DOCUMENT OVERVIEW Title: Fully Polarimetric Airborne SAR and ERS SAR Observations of Snow: Implications For Selection of ENVISAT ASAR Modes Journal: International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2003, Vol. 24, No. 19, 3839-3854 Authors: Tore Guneriussen and Harold Johnsen Prepared by: Joey Boggess Date: December 1, 2004 ABSTRACT: Over the past several decades snow cover has had a substantial impact on the processes involved in the interaction between atmosphere and surface, and studies have shown that the working knowledge of snow parameters are important in both climatologic studies as well as weather forecasting. The authors of this article utilized the launch of the Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) instruments on Envisat, to enhance their snow mapping capabilities. The authors then fully discuss polarimetric C- and L-band airborne SAR data, European Earth Resource Satellite (ERS) SAR and auxiliary data from various snow conditions in the mountainous areas and analyze them in order to determine the optimum ASAR modes for snow monitoring. The authors used seven different ASAR image modes in their studies, which had incidence angles that ranged from 15 - 45°, which are approximately the same variation as the Radarsat Standard beam mode data that is frequently used. With the modes in place the authors used their data and the theory of backscattering from snow cover to determine the optimum polarization and incidence angle combinations to successfully monitor the snow coverage of their point of interest. INTRODUCTION: Over the past several decades snow cover has had a substantial impact on the processes involved in the interaction between atmosphere and surface, and studies have shown that the working knowledge of snow parameters are important in both climatologic studies as well as weather forecasting. As in many areas of the United States, the mountainous areas in the whole of Northern Europe annual snowfall is a substantial portion of the overall precipitation recorded. In Norway alone approximately 50% of the country’s precipitation recorded in the mountainous areas falls as snow (Hanssen-Bauer, Førland, Haugen, and Tveito). As a result, knowledge of snow spatial distribution is an important issue for hydropower production and planning and flood predictions. During the past few years the understanding of the interaction between microwaves with snow and the ground, have improved dramatically, which have improved the capabilities to map the snow cover using the SAR instruments (Guneriussen and Johnsen). From my readings I have learned that SAR is actual a method of microwave remote sensing where the motion of the radar is used to improve the image resolution in the direction of the moving radar antenna. I also read that the SAR instruments can penetrate through clouds, haze, smoke, and vegetation. The active nature of SAR sensors means they can operate equally well in all lighting conditions, not requiring the smoothing normally necessary for optical imaging due to sun position or sun glint off reflective surfaces making this sensor perfect for this study. I believe the authors chose to use the SAR instruments solely because by using the SAR instruments they would be able to achieve very fine resolution from great distances while covering large areas of the Earth. Space-borne single parameter SAR such as ERS and Radarsat have demonstrated the capabilities of detecting the extent of wet snow cover in mountainous areas (Haefner et Page 1 of 7 al. Rott and Nagler, and Guneriussen). Several algorithms for deriving the extent of wet snow from single parameter SAR data have been proposed (Koskinen et al.). Imaging radar C- and X-band SAR (SIR –C/X-SAR) have demonstrated the capabilities of estimating the wetness of the top layer of the snow pack (Shi and Dozier), and promising results using C-band SAR data for Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) have been reported (Bernier and Fortin). The enhanced separation capabilities using multipolarization SAR instruments have been demonstrated by SIR-C/X shuttle mission data (Shi et al. and Matzler et al.) and airborne instruments (Guneriussen and Johnsen). Even with such advances the authors realized that the variation in scattering properties of ground and snow can give rise to larger variations in the image intensity. The variation in the image intensity can make the development of consistent repeated snow classification difficult. Image distortions are introduced by the relief of the mountains, which affect both the radiometry and the geometry of the radar images which in turn complicates the task of snow classification. The authors related the observed SAR data to the existing microwave signatures and used the signatures to enhance the classification accuracy. The SAR data had to be geocoded and recalibrated in order for the signatures to work. Using the geocoded SAR data the authors had to use a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to correct some of the relief distortions. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the growing understanding of the interaction between snow cover and microwaves. The authors used seven different ASAR image modes, which had incidence angles that ranged from 15 - 45°, which are approximately the same variation as the Radarsat Standard beam mode data frequently used. With the modes in place the authors used their data and the theory of backscattering from snow cover to determine the optimum polarization and incidence angle combinations to successfully monitor the snow coverage of their point of interest. STUDY AREA & DATA: The author’s study area and source of data came from the Norwegian part of the snow and ice experiment within the European Multi-sensor Airborne Campaign (EMAC’95) acquired in the Kongsfjellet area, located in Norway. The snow test field covered altitudes from approximately 400 meters to 1,100 meter and the size of the area was approximately 60 square kilometers (Guneriussen and Johnsen). The vegetation in the study area varied from sparsely forest peat land, forested area, to areas where the underlying rock was exposed. Data stemmed from the combination of three remote sensing and in situ campaigns that were conducted in 1995. Fully polarimetric C- and L-band SAR data was gathered from the ElectroMagnetic Institute SAR (EMISAR), which is an airborne instrument operated by the Danish Center for Remote Sensing (DCR). The data gather from the DCR was attained in the months of March, May and July of 1995. The in situ data included the snow density, snow grain size and snow liquid water content, which was acquired from several positions in range with 100 meter height intervals (see Figure 1). The field measurement sites and the corner reflectors were georeferenced using a global poisoning Page 2 of 7 system (GPS) with p-code, giving a localization error less than 10 meters. Additional data was also acquired from several ERS SAR, field and auxiliary data, and airborne photos (Guneriussen and Johnsen). The remote sensing data is available in Table 1. Table 1 EMAC’1995, Kongsfjellet, Norway Remote Sensing Data Emisar Date (1995) March 22 March 23 March 29 May 1 May 3 June 7 July 5 July 6 July 11 July 12 July 14 Time (UTC) Band 14:21 15:31 L 15:38 12:45 L C 12:12 08:40 L C ERS-1 Time Field Data Airphoto Xxx Xx Descending Xxx Xxx Descending Descending Xx Xxx Ascending Descending xxx Guneriussen and Johnsen Page 3 of 7 THEORY: The authors used the theory for backscattering from snow cover to guide their test results. The theory states that backscattering from a snow covered terrain depends on 1) sensor parameters which includes frequency, polarization and viewing geometry, and 2) snowpack and ground parameters which includes snow density, liquid water content, ice particle size and shape, surface roughness parameters, and stratification. Scattering from a snow cover is the sum of the scattering from the snow surface, the snow volume and the scattering from the underlying ground and is given by: σo (θ) = σoss (θ) + ψ (θ)2 [σosv(θ’) + σosg (θ’)L -2 (θ’)] where σoss (θ) = snow surface backscattering coefficient, ψ (θ)= transmissivity of the snow pack, σosv(θ’) = backscattering coefficient of the snow volume, σosg (θ’)= the backscattering coefficient of the underlying ground, and L(θ’) the one way propagation loss in the snow volume (Guneriussen, Johnsen, and Lauknes). RESULTS: The first of two results acquired focused on the backscattering angular dependency of snow and bare ground from ERS and EMISAR. Seven ASAR image modes that had incidence angles ranging from 15-45° were used because they are approximately the same variation as the Radarsat Standard beam mode. Using the optimum incidence angle for discrimination of snow is important (Guneriussen and Johnsen). The authors used statistical outputs to visually display their results as see in Figure 2. Figure 2 presents the EMISAR C-VV, July 6, mean backscattering coefficient with respect to the local incidence angle, probability distribution function (PDF) for local incidence angle and the PDF of the EMISAR backscattering coefficient for Area 1 and Area 2, both for wet snow and bare ground (Guneriussen and Johnsen). By reviewing their statistical outputs the authors noticed that the angular dependencies for the bare ground in Area 1 (local incidence angles ranging from 35-55º) and Area 2 (local incidence angles ranging from 45-65º) are very similar, but the values reported for Area 2 seem to be a little higher. The authors assume that the bare ground may be regarded a rough surface with small incidence angle dependency ranging from 35-65º. Furthermore, the test results show only small incidence angle variation were observed, which may be due to the fact that the surface was wet since precipitation measurements showed that it had rained nearly every day before the test was ran. The test results based on backscattering angular dependency of snow and bare ground from ERS and EMISAR showed the authors that at high incidence angles the EMISAR backscattering corresponded to volume scattering, while at low local incidence angles that data corresponded more with surface scattering. By referring to their data the authors assumed that the greatest distinction between the snow and bare ground was to be expected from SAR instruments with large incidence angles. Page 4 of 7 Figure 2. EMISAR C-VV statistics for Area 1 and Area2: (a) mean backscattering coefficient versus local incidence angle; (b) local incidence angle PDF; (c) backscattering PDF. The second set of results focused on the angular dependency of polarization features from snow and bare ground. The authors used the mean backscattering coefficient versus the local incidence angle for C- and L-band HH, VV, and HV polarization for the bare ground for July, May, and March, shown below in Figure 3. Figure 3. (a) March, (b) May, and (c) July data Page 5 of 7 The authors used their data to enhance the differences between VV and HH polarizations by increasing the incidence angles. The enhanced difference between VV and HH shown in the results were consistent with the theoretical results for the first-order solution of the radiative transfer equation for a randomly rough surface for which multiple scattering can be ignored (Fung). CONCLUSION: The authors concluded their study by analyzing the fully polarimetric L- and C-band SAR data, ERS SAR, in situ measurements of the snow properties and auxiliary data in their study area. The authors used both airborne and space-borne SAR data that they geometrically corrected by using DEMs. The conclusion was drawn that the best separation between wet snow and the ground was found using the C-band data. The authors discovered that the highest contrast between bare ground and wet snow was observed for high incidence angles compared to lower incidence angles in the EMISAR C-VV data. The authors concluded from their studies that when the snow properties changed the C-band proved to be more affected than the L-band in the month when the snow cover was wettest, noting that a decrease in backscattering was observed for all the polarizations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: Part of this work was carried out within SNOW TOOLS, an Environmental and Climate project funded by the Commission of the European Community Contract no. ENV4-CT96-0304, Norwegian research Council, ENFO, Statkraft and Norwegian Water and Energy administration (Guneriussen and Johnsen). Special thanks to Dr. Hongjie Xie of the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at the University of Texas at San Antonio for making Remote Sensing, ES 5053 a fun, challenging, and exciting course. Happy Holidays. Page 6 of 7 REFERENCES: BERNIER, M., and FORTIN, J-P., 1998, The Potential of Time Series of C-Band SAR Datato Monitor Dry and Shallow Snow Cover. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 36, 226–243. 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