Project AMP A. Barnes, Drake, Graham, Sharp, Dr. Antonio R. Quesada, Director Project AMP Lesson Title: Introduction to Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring Lesson Summary: This lesson will lead students through the steps needed to solve quadratic equations of type x 2 bx c 0 by factoring. Students will “warm up” by solving simple quadratic equations algebraically, graphically, and using the table feature of a graphing calculator. The lesson will then lead students step-by-step from solving a quadratic equation by graphing to solving one by factoring. The lesson will introduce students to quadratic equations of type x 2 bx c 0 . Key Words: quadratic equation, factoring, zeros, roots Background Knowledge: Students will have learned how to solve and graph linear equations. Students will have learned terminology, such as intercepts, roots, zeros. Students will have learned how to graph an equation on a graphing calculator. Students should be familiar with standard form of quadratic equations Ohio Grade Level Indicators: Patterns, Functions, and Algebra Grade 8, #12. Solve simple quadratic equations graphically; e.g., y = x2 – 16. Grade 9, #10: Solve quadratic equations with real roots by factoring, graphing, using the quadratic formula and with technology. Grade 10, #10: Solve real-world problems that can be modeled using linear, quadratic, exponential or square root functions. Learning Objective: To solve quadratic equations by factoring and to understand what the solutions represent in a problem situation. Materials: Student packet “Solving Quadratics by Factoring” and a graphing calculator. Pictures of real world parabolas (Samples appear on the last pages.) Procedure: 1. Show pictures of real world parabolas. Discuss how they model real world quadratic equations. Depth of discussion depends on class level and type. Pictures are at the bottom of the lesson plan page. 2. Review solving linear equations, as needed. 3. Break into small student groups. 4. Distribute the student packet. 5. Explain that the packet should lead the students to form some conclusions about how to solve quadratic equations by factoring. 6. Distribute graphing calculators as needed. 7. Walk around and monitor student progress. 8. Debrief the packet. Assessment(s): Student packet “Solving Quadratics by Factoring.” Quadratic equations will also be included on the unit quiz/test. Project AMP Dr. Antonio R. Quesada, Director Project AMP http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldengate/ http://www.carondelet.pvt.k12.ca.us/Family/Math/03210/page3.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam Project AMP Dr. Antonio R. Quesada, Director Project AMP http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/Phys/Class/vectors/u3l2a.html Project AMP Dr. Antonio R. Quesada, Director Project AMP Solving Quadratics by Factoring Based on our previous work, we know that we can find solutions to quadratic equations graphically by first setting the equation equal to zero and then finding the x-intercepts of the graph. Our goal for this investigation is to be able to solve quadratic equations by factoring. 1. Solve the following equation algebraically and check your solution graphically and using a table. a. x 2 8 17 Graphically Table X Y 0 0 0 b. x 2 16 33 Graphically Table X Y 0 0 0 c. x 2 11 47 Graphically Table X 0 Y 0 0 Project AMP Dr. Antonio R. Quesada, Director Project AMP 2. Do your solutions to each equation match for all three of your methods. Explain why or not. 3. Generalize and explain how your three solution methods are related to each other. 4. Solve the following quadratic equations algebraically. Check them by using one of the other two methods. You will need to enlarge your viewing window to check some of the graphs. a. x 2 49 _____________ b. x 2 20 _______________ c. x 2 14 50 ______________ 5. Solve the following using the given method. a. 10 x 2 2 x 5 __________ b. 8 2 x 2 6 x __________ c. 56 3x 2 8 __________ Solve by using a table. Solve by graphing. Solve using algebraic steps. When graphing a parabola, the points where the graph crosses the x-axis are called the zeroes, or roots, of the parabola. These are the points where y = 0. For example, to find the roots of the graph for y x 2 9 we could make y = 0 and use the graph. Try it. We could also set y = 0 and solve by using algebraic steps. Show work: 6. Now, find the roots for y x 2 2 x 15 using the graph. x = _______ and x = ________ What happens when we try to solve using the algebraic steps we’ve used in the past? Project AMP Dr. Antonio R. Quesada, Director Project AMP Recall that standard form for quadratic functions is y ax 2 bx c . We will have to use a new algebraic process to solve quadratics with a b-coefficient. One of the possible methods is called factoring the quadratic. This involves re-writing a quadratic equation in terms of its factors. Factors are terms or quantities that are multiplied. So, in order to understand factoring, we first need to review multiplication of algebraic terms or quantities using the distributive property (FOIL). 7. Multiply the following factors to rewrite the expression in standard form using the distributive property. Remember to combine the like terms after you multiply. a. (x 3)(x + 5) b. (x + 2)(x 6) c. (x 7)(x 3) d. (x + 4)(x 4) 8. What pattern do you notice in regard to the b-coefficient? Hint: It will involve a sum. 9. What pattern do you notice in regard to the constant c-value? Hint: It will involve a product. You should have noticed: The middle coefficient (b) is the sum of the two numbers in the factors. The constant term (c) is the product of the two numbers in the factors. 10. Now, let’s rewrite the following standard form expressions into their factored form. a. x 2 2 x 15 b. x 2 4 x 12 c. x 2 7 x 10 d. x 2 36 11. Let’s try some more factoring. Write the following in their factored form. a. x 2 x 6 b. x 2 9 x 18 c. x 2 6 x 8 d. x 2 64 e. x 2 4 x 21 f. x 2 6 x 9 g. x 2 16 x 64 h. x 2 x 30 12. Graph #11a, #11b, and #11e. Write down the roots from each graph. Explain how these roots are related to their factored forms. #11a roots: _________, #11b roots ________, and #11e roots _________ Explain: Project AMP Dr. Antonio R. Quesada, Director Project AMP 13. So, using your results from question #11 and 12, give the values of x that would make the expressions equal to zero. #11a x-values: ______________, #11b x-values ____________, and #11e x-values ____________ 14. Generalize your results from questions #11, #12, and #13. How are factors, roots, and zeroes related to each other? 15. By making the expressions equal to zero, we have formed equations. What is another term that we can use for these x-values that make the equation equal to zero? So how does factoring help us? Since we can write equations into factored form, we more easily find the roots or zeroes to help us solve equations. These are called the solutions to the quadratic equation. For example, let’s go back and solve x 2 2 x 15 0 using algebraic steps by factoring. If we rewrite x 2 2 x 15 0 into factored form we get (x 3)(x + 5) = 0. One solution to the equation is x = 3 because if we substitute 3 into the equation for x, we would get (3 3)(3 + 5) or (0)(8), which gives us 0. The other solution is x = 5 because if we substitute 5 into the equation for x, we would get (5 3)( 5 + 5) or (8)(0), which also gives us 0. So, the two values of x that would solve the equation are x = 3 and x = 5. We can of course verify this by looking at the graph and finding the zeroes. Factored form helps us to solve the equation. 16. Solve the following using factoring. a. x 2 4 x 12 = 0 . b. x 2 7 x 10 = 0 Show work. x = _______ and x = ________ Show work. x = ______ and x = _______ 17. Solve the following quadratics by factoring. First, rewrite the equations in factored form and then give the solutions to the equations. Remember that the equation must be set equal to zero before factoring. a. x 2 4 x 21 0 __________________ b. x 2 5 x 14 0 ____________________ c. x 2 5 x 6 0 __________________ d. x 2 2 x 27 3 ____________________ e. x 2 9 x 36 0 __________________ f. x 2 11x 28 2 ___________________ g. x 2 7 x 60 0 __________________ h. x 2 6 x 9 0 ____________________ Project AMP Dr. Antonio R. Quesada, Director Project AMP i. x 2 64 0 __________________ j. 3 x 2 27 0 ____________________ Now, we need to be able to write the equation from looking at the graph. We have been finding zeroes on our graphs and we have seen the connection between the solution to an equation and the graph. 18. Give the equation in factored form for each of the following quadratic graphs. a. ______________________________ b. ______________________________ c. ______________________________ d. ______________________________ Application Problems 19. The area of a rectangle is given by A x 2 18 x 72 . a. Use factoring to find an expression for the dimensions of the rectangle. b. If the area of the rectangle is 7 square feet, what are the possible values of x? c. What are the dimensions of the rectangle? Project AMP Dr. Antonio R. Quesada, Director Project AMP 20. Recall the area of a circle is given by A r 2 , where r is the radius of the circle. a. If a particular circle is given by A ( x 2 20 x 100) , find an expression for the radius of the circle. b. If the area of the circle is 16 square feet, what is the value of x? 21. The product of two consecutive odd integers is 1 less than four times their sum. Find the two integers. Hint: There will be two sets of solutions. 22. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 6 more than the shorter leg. The longer leg is three more than the shorter leg. Find the length of the shorter leg. Hint: Draw a right triangle and apply the Pythagorean Theorem. 23. List all definitions, properties, and methods that you learned or reviewed during this investigation. Project AMP Dr. Antonio R. Quesada, Director Project AMP Extension #1 Sketch a graph of a quadratic function that would not have any real number solutions and explain why there would not be any real number solutions. Extension #2 Two cars leave an intersection. One car travels north and the other car travels east. When the car traveling north had gone 24 miles, the distance between the cars was four miles more than three times the distance traveled by the car heading east. Find the distance between the cars at that time.