Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
Ch 9TRUE/FALSE
1. Upon collision, car air bags fill up with nitrogen gas in less than 0.04 s due to the decomposition
of sodium azide.
ANS: T
REF: MC
OBJ: 9.1
LOC: GA3.04
2. Noble gases are composed of monatomic molecules since these molecules are polar.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 9.1
LOC: GA1.01
3. The braking system of a car must have a highly compressible substance, such as air, in the hose in
order to push the piston to apply the brakes.
ANS: F
REF: MC
OBJ: 9.1
LOC: GA3.03
4. Pressure can be defined as the force applied per unit area.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 9.2
5. To convert from kPa to atm, the unit factor is
ANS: T
REF: I
LOC: GA1.03
.
OBJ: 9.2
LOC: GA2.02
6. According to Boyle's law, the pressure on a gas is directly proportional to the volume of gas
provided, so that the temperature and the amount of gas remains constant.
ANS: F
REF: I
OBJ: 9.2
LOC: GA1.03
7. As you rise in altitude, the boiling point of pure water decreases due to the decrease in
atmospheric pressure.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 9.2
LOC: GA1.03
8. Hydrogen bubbles are the cause of a diving danger called "the bends," which occurs when divers
ascend too quickly to the surface.
ANS: F
REF: MC
OBJ: 9.3
LOC: GA3.04
9. You have been given an ideal gas with a volume of 5.2 L, a pressure of 101 kPa, and a
temperature of 352 K. The correctly manipulated formula to find the number of moles of the gas
is
ANS: F
.
REF: I
OBJ: 9.3
10. The acronym VOC stands for volatile organic carcinogens.
LOC: GA2.04
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
ANS: F
REF: C
OBJ: 9.5
LOC: GA2.01
11. The four main components of dry air at sea level in decreasing volume % are N2, O2, Ar, and
CO2.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 9.5
LOC: GA1.06
12. The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates by various microorganisms in the soil is
called denitrification.
ANS: F
REF: MC
OBJ: 9.5
LOC: GA3.01
13. Ground-level ozone is formed by the following process:
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 9.5
14. Catalytic converters in the exhaust system of cars reduce
LOC: GAV.03
to
and oxidize
to
.
ANS: T
REF: MC
OBJ: 9.5
LOC: GA3.04
15. To convert from the Celsius temperature scale to the Kelvin temperature scale, subtract 273 from
the Celsius reading.
ANS: F
REF: I
16. The conditions associated with STP are
ANS: F
REF: I
OBJ: 9.2
LOC: GA2.02
and P = 101.3 atm.
OBJ: 9.2
LOC: GA2.01
17. Car manufacturers recommend that you check and adjust the air in your car tires when the tires
are cold.
ANS: T
REF: MC
OBJ: 9.2
LOC: GA3.03
18. Modern airships, such as blimps, are filled with the noble gas Argon because of its non-reactivity
with oxygen and hydrogen gases.
ANS: F
REF: MC
OBJ: 9.3
LOC: GA3.03
19. In an ideal gas, gas particles do not attract one another.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 9.4
LOC: GA1.02
20. At absolute zero (0 K), the volume of an ideal gas will be 0 L.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 9.4
LOC: GA1.02
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
Ch 10 TRUE/FALSE
1. Any combination of units of pressure (kPa, atm, mm of Hg) can be used together to determine the
total pressure by using Dalton's law of partial pressures.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 10.1
LOC: GA1.04
2. The pressure of a gas is caused by the collisions of molecules with the walls of the container.
ANS: T
REF: K/U
OBJ: 10.1
LOC: GA1.04
3. When water is decomposed by electrolysis, equal volumes of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas are
produced.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 10.2
LOC: GA2.05
4. The molar volume of a gas at SATP is larger than the molar volume of the same gas at STP.
ANS: T
REF: I
OBJ: 10.2
LOC: GA2.01
5. Avogadro proposed that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an
equal number of molecules.
ANS: T
REF: I
OBJ: 10.2
LOC: GA2.01
6. More sulfuric acid is manufactured in North America than any other chemical.
ANS: T
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.2
LOC: GA3.01
7. UV rays are long wavelength and high energy forms of radiation.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
OBJ: 10.3
LOC: GA1.06
8. Canada has operated the World Ozone Atmospheric Data Centre since the 1950s.
ANS: T
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.3
LOC: GA3.02
OBJ: 10.3
LOC: GA1.06
9. The ozone layer is found in the mesosphere.
ANS: F
REF: K/U
10. Freon is the trade name of CFCs which were synthesized in the late 1890s to act as coolants.
ANS: F
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.3
LOC: GA3.04
OBJ: 10.3
LOC: GA3.01
11. CFCs are easily liquefied and are volatile.
ANS: T
REF: MC
12. The Montreal Protocol is a landmark international agreement designed to protect the ozone layer
by phasing out ozone-destroying substances.
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
ANS: T
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.3
LOC: GA3.01
13. Hydrofluoroether, C4F9OCH3, is a greenhouse gas that is toxic and dangerous to the ozone layer.
ANS: F
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.3
LOC: GA3.01
14. Hydrocarbons such as propane, isobutane, and cyclopentane are very efficient refrigerants.
ANS: T
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.3
LOC: GA3.01
15. When propane gas, C3H8, undergoes complete combustion, the sum of all the coefficients of this
reaction is 13.
ANS: T
REF: I
OBJ: 10.4
LOC: GA2.05
16. Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and weather forecasting.
ANS: T
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.5
LOC: GA3.04
17. One of the main data-gathering mechanisms for meteorologists is the use of hydrogen-filled
weather balloons.
ANS: F
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.5
LOC: GA3.04
18. Boyle's machine administers gaseous anaesthetics, such as nitrous oxide, but it cannot control the
breathing of a patient due to the reactivity of carbon dioxide, oxygen gas, and the different
anaesthetics used.
ANS: F
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.5
LOC: GA3.04
19. Accurate long-range weather predictions can be made after only determining the atmospheric
pressure in the region.
ANS: F
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.5
LOC: GA3.04
20. If the conditions of a gas are not standard (SATP or STP), then the volume of the gas is assumed
to be constant.
ANS: F
REF: I
OBJ: 10.4
LOC: GA2.05
Ch 9. COMPLETION
1. Solids have ____________________ shape and volume.
ANS: definite
LOC: GA1.01
REF: K/U
2. Any moving object has ____________________ energy.
OBJ: 9.1
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
ANS: kinetic
LOC: GA1.02
REF: K/U
OBJ: 9.1
3. Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is ____________________ proportional to the gas's
volume, assuming constant temperature and number of particles.
ANS: inversely
LOC: GA1.03
REF: K/U
OBJ: 9.2
4. Standard ambient pressure has been recently defined as exactly ____________________ kPa.
ANS: 100
LOC: GA1.03
REF: K/U
OBJ: 9.2
5. Evangelista Torricelli, in 1643, invented the ____________________ to measure atmospheric
pressure.
ANS: barometer
LOC: GA1.03
REF: K/U
OBJ: 9.2
6. Jacques Charles's law states that the ____________________ of a gas varies directly with the
absolute temperature if pressure and mass of a gas are constant.
ANS: volume
LOC: GA1.03
REF: K/U
OBJ: 9.2
7. If the pressure of a gas is reduced by half and the temperature is doubled, the new volume of the
gas will be ____________________ times ____________________.
ANS: four, larger
LOC: GA1.03
REF: K/U
OBJ: 9.2
8. ____________________ bubbles are the cause of a diving danger called "the bends."
ANS: Nitrogen
LOC: GA3.03
REF: MC
OBJ: 9.3
9. "The bends" can be avoided by ____________________ very slowly, or corrected by using a(n)
____________________ chamber.
ANS: ascending, decompression
LOC: GA3.03
REF: MC
OBJ: 9.3
10. An ideal gas is defined as a hypothetical gas composed of hypothetical particles that have
____________________ size, travel in ____________________ lines, and have no
____________________ to one another.
ANS: zero, straight, attraction
LOC: GA2.01
REF: C
OBJ: 9.4
11. The unit grams per litre, g/L, would be used to indicate the ____________________ of a gas.
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
ANS: density
LOC: GA2.01
REF: I
OBJ: 9.4
12. VOC is the acronym that stands for ____________________ organic compound.
ANS: volatile
LOC: GA3.04
REF: MC
OBJ: 9.5
13. A natural abiotic method of nitrogen fixing is by the action of ____________________.
ANS: lightning
LOC: GA3.01
REF: MC
OBJ: 9.5
14. Ozone damages plants by causing damage to ____________________, increasing susceptibility
to ____________________, and reducing ____________________ in sensitive crops.
ANS: foliage, diseases, yields
LOC: GA3.04
REF: MC
OBJ: 9.5
15. Ground-level ozone ____________________ rubber, thereby shortening the life span of the tires.
ANS: hardens
LOC: GA3.04
REF: MC
OBJ: 9.5
Ch. 10 COMPLETION
1. Dalton's law of partial pressure states that the total pressure of ____________________ gases is
equal to the ____________________ of the partial pressure of the individual gases.
ANS: nonreactive, sum
LOC: GA1.04
REF: K/U
OBJ: 10.1
2. The ____________________ of a gas is caused by the collisions of molecules with the walls of a
container.
ANS: pressure
LOC: GA1.04
REF: K/U
OBJ: 10.1
3. ____________________'s theory states that equal volumes of gases at the same
____________________ and pressure contain an equal number of molecules.
ANS: Avogadro, temperature
LOC: GA1.05
REF: K/U
OBJ: 10.2
4. At STP, 1 mol of an ideal gas would occupy approximately the same volume as
____________________ empty 2-L pop bottles.
ANS: 11
LOC: GA2.01
REF: C
OBJ: 10.2
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
5. UV radiation has enough energy to break ____________________ bonds which can result in
sunburn and lead to cataracts and skin ____________________.
ANS: covalent, cancer
LOC: GA3.04
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.3
6. The formation of ozone is a(n) ____________________ reaction and is responsible for the higher
temperature in the stratosphere.
ANS: exothermic
LOC: GA3.04
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.3
7. ____________________ is the trade name for chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs.
ANS: Freon
LOC: GA3.04
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.3
8. CFCs are readily ____________________, volatile, non-combustible, relatively
____________________, and non-toxic.
ANS: liquefied, inert
LOC: GA3.01
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.3
9. CFCs convert ozone molecules into ____________________ molecules in the stratosphere,
thereby forming the "hole" in the ozone layer.
ANS: oxygen
LOC: GA3.04
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.3
10. "Holes" in the ozone layer should actually be called ozone ____________________ because the
ozone molecules are not all destroyed, but merely have a lower density in these areas.
ANS: thinning
LOC: GA3.01
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.3
11. Canada continues its contribution to ozone protection through its ____________________
Observatory and the development of sophisticated ozone ____________________ instruments.
ANS: Arctic, measuring
LOC: GA3.02
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.3
12. The ____________________ process is used to manufacture ____________________ to be used
as a fertilizer from the reaction of ____________________ gas and hydrogen gas.
ANS: Haber, ammonia, nitrogen
LOC: GA3.04
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.4
13. ____________________ or breathing is the process by which oxygen gas and
____________________ gas are transported to and from the lungs.
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
ANS: Ventilation, carbon dioxide
LOC: GA3.04
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.5
14. A(n) ____________________ machine, such as Boyle's machine, controls the breathing of
patients and administers nitrous oxide to the patient during operations.
ANS: anaesthetic
LOC: GA3.04
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.5
15. ____________________ use sophisticated computer ____________________ to simulate
weather changes based on vast quantities of data collected around Earth.
ANS: Meteorologists, models
LOC: GA3.01
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.5
16. Canadian scientists have conducted extensive studies of the impact of increased UV radiation on
important species in ____________________ and forestry, and on ____________________ and
marine organisms.
ANS: agriculture, freshwater
LOC: GA3.02
REF: MC
OBJ: 10.3
Ch. 9 ESSAY
1. Describe and explain what happens to the pressure, volume, temperature, and number of
molecules of a gas when a balloon is being inflated and immediately after the balloon has burst.
Use the KMT in your response.
Time
Pressure
Volume
Temperature
Number of
Molecules
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
while inflating
immediately
after bursting
ANS:
Time
Pressure
Volume
Temperature
Number of
Molecules
while inflating
increases
increases
increases
increases
immediately
after bursting
decreases until
equal with
atmospheric
pressure
increases
decreases slightly
constant
Pressure is a measurement of the number of collisions on the sides of the walls. A greater number
of particles causes more collisions and, therefore, a greater pressure. Pressure decreases after
bursting to equalize with the atmospheric pressure.
The volume of gas increases due to a greater number of particles being added to the elastic
balloon. After bursting, the volume occupied by the gas increases because it is no longer being
held in a closed container.
Temperature increases while inflating because there are more collisions between particles and
walls. As P increases, so does T according to Gay Lussac’s law. Charles's law also states that as
volume increases, so does temperature. As the balloon bursts the temperature drops because there
is a drop in pressure. The drop in temperature is small due to the increased volume of the gas.
If more He is added, the number of molecules is increased. Molecules are not destroyed or added
when the balloon bursts, therefore, the number of molecules is constant.
REF:
K/U
OBJ: 9.2
LOC: GA1.03
2. Describe the characteristics of an ideal gas.
ANS:
-Ideal gases are unreactive with one another.
-Ideal gases have perfectly elastic collisions.
-Ideal gases move in straight line motion and randomly.
-Ideal gases do not liquefy at low temperatures or high pressures.
-Ideal gas particles are dimensionless points (no size/volume).
-V versus T and P versus T graphs are perfectly linear.
-No attraction between gas particles.
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
REF:
K/U
OBJ: 9.4
LOC: GA1.03
3. Determine the internal pressure required to make a kernel of corn “pop” to produce white, fluffy
popcorn.
A kernel of corn consists of water inside a hard shell and starch reserves. As the kernel is heated,
the water begins to boil. The volume remains constant until the internal pressure is greater than
the external force on the kernel. The starch expands and forms the white portion of the popcorn.
Assume the temperature is constant throughout and that the entire volume of the kernel is liquid
water.
Use the data collected in the chart below to help you answer the question. Provide a detailed
procedure that would match the data chart supplied. Provide your reasoning for the different steps
performed in your response.
Step
Result
1. mass of 25 kernels + weighing pan
10.58 g
2. mass of weighing pan
3.52 g
3. mass of 25 kernels
4. mass of 1 kernel
5. volume of H2O in graduated cylinder
35.6 mL
6. volume of H2O in graduated cylinder + 25 kernels
39.9 mL
7. volume of 25 kernels
8. volume of 1 kernel
9. mass of 25 unpopped kernels
10. mass of 25 popped kernels
6.35 g
11. mass of water in 25 kernels
12. mass of water in 1 kernel
13. temperature (assume constant)
100ºC
ANS:
3. mass of 25 kernels = #1 – #2 = 7.06 g
4. mass of 1 kernel =
= 0.282 g
7. volume of 25 kernels = #6 – #5 = 39.9 mL – 35.6 mL = 4.3 mL
8. volume of 1 kernel =
= 0.172 mL (assuming identical kernels)
9. same answer as #3
11. mass of water in 25 kernels = #9 – #10 = 0.71 g (mass loss due to water vapour leaving
container after popping)
12. mass of water in 1 kernel =
= 0.0284 g (assuming identical kernels)
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
Step
Result
1. mass of 25 kernels + weighing pan
10.58 g
2. mass of weighing pan
3.52 g
3. mass of 25 kernels
7.06 g
4. mass of 1 kernel
0.282 g
5. volume of H2O in graduated cylinder
35.6 mL
6. volume of H2O in graduated cylinder + 25 kernels
39.9 mL
7. volume of 25 kernels
4.3 mL
8. volume of 1 kernel
0.172
9. mass of 25 unpopped kernels
7.06 g
10. mass of 25 popped kernels
6.35 g
11. mass of water in 25 kernels
0.71 g
12. mass of water in 1 kernel
0.0284 g
13. temperature (assume constant)
100ºC
Convert the mass of water in 1 kernel into moles of H2O. (Water is 10% of total mass of kernel.)
Convert temperature to K:
T = 100ºC + 273 = 373 K
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
Mass of 25 kernels is determined due to the low mass of the individual kernels. Averages are used
throughout the procedure. Volume determined by water displacement. Kernels needed to be dried
before heating.
REF:
MC
OBJ: 9.4
LOC: GA3.04
4. You have been transported to another dimension where the value of absolute zero is different.
You must discover the new value with the same equipment that Lord Kelvin had at his disposal.
The following data was collected for an ideal gas that was cooled at constant pressure. Graph the
data and determine the new value for absolute zero value in this dimension. Determine the
freezing point of water and the boiling point of water on this new temperature scale. (Form the
name and unit of the new temperature scale.) Explain why this temperature is considered a
theoretical point only.
Pressure 1
Pressure 2
Pressure 3
T1
V1
T2
V2
T3
V3
0
50
0
200
0
300
100
100
100
400
100
600
–25
25
–25
150
–25
225
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
ANS:
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
–100 –80 –60 –40 –200 20 40 60 80 100 120
Legend:
P1
P2
P3
The volume would be zero when the temperature reaches –100ºC. The freezing point of water
would be 0 + 100 = 100 (in a unit that the student chooses). The boiling point would be 100 + 100
= 200 units. Absolute zero is a theoretical point because it assumes gases will behave ideally at
low temperatures. Gases condense (liquefy) at low temperatures. Molecules would have to
completely stop moving (cease all vibrational, rotational, and translational motion). Gas
molecules are not dimensionless points, therefore, their volume cannot be neglected in
calculations. When molecules are brought close together, they have a greater attraction and tend
to react to form crystals. (Hydrogen bonding in ice formation.)
REF:
I
OBJ: 9.2
LOC: GA2.02
5. You have, at your disposal, common laboratory equipment, the manometer shown below, and
your knowledge of gas laws. You are asked to equalize the pressure within the sphere and the
atmospheric pressure. Describe two different strategies that can be used to accomplish this
equalization. Explain each strategy using the KMT.
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
ANS:
Since the atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure of the gas, the pressure inside the
sphere must be increased. There is a direct relationship between the temperature of a gas and the
pressure exerted by the gas particles. As the particles gain more kinetic energy, the number of
collisions with the upper level of mercury in the U-tube increases. Use a hot-plate or a Bunsen
burner to heat up the gas in the sphere.
Pressure is a measurement of the force per unit area applied to the mercury in the U-tube. Another
variable that changes other than the temperature is the amount of molecules in the sphere.
Increasing the number of molecules increases the potential number of collisions with the mercury.
This, in turn, increases the pressure until it equalizes with the atmospheric pressure.
REF:
I
OBJ: 9.2
LOC: GA2.02
Ch. 10. ESSAY
1. You have been hired by Environment Canada to design a weather balloon. The following
parameters must be followed in your design:
-The balloon must be reusable.
-It must be able to communicate data while in orbit.
-It must be able to withstand temperatures ranging from –100ºC to 200ºC and pressures ranging
from 0.0005 atm to 4 atm.
-The design must allow a camera to be carried inside the balloon.
-It must be able to capture air samples at different altitudes and float up due to differences in gas
densities (no mechanical power for ascension).
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
Give a description of your balloon and how it will operate.
ANS:
-student must explain Charles’s law and Boyle’s law in response (i.e., as P increases V decreases,
and as T increases V increases)
-material must be transparent to hold camera within balloon
-gas used must be inert (He) and less dense than air
-strong enough to hold air samples
-made of elastic material with low porosity (expanding volume due to decrease in P, but without
losing He gas)
-method of returning balloon safely to ground so as not to break air samples
REF:
MC
OBJ: 10.5
LOC: GA3.04
2. Which has a greater mass: 1 mol of "dry air" or 1 mol of "damp air" (1% water), if both are at
STP? Justify your answer with sound scientific arguments and numerical data. Assume ideal gas
behaviour for all gases.
ANS:
Dry air would have a greater mass than damp air at STP. According to Avogadro, 1 mol of any
ideal gas at the same temperature and pressure will occupy the same volume and have the same
number of molecules (6.02  1023 molecules).
The composition of dry air is as follows: N2 = 78.09%, O2 = 20.94%, Ar = 0.93%, CO2 = 0.03%,
noble gases = 0.002%, and H2O = 0.0001%.
In damp air, water must be included in the total composition of the volume of air. In order to
maintain the statement that there is 1 mol of damp air and dry air, some of the particles in the dry
air must be replaced with H2O (to keep Avogadro's number constant). Since the composition of
dry air does not have a total percentage of particles that have a lower molar mass than water, the
particles that are displaced must be greater in molar mass than water (N2, O2, Ar, or CO2). The
total mass of the damp air would be reduced by the differences in the mass of the gases.
REF:
MC
OBJ: 10.2
LOC: GA3.04
3. Complete the crossword puzzle below by filling in the terms and names found in this unit.
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
Across
1 Pressure measurer turns on ammeter. (9)
3 An old ant startled English scientist who was partial to whole number ratios. (6)
4 Mature Peter can be measured by average kinetic energy of particles. (11)
5 Italian scientist not named after guacamole ingredient discovers large number. (8)
6 Point where things stop moving for definite loser. (8,4)
7 Perusers re-examine Pascal's unit. (8)
8 Hindenberg passengers got a real bang for their buck because of this substance. (8)
9 Mr. Costner took in Labour Leader for all positive temperature scale. (6)
10 Remote bar can change into atmospheric pressure sensor. (9)
11 Type of diet where you can eat nothing but tri-oxygen molecules. (5)
Down
2 Pa's theorem can be a breath of fresh air. (10)
ANS:
Chapter 9 & 10 Review & Practice
REF:
K/U
OBJ: 10.1
LOC: GA1.04
4. How and why does a hot-air balloon take off and stay aloft? Use the concept of density and the
ideal gas law in your response.
ANS:
A hot-air balloon rises because the density of the warm air inside the balloon is less than the
density of the air surrounding it. The more dense air will sink to the bottom and push the balloon
up into the air. From the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, and assuming equal pressure inside and outside
the balloon, the volume of the balloon will be determined by the change in temperature. As the
temperature goes up, the volume of the balloon goes up. Since density is equal to
, as the
denominator V increases, the density of the balloon decreases. The operator can remain aloft by
using the burner to heat the air in the balloon so that the density of the balloon is equal to the
surrounding air (thereby floating on air). To return the balloon to the ground, the operator will
cool the gases within the balloon and the balloon will sink until it reaches the ground or an area of
the air that has an equal density with the the air inside the balloon.
REF:
MC
OBJ: 10.5
LOC: GA3.04