Name (last, first)_____________________________ Student #:___________________ 1
University of Toronto
Cognitive Neuroscience
Term Test 1 – July 13th, 2005
90 minutes
Section 1:
Section 2:
Section 3:
Section 4:
Multiple choice
Matching
Short Answer
Diagram
(21 points)
(14 points)
(59 points)
(6 points)
FORM A
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The most caudal lobe of the cerebral cortex is the ________ lobe.
frontal
temporal
occipital
parietal
2.
lobe.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The central sulcus is an anatomical landmark that separates the ________ lobe from the ________
3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Communication between the two hemispheres of the brain occurs mainly through the
basal ganglia.
cingulate gyrus.
corpus callosum.
limbic system.
temporal / frontal
frontal / parietal
parietal / occipital
occipital / temporal
4.
Following a focal brain injury, a patient shows great difficulty in discriminating tones that differ in
frequency. Which area of cortex is most likely affected?
a.
Superior temporal lobes.
b.
Inferior temporal lobes.
c.
Anterior parietal lobes.
d.
Posterior parietal lobes.
5.
Injury or disease involving the ________ may result in involuntary movements, tremors, loss of motor
control, and cognitive deficits.
a.
cingulate gyrus
b.
Heschel’s gyrus
c.
basal ganglia
d.
brainstem
6.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3D brain images are described on what three planes?
Axial, coronal, and sagittal
Inferior, superior and medial
Posterior, ventral, and dorsal
Top, side and, front
Name (last, first)_____________________________ Student #:___________________ 2
7.
The P3 ERP (Event-Related Potentials) component is associated with which of the following mental
process?
a.
Selective Attention
b.
Detection of physical deviance
c.
Detection of semantic deviance
d.
Memory of context updating
8.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Which of the following functional brain imaging techniques has the WORST temporal resolution?
EEG (Electroencephalography)
PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
ERP (Event-Related Potentials)
Single Cell Recordings
9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What is a good measure of premorbid IQ?
Visuo-spatial skill
Vocabulary
Number-letter sequences
Digit span
10.
a.
b.
c.
d.
The BOLD response relates to what brain imaging technique?
fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography)
MEG (Magnetoencephalography)
11.
In EEG (electroencephalography) recordings, certain patterns of waves are associated with particular
behavioural states. What wave pattern is associated with an awake and excited state?
a.
Alpha
b.
Alpha suppression
c.
Beta
d.
Delta
12.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Which functional brain imaging technique has the BEST spatial resolution?
ERP (Event-Related Potentials)
fMRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
TMS (Trans Magnetic Stimulation)
13.
In a typical structural Magnetic Resonance Imagining (MRI) scan, the oscillating magnetic field known
as the “pulse sequence” is tuned to which atoms?
a.
Creatine
b.
Oxygen
c.
Hydrogen
d.
H2O
14.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What brain imaging techniques allows you to see the structural integrity of the blood vessels?
Angiography
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
15.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What is a major cause of diffuse axonal injury?
Anoxia
Dementia
Hemorrhagic stroke
Traumatic brain injury
Name (last, first)_____________________________ Student #:___________________ 3
16.
As you are speaking with your friends, your face muscles are moving. Which motor pathway is primarily
contributing to your speaking ability?
a.
ventromedial pathway
b.
cortibulbar
c.
corticospinal
d.
rubrospinal
17.
a.
b.
c.
d.
In general, the cerebellum can be anatomically divided into:
vermis, caudate and lateral zone
vermis, intermediate zone and posterior zone
vermis, intermediate zone and lateral zone
vermis, dorsal zone and ventral zone
18.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
A patient in your office is showing an action tremor. Where is his damage likely to be located?
basal ganglia
cerebellum
primary motor cortex
cingulate cortex
parietal cortex
19.
a.
b.
c.
d.
What does the nigrostriatal bundle involve?
dopamine projections from substantia nigra to striatum
dopamine projections from striatum to substantia nigra
GABA projections from substantia nigra to striatum
serotonin projections from substantia nigra to striatum
20.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
What is akinesia?
another word for paralysis
slowness of movement
rhythmic, oscillating movements
involuntary undesired movements
the inability to initiate movement
21.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
What is bradykinesia?
another word for paralysis
slowness of movement
rhythmic, oscillating movements
involuntary undesired movements
the inability to initiate movement
Section 2 – Matching (Answer on the scantron sheet)
22-28. Match each term with the appropriate alternative:
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Reticular activating system C
A. homeostasis (motivated behaviours)
Medulla G
B. proprioception
Hypothalamus A
C. arousal and attention
Primary somatosensory cortex B
D. Heschl’s gyrus
Primary auditory cortex D
E. language
Association area E
F. perseveration
Frontal lobe F
G. cell bodies of cranial nerves
29-35. Match each term with the appropriate alternative:
29. Hippocampus C
A. interhemispheric commisure
30. Basal ganglia B
B. movement, posture, muscle tone
31. Thalamus D
C. memory formation
32. Corpus callosum A
D. sensory relay
33. Superior colliculi F
E. auditory info processing
34. Inferior colliculi E
F. visual info processing
35. Cerebellum G
G. coordination
Name (last, first)_____________________________ Student #:___________________ 4
Section 3 – Short Answer
Write your name and number on each sheet. Answer only in the space provided.
The value of each question is in parentheses next to the question.
[2]
1. Fritsch and Hitzig performed electrical stimulation studies on dogs and found that specific parts of the
cortex were associated with particular body movements. However, when Golts lesioned these parts of the dogs’
cortex, they were still able to move the parts of the body associated with particular parts of the cortex. How can
this be explained?
While the motor cortex stimulations can produce movements, motor cortex is not
necessary for the production of movement. Movement/motor functions can be
achieved by basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord in the absence of the motor
cortex.
[2]
2. What do we mean when we say that someone is a “strict localizationist”?
It means that this individual believes that a particular part of the cortex/brain has a
specific function and that the destruction of this part will abolish the behaviour.
[2]
3. What does it mean to say that cortical functional maps are plastic? Give one example of this
plasticity.
It means that cortical maps can change with experience. Examples: after a finger or a
limb is severed, the functional map will change. In monkeys if two fingers are sown
together, then the cortex will change and both fingers will be represented in one area.
If someone gets a lot of manual training (e.g., piano player) the cortex will change.
(any of these or similar examples is acceptable).
[3]
4. The three major parts of the telencephalon are:
a. cortex/neocortex
[4]
b. basal ganglia
c. limbic system
5. Distinguish between cytoarchitectonic and functional maps (2). Give an example of each (2).
Cytoarchitectonic maps are purely based on cell architecture (arrangements) (e.g.,
Broadmann’s map). Functional maps are based on functions of particular parts of the
cortex (e.g., Penfield’s map/homunculus).
[8]
6. In neuropsychological testing, explain what it means for a test to be sensitive and specific.
Name (last, first)_____________________________ Student #:___________________ 5
When assessing neuropsychological deficits, it is necessary that a test be sensitive
and specific.
Primarily, is a test sensitive to brain injury(2)? Sensitive tests are able to index an
impairment (2).
Neuropsychological tests must also be specific to a region of the brain that is injured,
specifically relating to an individual function (2). We don't want to simply know that
there is an impairment, but that the impairment is related to one function and not
another (2).
(An example of the crosses test may be used in explaining their answer, where hemineglect is demonstrated).
[12]
7. Define and describe electrophysiological and metabolic brain imaging techniques, using examples of
each. Explain advantages and drawbacks in terms of spatial and temporal resolutions.
Electrophysiological and metabolic brain imaging techniques measure
brain function, the activity of the living brain (2).
Electrophysiological methods directly measure neurophysiological
function though the electrical activity of the neurons (2). Metabolic
brain imaging techniques indirectly measure brain function and can be
described as correlational, relying on the subtractive technique to
measure brain function. Metabolic techniques measure blood flow,
glucose and/or oxygen levels in the brain, which is correlated with
electrical activity of the neurons; an active neuron needs
nutrients(2).
Examples of Each – (1 point for naming one electrophysiological ,
1point for metabolic, maximum)
Electrophysiological
Single cell recordings
EEG
ERP
MEG
Metabolic
PET
SPECT
fMRI
Electrophysiological brain imaging techniques have excellent temporal
resolution but poor spatial resolution. They are good at providing
information about WHEN things happen, but not where. (2)
Metabolic brain imaging techniques provide good spatial resolution but
poor temporal resolution. Good at showing WHERE, but not when. (2)
Name (last, first)_____________________________ Student #:___________________ 6
[6]
8. Describe the experiment that exemplified that the cerebellum is involved in new motor learning?
Intact subjects and cerebellar patients were throwing darts at a target. In the first
stage they were all more or less on target. Then they all put prism glasses on that
shifted their view. Initially, intact individuals and patients made a lot of errors.
However, with practice intact individuals reduced the number of errors (i.e., they
learned a new motor skill). Patients’ performance did not improve at all. See figure
below if necessary. (be flexible)
Name (last, first)_____________________________ Student #:___________________ 7
[5]
9. Describe the experiment that exemplified the existence of a motor program (4)? Where is program
thought to be located (1)?
Individuals were asked to say either short or long sentences (all sentences were well
rehearsed). If the sentences were short, the latency to start pronouncing them was
short. If they were longer then the latency was longer. This suggests that we prepare
a program of what is going to be done before it is done. (4 pts – be flexible here)
This program is thought to be located in the supplementary motor area (SMA) or
premotor area. (1 pt)
[2]
10. A patient in your office is showing weakness in his right hand. When you ask him to pick up a key
on the desk, his movements are imprecise. Where is his damage likely to be located?
LEFT (1 pt) PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX (1 pt)
[1]
11. Define apraxia.
inability to perform skilled, sequential, purposeful movement
[5]
12. A patient in your office has an abnormal posture (he is leaning to the left). What motor disorder is
he likely to have (1)? What are 4 other symptoms of this disorder (4)?
Parkinson’s disease (1 pt)
Any four of these: (4 pts)
1. Tremors at rest
Name (last, first)_____________________________ Student #:___________________ 8
2. Muscular rigidity – simultaneously increasing the muscle tone in both extensor and flexor
muscles.
3. Involuntary movements – akathesia –motor restlessness, ranging from a feeling of inner disquiet
to an inability to sit or lie quietly
4. Disorders of righting – difficulties in achieving a standing position
5. Disorders of locomotion – difficulty initiating stepping. Festination – tendency to engage in
behavior at faster and faster speeds.
6. Disturbances of speech – aprosodia
7. Akinesia – absence of movement (e.g., blank facial expressions, lack of blinking)
8. Bradykinesia – slowness of movement
(either the name of the deficit – e.g., akinesia – or a definition is acceptable – e.g., absence of movement
etc).
[7]
13. What disorder is exemplified in “The Possessed” (Oliver Sacks) (1)? In class we talked about the
typical progression of this disorder. Describe the stages in this disorder (5). Which brain area is likely to be
dysfunctional in this disorder (1)?
Tourette’s syndrome (1 pt)
1.Only multiple tics (twitches of the face, limbs or the whole body)(1 pt)
2.Inarticulate cries are added to multiple tics (1 pt)
3.Emission of articulate words with echolalia – repeating what others have said or
done – and coprolalia – uttering of obscene words – are added in this stage (2 pts)
Basal ganglia (1 pt)
Name (last, first)_____________________________ Student #:___________________ 9
Section 4 – Diagram
[6]
On the appropriate figure bellow, label each structure by clearly placing the corresponding number on
the appropriate structure:
1) Pons
2) Cingulate cortex
3) Central fissure
4) Corpus callosum
5) Lateral fissure
6) Primary motor cortex
Sections 1 & 2 (Multiple-Choice and Matching):
_______
Sections 3 & 4 (Short Answer & Diagram):
_______
Total:
_______%