VIII. Bleeding
Bleeding is the escape of blood from the arteries, capillaries or veins. Bleeding
occurs internally or externally. Uncontrolled bleeding, whether internal or external, is life
threatening.
Blood is made up of liquid (plasma) and solid components (white and red blood cells and
platelets).
Blood—
1. Transports oxygen, nutrients and wastes.
2. Protects against disease.
3. Maintains constant body temperature.
Blood Vessels
The three major types of blood vessels are—
1. Arteries
2. Capillaries
3. Veins
Blood in the arteries travels faster and under greater pressure. Blood in the arteries
pulses with each contraction of the heart. Bleeding that is severe enough to critically
reduce blood volume is life threatening because tissues will die from lack of oxygen.
External Bleeding
Arterial bleeding is rapid, spurts and is bright red in color.
Venous blood flows from the wound at a steady rate. The blood is dark red in color.
Capillary bleeding is usually slow because the vessels are small. Blood oozes from the
wound.
Signals of severe external bleeding include—
1. Blood spurting from the wound.
2. Bleeding that fails to stop after all measures have been taken to control it.
Care for External Bleeding
1. Apply direct pressure.
2. Elevating the injured area slows blood flow and helps clotting.
3. Apply a pressure bandage.
4. Apply pressure at a pressure point.
5. Call 9-1-1 or local emergency number personnel.
6. Continue to monitor the airway and breathing.
Internal Bleeding
Internal bleeding is the escape of blood from arteries, veins or capillaries into
spaces within the body. Severe internal bleeding can occur from injuries caused by blunt
force or a chronic medical condition. Internal bleeding can also occur when an object
penetrates the skin and damages internal structures. You should suspect internal bleeding
in any serious injury.
Signals include—
1. Soft tissues, such as those in the abdomen, that are tender, swollen or hard.
2. Anxiety or restlessness.
3. Rapid, weak pulse.
4. Rapid breathing, shortness of breath.
5. Skin that feels cool or moist and looks pale, ashen or bluish.
6. Bruising in the injured area.
7. Nausea and vomiting or coughing up blood.
8. Abdominal pain.
9. Excessive thirst.
10. A decreasing level of consciousness.
11. Severe headache.
Care for Internal Bleeding
If there is minor internal bleeding, such as bruising, apply ice.
If you suspect internal bleeding, call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number immediately.
Follow these general care steps:
1. Do no further harm.
2. Monitor breathing and consciousness.
3. Help the victim rest comfortably.
4. Keep the victim from getting chilled or overheated.
5. Reassure the victim.
6. Give any specific care needed.