Figure 1. Standard Deviation of Log Household Income. US and Sweden. Estimates from
Income Distribution. Various Years 1913-2005
US :
1929-2005: estimated from quintile (plus top 5 per cent) shares of household money
income in Bureau of the Census (1975), p 301 and
http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/income/histinc/ie3.html
Shares are assumed to be allocated evenly within quintiles or sub-quintiles.
1913-29: estimated from income share of top 1 per cent of income recipients in Kuznets
(1953) p. 582. Kuznets estimate is available for 1913-1948. For the overlapping
observations in 1929-48 the estimated standard deviation of log income is regressed on
the Kuznets top 1 per cent share (r~.99). The pre 1929 estimates shown here are fitted
values from this regression.
Sweden:
1991-2004: estimated from decile (plus top 5 per cent) mean household incomes in
Sweden Central Bureau of Statistics (2006) p 14. All quintile or sub-quintile members are
assigned the group average income.
1975-1991: The above source gives Gini coefficient and top 10 per cent shares of the
household income distribution for 1975-2004 (p 18). These are used in regressions with
the post 1991 estimates of standard deviation of log income as the dependent variable.
Pre 1991 estimates here are the fitted values from this regression.
The US income concept is pre-tax but post-explicit transfers. The Swedish concept is
disposable income after both taxes and transfers.
Figure 2. Expected Life and Inequality of Life at Birth. Ten Countries. 1742-2002
A. Expected Years of Life at Birth
B. Standard Deviation of Log Years Lived. All Births
Countries[first decade with data]: DenmarK[1830], Finland[1750], Iceland[1830],
Norway[1840], Sweden[1750], England[1840], France[1800], Germany[1740],
NetherLands[1850], US[1850]
Figure 3. Expected Life and Inequality of Life at Year 5. Ten Countries. 1742-2002
A. Expected Years of Life. Survivors to Year 5
B. Standard Deviation of Log Years Lived. Survivors to Year 5
Countries: See Figure 2
Figure 4. Expected Life and Inequality of Life at Birth. Eight Countries. Europe and
Australasia. 1860-2002
A. Expected Life at Birth
B. Standard Deviation of Log Years Lived. All Births
Countries: TEN countries in Figure 2 and 3 (average) AUstralia, IReland, ITaly, New
Zealand, PorTugal, RUssia, SPain, SwitZerland
Figure 5. Expected Life and Inequality of Life at Birth. Five Countries. Latin America
and Asia. 1860-2002
A. Expected Life at Birth
B. Standard Deviation of Log Years Lived. All Births
Countries: TEN countries in Figure 2 and 3 (average) ARgentina, BRazil, CHile,
INdia, JApan
Figure 6. Expected Life and Inequality of Life at Year 5. Eight Countries. Europe and
Australasia. 1860-2002
A. Expected Years of Life. Survivors to Year 5
B. Standard Deviation of Log Years Lived. Survivors to Year 5
Countries: see Figure 4.
Figure 7. Expected Life and Inequality of Life at Year 5. Five Countries. Latin
America and Asia. 1860-2002
A. Expected Years of Life. Survivors to Year 5
B. Standard Deviation of Log Years Lived. Survivors to Year 5
Figure 8. Female to Male Life Expectancy Ratio at Birth. Mean and Standard Deviation.
Ten Countries. !750-2002.
A. Mean Ratio of Female to Male Years of Life at Birth
B. Standard Deviation of Ratio Across Countries
Note: Data are for the 10 countries in Figure 2. Panel A shows the mean across the
countries and Panel B. shows the standard deviation across the countries in the sample in
any year. There are 3 countries in the sample at 1750 and 10 from 1850 onward.
Country years affected by war are treated as missing observations and then interpolated
(see text).
Figure 9. Female to Male Life Expectancy Ratio. Post World War II Period. England,
France, Germany and US
Figure 10. Gender Mortality Differences by Stage of Life. Means. Ten Countries. 1750-2002
A. Male to Female Ratio. Probability of Death by Age 5
B. Male to Female Ratio. Probability of Death by Age 50 for 5 year olds
C. Female to Male Ratio. Years of Life Expected After age 50
Note: See note to Figure 2 for countries.
Figure 11. Life Expectancy in Russia/Soviet Union Relative to 18 OECD Countries. By Gender.
1897-2002
A. Ratio of Years of Life Expected at Birth. Russia/OECD, 1897-2002
B. Male/Female Years of Life Expected at 50. Russia Ratio/OECD Ratio. Since 1950.
Note: All series for Russia/Soviet Union are divided by corresponding average for 18 OECD
countries with data spanning the 20th century. These countries are the ten shown in the note to
Figure 2 plus Australia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland.