Evaluation Of Current Techniques In Diagnoses Of Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Certification
Acknowledgment
Dedication
Abstract
List of tables
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Hypothesis
1.2
Aims and Objectives
1.3
Statement of problem
1.4
Limitation of study
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature review
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2.1
Pathogenesis of HIV infection
2.2
Epidemiology of HIV
2.3
Transmission of HIV infection
2.4
Viral replication of HIV
2.5
Symptoms of HIV infection
2.6
Life cycle of HIV
2.7
Facts about HIV/AIDS
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Materials and Method
3.1
Current diagnosis of HIV infection
3.2
Laboratory diagnosis
3.3
Radiomminoassay
3.4
Enzymes Linked immunosorbentassay Elisa
3.5
Western blot
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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
Results
5.0
Discussion and conclusion
References
Appendices
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes
acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) a condition that slowly destroys
the body Immune system and makes the body vulnerable to infections. The
virus is typically called Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) because it
destroys the Immune system of the individual which is responsible for
protecting the individual from disease. The immunodeficiency associated with,
HIV infection can be enormous, and it is the major cause of death, due to the
disfucntion of immune system. The problem with AIDS is , sits neurological
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dementia complex. HIV is a lentivirus, a subgroup of retrovirus. The family
of virus is known for lafency, persistent viremia, infection of the nervous
system and weak hot immune system. Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
is small ultra-microscopic organism that infect living things and uses them to
make copies of itself when one’s Immune system is damaged by HIV, AIDS
take place (Gallants, 1999).
HIV was first recognized in 1981 in Homosexual men in New York city.
In the united states the HIV is now known to have originated from
chimpanzees, transmission from chimps to human. Initially, there was
wild speculation about what might be the cause of AIDs, but in 1982, the
centre for disease control had convincing epidermological evidence that
AIDS was caused by a new infectious agents.
Dulbecco et-al (1983, located small quantities of the new virus named
Lymphademopalty virus (LAN) but enough to be used an antigenina blood test
which showed that AIDS patients were infected with the virus.
WHO,
(19097), responded that the number of patients living with AIDS has
escaculated, a figure of 9000 was confirmed by may 1997. In African AIDs
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was first responded in 1982. In Nigerian it was first responded in 1986, among
commercial sex workers in Lagos and calabar. In 2003 the seroprevalence has
been on the increase, despite the comprehensive and successful prevention
effort in many part of the would, 4. 1 million new HIV infection was expected
to have occurs In 2003 alone, which could have been contributed by an
estimated 9,020 to 10,000 infection per day.
Currently, the health problem in Nigerian considering reports from
various hospitals particularly, the tertiary hospitals, place AIDS infections in
Nigerian at a very serious state. the potential and propensity for widespread is
enormous and the debilitating and negative effect n the economy, the
population category affected the working class and the dependents which
constitute the penultimate individuals to the working class. HIV infections in
this direction and orientation should be healed as a national emergency in
Nigeria.
Meanwhile, Dr. Robert Gallo’s laboratory begin recovering a virus from
AIDS patient, and reported the finding in the science journal. A number of
these vinal isolated was introduced together into continuous cell cultures to see
if a strain of the virus could replicate in the cells one did replicates and Gallo’s
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named the virus HILV. III because of the resemblance to two human Tlymphotropic viruses. (Neser, 2001).
By 2004, it was shown that many esymtomatic people was infected with
virus and could transmits it and that the epidemic was far more extensive than
previously suspected. Blood test was generally available for routine testing to
donate blood. Thus markedly improving the safety of blood transfusion and
products prepared from pooled blood (peiperls, 1995)
1.1
Hypothesis
H.O: There is significant difference in the result of Westernblots (WB),
Enzymes Linked Immuno (Elisa) and Radiommuneoassay kit among HIV
carriers.
HI:
There is no significant difference in the result of Enzymes linked –
immurosorbentassay (Elise), Western blots (WB), and Radommunoasay kit
(RIA) among HIV carriers.
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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To evalulate the current techniques used in the diagnosis of Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
To help recommend the best and most reliable one essaying HIV
1.3
Statement of problems
The major problem with HIV/AIDs in developing would has been the
failure to set realistic priorities with respect to both research and control.
As clinical diagnosis fail to effectively by emphasis on the virus attack
is they are increasing case on HIV infection. Some specific techniques are use
for the diagnosis of the HIV infection.
1.4
Limitation of the study
this work is carried out in university of Nigeria Teaching hospital Enugu
(UNTH). There is lack of finance in the completion of the project work, lack
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of the project work, lack of the availability of time also reduce the period of
time used.
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