays various
tants and main sources; ②the dynamics of water quality of
important roles in economics, transportation, tourism, irrigation
Songhua River in different hydrological period.
and so on. For the most important, it is the sources of drinking
1 Indices and Method
water for Jilin City and Changchun City.
[6].
Based on the monitoring data provided
Six regional controlled sections in trunk stream of Songhua
As the source of drinking water, the water quality of Song-
River were selected, i.e., Fengman, Longtanqiao, Jiuzhan,
hua River was being concerned, especially in 1980s and early
Shaokou, Hongqi and Songhua River Village Section (Fig. 1).
1990s. Previous studies had been focused on the sources and
The principal of selecting the analysis indices were that they
sink, fate and ecological effects of the main pollutants. As-
could present the current status of water pollution, had more
sessments of water quality of Songhua River, conducted before
equivalent pollution load, and the monitoring data of those
were only focused on one or several independent indices. The
indices were complete. Six indices, which were suspended
most concerned pollutants were heavy metal and toxic organic
solids (SS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen de-
chemicals, such as methyl mercury and volatile phenolic com-
mand (BOD), nitrate (NO3--N), nitrite (NO2--N), and perman-
Biography: YU Shu-xia（1976－）
，female, master degree candidate. E-mail: ysxzh@163.net
Received date: 2001-04-19
土壤与环境
278
Vol.10 No.4
agriculture, and the abundance of those matters losing with soil
erosion were increasing correspondingly. Hence the nitrogenous pollutants carried in eroded soil were the main factors
influence water quality. DO was the dominant factor that controlled the transformation between NO3--N and NO2--N. The
second component characterized organic pollution in river.
BOD and CODMn had high load, 0.916 and 0.920 respectively,
and the rest were low. These two components present 95.6% of
original information contained by the six indices, so they could
substitute these six indices to demonstrate water quality of the
river. According to the two components, main influent factors
were nitrogenous pollutants and SS (as the main carrier of nitrogenous pollutants), just as the first component presented;
Furthermore, organic matters influence water quality to a certain degree, which presented by the second component.
For each section, component scores were calculated and
Fig. 1 Sketch map of water quality monitor
sections of Songhua River in Jilin Province
showed in Fig. 3. In Songhua River Village section, the main
pollutants were SS and nitrogenous pollutants. Land use form
ganate index (CODMn), were selected to perform the following
in this area was mainly paddy fields and dry farmland. Dis-
analyses. The main pollutants, such as volatile phenolic com-
turbed by human development, soil was eroded seriously. The
pounds and methyl mercury, which had been investigated in
amount of losing fertilizer and pesticide were enormous, which
1980s and early 1990s by other authors, have low concentra-
was the main source of water pollution in this area
tions or cannot be detected now. Hence those indices were not
section was polluted by nonpoint source pollution and water
selected because of their slight influence on water quality.
quality in this section was poor. Fengman and Longtanqiao
[3].
This
According to the monitoring data provided by the provincial
sections were set in the third quadrant, and both had high nega-
monitoring center, the data of different hydrological period in
tive scores, which indicated water quality in these two sections
each section were selected. The statistical analysis of those
was good. Neither nitrogenous pollutants nor organic pollutants
indices was performed with Factor Analysis program, SPSS for
polluted these two sections, mainly these two sections lies in
personal computers. The results which were shown in table 1~3
the upper reaches of Songhua River and Jilin City, without the
and figure 2~7, were used to assess the comprehensive water
influence of municipal wastewater and topography in this area
quality and the influence that the different component had on
is not suitable for cultivate and vegetation was less destroyed.
water quality.
The scores of Shaokou and Jiuzhan were put near the second
2 Results and Discussions
component axis in the second quadrant, and score of the second
2.1 Dynamics of water quality in different hydrological pe-
component were positive and high, so organic pollutants influ-
riods
enced water quality of these two sections dominantly. The
2.1.1
level period
causes were that these two sections lie in lower reaches of Jilin
The results of Factor Analysis in level period were shown in
City, took the polluted water from Jilin City, which are con-
table 1 and figures 2~3. The first component indicated nitroge-
taminated by domestic sewage and polluted water discharged
nous pollution in the river. In positive side of the first compo-
Table 1
nent axis, SS, NO3--N, NO2--N had high load, they were 0.999,
Components
0.990, 0.980 respectively; in terms of negative side, DO has
high negative load (-0.996). SS was the main carrier of nitrogenous pollutants, and NO3--N, NO2--N were the main form of
Rotated Component Matrix
1
2
SS
.999
4.602E-03
DO
-.996
-6.307E-03
nitrogenous pollutants in Songhua River. The major sources of
NO2
--N
.990
8.107E-02
these pollutants were soil erosion and nutrients losing with
NO3--N
.980
-9.721E-02
rain-off, which were caused by the improper cultivation in ag-
CODMn
.231
.920
riculture. More and more fertilizer and pesticides were used in
BOD
-.234
.916
于书霞等：松花江水质因子分析及动态变化
Component 1
BOD
CODMn
NO3--N
DO
SS
NO3--N
279
Factor score 2 for analysis
Vol.10 No.4
Component 2
Fig. 2
The Rotated Principal Component
Factor score 1 for analysis
Fig. 3
by factories, such as Jilin Chemical Industry Corporation.
Table 2 Rotated Component Matrix
These two sources were the main pollution source.
2.1.2
The Loading Plot of Component Scores
Components
high level period
1
2
3
.950
-8.869E-03
.115
-.943
-.151
-.275
The results of Factor Analysis in high-level period were
shown in table 2 and figure 4~5. For the first component, the
important indices which had positive value was DO (0.950),
DO
--N
NO2
had the highest load, -0.943.
CODMn
.750
-.326
-.399
The results showed that, in high level period, main index to
NO3--N
-.208
.976
-1.381E-02
determine water quality was DO. When the amount of DO was
SS
.194
.936
-.232
not sufficient, water would be in reducing condition, and then
BOD
.140
-.205
.924
while in negative axis, NO2
--N
NO2
--N
would be the main pollutants.
The second component demonstrated that, in high-level period, SS and NO3--N were another factors that influenced water
SS
quality, for SS and NO3--N had high load in the second com-
NO3--N
ponents, 0.936 and 0.976 respectively. It indicated that nitroghigh-level period. In this hydrological period, when water was
adequate, and there were certain delusion effects, NO2--N had
more effect on water quality than suspend solids and NO3--N.
DO
Component 3
enous source pollutants were still the main pollutants in
BOD
CODMn
NO2--N
The third component is necessary to demonstrate water quality
in this period, because the former two components hadn’t contained more than 85% of original information, and can’t substituted original indices. The third component mainly presented
BOD index, which has the highest load, 0.924, so biodegrada-
Fig. 4
The Rotated Principal Component
ble organic matters were another kind of pollutants in this hydrological period.
component axis, and had positive scores. It indicated that water
in these two sections had high level of dissolved oxygen, and
water quality had been slightly influenced by any involved
pollutants. Especially in Fengman section, water quality is better than any other sections. In Jiuzhan and Shaokou sections,
Factor score 2 for analysis
In the loading plot of component scores (Fig. 5), the two
sections, Fengman and Longtanqiao were located near the first
water quality was mainly influenced by organic chemicals,
especially biodegradable organic chemicals. In Hongqi section,
water had relative high NO2--N pollution load; In Songhua
Factor score 1 for analysis
Fig. 5
The Loading Plot of Component Scores
土壤与环境
280
Vol.10 No.4
village section, water quality was still influenced by suspended
Table 3 Rotated Component Matrix
solids and NO3--N.
2.1.3
Components
low-level period
The factor analysis in low-level period were shown in table 3
and figure 6~7. The main water quality indices that were char-
1
2
DO
-.984
.105
SS
.958
-7.586E-02
acterized by the first component were SS (0.958), NO3--N
NO3--N
.951
.126
(0.951), and DO (-0.984). It indicated that, in low level period,
BOD
.224
.944
water quality was determined by DO, which could take as a
NO2--N
-.413
.828
constrain factor, nitrogenous source pollutants and its carrier,
CODMn
-.279
.216
SS, were two important pollutants. The first component accounted for 59.3% of the total variation.
NO2--N
COD
The second component presented that, in low-level period,
biodegradable organic chemical was another important index.
BOD
Component 2
Mn
NO2--N also had relative high load, which indicated that water
quality in this period was affected by NO2--N to certain degree
and it was not as high as that in the other two hydrological peri-
DO
NO3--N
SS
ods.In the loading plot of component scores (Fig.7), it presented
that six sections were clearly classified into three categories.
Fengman and Longtanqiao were laid in third quadrant, and Absolute value of scores was small. Both had better water quality,
Fig. 6
for these two sections were both influenced by neither nitroge-
Component 1
The Rotated Principal Component
nous pollutants nor biodegradable organic chemicals. Jiuzhan,
Factor score 2 for analysis
Hongqi and Shaokou sections lied near the second component
axis and had relatively high scores. Biodegradable organic
chemicals and NO2--N mainly affected water in these three sections. In the loading plot, Songhua village section was near positive section of the first component and score was high, so water
quality in this section was mainly affected by NO3--N and SS.
In summary, the indices that influenced water quality in different hydrological period and different section were different.
In the three hydrological periods, water quality was mainly
Fig. 7
Factor score 1 for analysis
The Loading Plot of Component Scores
affected by suspended solids and nitrogenous source pollutants.
Songhua village section lies in the region where agriculture was
2.2 Source of pollutants
well developed and original vegetation had been destroyed, and
2.2.1
Nonpoint source pollution
soil erosion and nutrient losing in this area is serious. The ma-
From Factor Analysis results, in the watershed of Songhua
jor pollutants come from fields on both sides of this river sec-
River, nonpoint source pollution was an important source of
tion. Water in Jiuzhan and Shaokou was mainly polluted by
water pollution.
biodegradable chemical matter, discharged by industry of Jilin
Nonpoint source pollutants are recognized as the major con-
City, especially by Jilin Chemical Industrial Corporation; an-
tributors to surface and groundwater contamination worldwide,
other source was municipal domestic sewage. Indices that in-
30% to 50% of the earth’s surface is believed to be affected by
fluenced water quality in Hongqi section were varied in differ-
nonpoint source pollutants and at the same time, agriculture
ent period, level period had better conditions, and neither or-
remains, including pesticides are the single greatest contribute
ganic chemicals nor nitrogenous pollution was serious. In
of nonpoint source pollutants. Nonpoint source pollution has its
was the main pollutant. In low-level
own characteristics. They are broad areal extent, heavy pollu-
period, the main indices that influence water quality were bio-
tion load, difficult to monitor and control. The cause of the
--N
high-level period, NO2
--N.
degradable organic chemicals and NO2
In upper reaches,
human being imposed less influence on water quality in Fengman section.
aggravation of nonpoint source pollution were following:
①With the population growth, the pressure on environment
was increasing correspondingly. Some factors, for example,
于书霞等：松花江水质因子分析及动态变化
Vol.10 No.4
281
increasing land cultivation and inappropriate land use contrib-
Shaokou section was mainly affected by organic pollutants. It
uted to bring the degradation of ecosystem and caused the sta-
indicated that industry, especially large corporations still have
bility of the ecosystem decreasing seriously. The population in
fair influence on water quality
Jilin Province had constantly growth from 80s to 90s, took
3 Conclusions
1996 as an example, Changchun City and Jilin City, the two
Because of the important roles of Songhua River, water
biggest cities in Songhua River watershed, had high natural
quality and pollution status was always of concern, especially
population growth rates, 8.22‰ and 4.57‰ respectively. With
in 80s and early 90s. However, previous studies paid more
the constant and fast growth of population, the pressure on
attention on the source and sink, fate or ecological effects of
ecosystem was increasing. In this watershed, the proportion of
one or several main pollutants. The assessment of water quality
agriculture people was high, which led to the demand of more
also based on one or several separately indices. In this paper,
field and large area of forest, pasture and sloping field were
Factor Analysis method was used for comprehensively consid-
converted to cultivated field. The percentage of forest coverage
ering six indices of each control section and assessing dynam-
had been decreased. For example, in upper reaches, the per-
ics of water quality in different hydrological period.
centage of forest coverage was more than 60% in 60s, and now
The results showed that main pollutants in Songhua River,
it was only about 51.14%. On the other hand, the agriculture
has been changed from the heavy metal and toxic organic
cultivation in this area was extensive, which made the soil
chemicals in 80s and early 90s, which caused by point source
eroded seriously and soil fertility deceased sharply. The losing
pollution, to nitrogen source chemicals, which mainly caused
nutrient was important source of pollutants of Songhua River.
by nonpoint source pollution. The pollutants that influenced the
②Single-crop cultivation and the reliance on crops produc-
water quality seriously were nitrogenous source and suspended
tion made people increase the investment in agriculture. The
solid, which mainly come from agriculture cultivation, and
amount of utilized fertilizer and pesticides had continuously
urban runoff, i.e., nonpoint source. And it’s difficult control just
hm2
adapted the same means as in controlled point sources pollution,
was between 30 and 45 kg, however, in 1996, the average
for example, heavy metal or organic chemicals from sewage
increasing. In the 60s, the average amount of fertilizer per
amount reached to 591.6 kg per
hm2,
increased about 15.78
discharge.
folds, which far beyond the average amount of worldwide (94.5
kg per
hm2).
Based on the condition of the area studied, forest protection,
The type of the fertilizers generally used in this
innovations of agriculture cultivation, and improvement of
area was single and unchangeable, and nitrogenous fertilizer
storage ability of runoff in urban area, might be the most im-
had the highest proportion. According to the long-term agricul-
portant methods to control the nonpoint source pollution and
tural test stations, the average utilizing efficiency of fertilizer is
improve water quality of Songhua River.
27%~30%, about 60% of nitrogenous fertilizer was losing with
surface runoff. Except for the portion being cut-off by surface
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