Word file - Association of Occupational and Environmental Clinics

advertisement
Health Hazards of Solvents
James E. Cone, MD, MPH
Karen Packard, RDH, MS
References














Aaserud O, Hommeren OJ, Tvedt B: Carbon disulfide exposure and neurotoxic
sequelae among viscose rayon workers. Am J Ind Med 1990; 18(1): 2537[Medline].
ACGIH: Threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 1999.
Altmann L, Neuhann HF, Kramer U: Neurobehavioral and neurophysiological
outcome of chronic low-level tetrachloroethene exposure measured in
neighborhoods of dry cleaning shops. Environ Res 1995 May; 69(2): 839[Medline].
Altmann L, Bottger A, Wiegand H: Neurophysiological and psychophysical
measurements reveal effects of acute low-level organic solvent exposure in
humans. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1990; 62(7): 493-9[Medline].
Barceloux DG, Bond GR, Krenzelok EP, Cooper H, Vale JA; American Academy
of Clinical Toxicology Ad Hoc Committee on the Treatment Guidelines for
Methanol Poisoning. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology practice
guidelines on the treatment of methanol poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol.
2002;40(4):415-46. Review.[Medline]
Arlien-Soborg P. Solvent neurotoxicity. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1992.
Astrand I: Uptake of solvents in the blood and tissues of man. A review. Scand J
Work Environ Health 1975 Dec; 1(4): 199-218[Medline].
Axelson O, Hogstedt C: The health effects of solvents. In: Zenz C, Dickerson OB,
Horvath EP (editors): Occupational Medicine, 3rd ed. Mosby, 1994.
Baker EL: A review of recent research on health effects of human occupational
exposure to organic solvents. A critical review. J Occup Med 1994;36:1079.
[Medline]
Barret L, Torch S, Usson Y: A morphometric evaluation of the effects of
trichloroethylene and dichloroacetylene on the rat mental nerve. Preliminary
results . Neurosci Lett 1991 Oct 14; 131(2): 141-44[Medline].
Bolla K, Roca R: Neuropsychiatric sequelae of occupational exposure to
neurotoxins. In: Bleeker ML. Occupational Neurology and Clinical
Neurotoxicology. Baltimore: 1994.
Brautbar N, Williams J Industrial solvents and liver toxicity: risk assessment, risk
factors and mechanisms. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2002 Oct;205(6):47991.[Medline]
Broadwell DK, Darcey DJ, Hudnell HK: Work-site clinical and neurobehavioral
assessment of solvent-exposed microelectronics workers Am J Ind Med 1995
May; 27(5): 677-98[Medline].
Callender TJ, Morrow L, Subramanian K: Three-dimensional brain metabolic
imaging in patients with toxic encephalopathy. Environ Res 1993 Feb; 60(2): 295319[Medline].


















Cassitto MG: Organic solvents and the nervous system. In: De Wolffe FA, ed.
Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Intoxications of the Nervous System, Part I. Vol
20. Elsevier Science. 1994.
Cavalleri A, Gobba F, Paltrinieri M: Perchloroethylene exposure can induce
colour vision loss . Neurosci Lett 1994 Sep 26; 179(1-2): 162-6[Medline].
Cherry N, Gautrin D: Neurotoxic effects of styrene: further evidence. Br J Ind
Med 1990 Jan; 47(1): 29-37[Medline].
Cone J. Health Hazards of Solvents. Occupational Medicine: State of the Art
Reviews 1986;1:69-87.[Medline]
Cone JE, Sult T. Acquired Intolerance to solvents following pesticide/solvent
exposure in a building: A new group of workers at risk for multiple chemical
sensitivities. Toxicology and Industrial Health 1992;8:29-39.[Medline]
Cone J, Shusterman DJ. Health effects of indoor odorants. Environ Health
Perspect. 1991 Nov;95:53-9.[Medline]
Corsi G, Maestrelli P, Picotti G: Chronic peripheral neuropathy in workers with
previous exposure to carbon disulphide. Br J Ind Med 1983 May; 40(2): 20911[Medline].
Dick RB: Neurobehavioral assessment of occupationally relevant solvents and
chemicals in humans. In: Chang LW, ed. Handbook of Neurotoxicology. New
York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1995.
Feldman RG, Lessell S: Neuroophthalmological aspects of trichloroethylene
intoxication. In: Brunette J, ed. Progress in Neuroophthalmology. Amsterdam:
1969.
Feldman RG, Niles C, Proctor SP: Blink reflex measurement of effects of
trichloroethylene exposure on the trigeminal nerve. Muscle Nerve 1992 Apr;
15(4): 490-5[Medline].
Feldman RG: Neurotoxic effects of trichloroethylene in drinking water. In:
Isaacson RL, Jensen KF, eds. The Vulnerable Brain and Environmental Risks.
Toxins in Air and Water. Vol 3. Plenum Press; 1994.
Feldman RG: Recognizing the chemically exposed person and approach to
diagnosis. In: Feldman RG, ed. Neurotoxicology. Lippincott Raven; 1999.
Fiedler N: Neuropsychological approaches for the detection and evaluation of
toxic symptoms. Environ Health Perspect 1996 Apr; 104 Suppl 2: 23945[Medline].
Filley CM, Heaton RK, Rosenberg NL: White matter dementia in chronic toluene
abuse . 1990 Mar 1990; 40(3 Pt 1): 532-4[Medline].
Fornazzari L, Wilkinson DA, Kapur BM: Cerebellar, cortical and functional
impairment in toluene abusers . Acta Neurol Scand 1983 Jun; 67(6): 31929[Medline].
Freed DM, Kandel E: Long-term occupational exposure and the diagnosis of
dementia. Neurotoxicology 1988 Fall; 9(3): 391-400[Medline].
Frumkin H: Multiple system atrophy following chronic carbon disulfide exposure.
Environ Health Perspect 1998 Sep; 106(9): 611-3[Medline].
Garnier R, Bedouin J, Pepin G: Coin-operated dry cleaning machines may be
responsible for acute tetrachloroethylene poisoning: report of 26 cases including
one death. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996; 34(2): 191-7[Medline].



















Gerr F: Health effects of occupational and environmental exposure to solvents. In:
Rom WN (editor): Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 3rd ed. LippincottRaven, 1997.
Gobba F, Galassi C, Imbriani M: Acquired dyschromatopsia among styreneexposed workers . J Occup Med 1991 Jul; 33(7): 761-5[Medline].
Gottfried MR, Graham DG, Morgan M: The morphology of carbon disulfide
neurotoxicity . Neurotoxicology 1985 Winter; 6(4): 89-96[Medline].
Graham DG, Amarnath V, Valentine WM: Pathogenetic studies of hexane and
carbon disulfide neurotoxicity . Crit Rev Toxicol 1995; 25(2): 91-112[Medline].
Gross JA, Haas ML, Swift TR: Ethylene oxide neurotoxicity: report of four cases
and review of the literature . Neurology 1979 Jul; 29(7): 978-83[Medline].
Herd PA, Martin HF: Effect of 1,1,1-trichloroethane on mitochondrial metabolism
. Biochem Pharmacol 1975 Jun 15; 24(11-12): 1179-85[Medline].
Hormes JT, Filley CM, Rosenberg NL: Neurologic sequelae of chronic solvent
vapor abuse . Neurology 1986 May; 36(5): 698-702[Medline].
Ikeda M: Public health problems of organic solvents . Toxicol Lett 1992 Dec; 6465: Spec No:191-201[Medline].
Iregren A: Effects on human performance from acute and chronic exposure to
organic solvents: a short review . Toxicology 1988 May; 49(2-3): 34958[Medline].
Johnson BL, Boyd J, Burg JR: Effects on the peripheral nervous system of
workers' exposure to carbon disulfide . Neurotoxicology 1983; 4(1): 5365[Medline].
Jones KR, Brautbar N. Reactive airway disease in patients with prolonged
exposure to industrial solvents. Tox and Ind Health 1997;13:743-750.
Juntunen J, Hernberg S, Eistola P: Exposure to industrial solvents and brain
atrophy. A retrospective study of pneumoencephalographic findings among 37
patients with exposure to industrial solvents . Eur Neurol 1980; 19(6): 36675[Medline].
Juntunen J: Neurotoxic syndromes and occupational exposure to solvents.
Environ Res 1993;60:98.[Medline]
Karai I, Sugimoto K, Goto S: A case comparison study of carbon disulfide
retinopathy and diabetic retinopathy using fluorescein fundus angiography Acta
Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1983 Dec; 61(6): 1074-86[Medline].
Katz EA, Cone JE. Health Hazards of Solvents. In: Bowler R, Cone JE, Eds.,
Occupational Medicine Secrets. Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus, 1999, pp. 3538.
Keane JR: Toluene optic neuropathy . Ann Neurol 1978 Oct; 4(4): 390[Medline].
Kuzuhara S, Kanazawa I, Nakanishi T: Ethylene oxide polyneuropathy .
Neurology 1983 Mar; 33(3): 377-80[Medline].
Kyrklund T, Kjellstrand P, Haglid KG: Lipid composition and fatty acid pattern
of the gerbil brain after exposure to perchloroethylene . Arch Toxicol 1987 Jul;
60(5): 397-400[Medline].
LaDou J: Approach to the diagnosis of the occupational illness. In: LaDou J, ed.
Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2nd ed. Lange; 1997.

















Landrigan PJ, Kominsky JR, Kominsky JR: Common-source community and
industrial exposure to trichloroethylene . Arch Environ Health 1987 Nov-Dec;
42(6): 327-32[Medline].
Lilis R, Lorimer WV, Diamond S: Neurotoxicity of styrene in production and
polymerization workers. Environ Res 1978 Feb; 15(1): 133-8[Medline].
Lipscomb JA, Fenster L, Wrensch M, Shusterman D, Swan S. Pregnancy
outcomes in women potentially exposed to occupational solvents and women
working in the electronics industry.J Occup Med. 1991 May;33(5):597604.[Medline]
Logue JN, Stroman RM, Reid D: Investigation of potential health effects
associated with well water chemical contamination in Londonderry Township,
Pennsylvania, USA . Arch Environ Health 1985 May-Jun; 40(3): 15560[Medline].
Longstreth WT: Central nervous system disorders, neurological and psychological
disorders. In: Rosenstock L, Cullen MR, eds. Textbook of Clinical, Occupational
and Environmental Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994.
Lundberg I et al: Organic solvents and related compounds. In: Rosenstock L,
Cullen MR (editors): Textbook of Clinical Occupational and Environmental
Medicine. Saunders, 1994.
Lundberg I, Lidén C: Industrial Solvents. In: Corn M (editor): Handbook of
Hazardous Materials. Academic Press, 1993.
Matsuoka M, Igisu H, Inoue N: Inhibition of creatine kinase activity by ethylene
oxide . Br J Ind Med 1990 Jan; 47(1): 44-7[Medline].
Mattia CJ, Adams JD Jr, Bondy SC: Free radical induction in the brain and liver
by products of toluene catabolism . Biochem Pharmacol 1993 Jul 6; 46(1): 10310[Medline].
McKenna MJ, DiStefano V: Carbon disulfide. I. The metabolism of inhaled
carbon disulfide in the rat . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1977 Aug; 202(2): 24552[Medline].
Melgaard B: Chronic toxic encephalopathy in styrene exposed workers. In: 3rd
Industrial and Environmental Neurology Congress. Prague: 1979.
Mergler D, Blain L: Assessing color vision loss among solvent-exposed workers.
Am J Ind Med 1987; 12(2): 195-203[Medline].
Mergler D, Bowler R, Cone J. Colour vision loss among disabled workers with
neuropsychological impairment. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 1990;12:669672.
Mergler D, Huel G, Bowler R: Visual dysfunction among former microelectronics
assembly workers . Arch Environ Health 1991 Nov-Dec; 46(6): 326-34[Medline].
Moslen MT, Reynolds ES, Szabo S: Enhancement of the metabolism and
hepatotoxicity of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene . Biochem Pharmacol
1977 Mar 1; 26(5): 369-75[Medline].
NIOSH: Current Intelligence Bulletin 48, Organic solvent neurotoxicity. US Dept
of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, CDC. 1987.
Patel JM, Harper C, Drew RT: The biotransformation of p-xylene to a toxic
aldehyde . Drug Metab Dispos 1978 Jul-Aug; 6(4): 368-74[Medline].

















Raitta C, Teir H, Tolonen M: Impaired color discrimination among viscose rayon
workers exposed to carbon disulfide . J Occup Med 1981 Mar; 23(3): 18992[Medline].
Rosen I, Haeger-Aronsen B, Rehnstrom S: Neurophysiological observations after
chronic styrene exposure . Scand J Work Environ Health 1978; 4 Suppl 2: 18494[Medline].
Rosenberg J, Cone J, Katz E: Solvents. In: LaDou J, ed. Occupational and
Environmental Medicine. 3rd ed. Lange; 2003.
Rosenberg NL: Neurotoxicity of organic solvents. In: Rosenberg NL, ed.
Occupational and Environmental Neurology. Butterworth Heinman; 1995.
Ruijten MW, Salle HJ, Verberk MM: Verification of effects on the nervous
system of low level occupational exposure to CS2 . Br J Ind Med 1993 Apr;
50(4): 301-7[Medline].
Ruijten MW, Hooisma J, Brons JT: Neurobehavioral effects of long-term
exposure to xylene and mixed organic solvents in shipyard spray painters
Neurotoxicology 1994 Fall; 15(3): 613-20[Medline].
Savic SM: Influence of carbon disulfide on the eye . Arch Environ Health 1967
Feb; 14(2): 325-6[Medline].
Schaumburg HH, Spencer PS: Environmental hydrocarbons produce degeneration
in cat hypothalamus and optic tract. Science 1978 Jan 13; 199(4325): 199200[Medline].
Schroder JM, Hoheneck M, Weis J: Ethylene oxide polyneuropathy: clinical
follow-up study with morphometric and electron microscopic findings in a sural
nerve biopsy . J Neurol 1985; 232(2): 83-90[Medline].
Seppalainen AM, Antti-Poika M: Time course of electrophysiological findings for
patients with solvent poisoning. A descriptive study . Scand J Work Environ
Health 1983 Feb; 9(1): 15-24[Medline].
Seppalainen AM, Laine A, Salmi T: Electroencephalographic findings during
experimental human exposure to m-xylene . Arch Environ Health 1991 Jan-Feb;
46(1): 16-24[Medline].
Seppalainen AM, Raitta C, Huuskonen MS: n-Hexane-induced changes in visual
evoked potentials and electroretinograms of industrial workers .
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1979 Oct; 47(4): 492-8[Medline].
Seppalainen AM, Husman K, Martenson C: Neurophysiological effects of longterm exposure to a mixture of organic solvents . Scand J Work Environ Health
1978 Dec; 4(4): 304-14[Medline].
Seppalainen AM: Neurotoxicity of styrene in occupational and experimental
exposure . Scand J Work Environ Health 1978; 4 Suppl 2: 181-3[Medline].
Seppalainen AM, Lindstrom K, Martelin T: Neurophysiological and
psychological picture of solvent poisoning . Am J Ind Med 1980; 1(1): 3142[Medline].
Seymour FK, Henry JA.Assessment and management of acute poisoning by
petroleum products. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2001 Nov;20(11):551-62.
Review.[Medline]
Shusterman D, Quinlan P, Lowengart R, Cone J. Methylene chloride intoxication
in a furniture refinisher: A comparison of exposure estimates utilizing workplace













air sampling and blood carboxyhemoglobin measurements. J Occup Med
1990;32:451-454. [Medline]
Snyder RS, Andrews LS: Toxic effects of solvents and vapors. In: Klassen’s
Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill; 1996.
So Y: Neurotoxicology. In: LaDou J, ed. Occupational and Environmental
Medicine. 2nd ed. Lange; 1997.
St Clair MB, Anthony DC, Wikstrand CJ: Neurofilament protein crosslinking in
gamma-diketone neuropathy: in vitro and in vivo studies using the seaworm
myxicola infundibulum . Neurotoxicology 1989; 10(4): 743-56[Medline].
Stanosz S, Kuligowski D, Pieleszek A: Concentration of dopamine in plasma,
activity of dopamine beta-hydroxylase in serum and urinary excretion of free
catecholamines and vanillylmandelic acid in women chronically exposed to
carbon disulphide . Int J Occup Med Environ Health 1994; 7(3): 25761[Medline].
Stengel B. Organic solvent exposure may increase risk of GN. Int J Epi
1995;24:427-434.
Sugimoto K, Goto S, Kanda S: Studies on angiopathy due to carbon disulfide.
Retinopathy and index of exposure dosages . Scand J Work Environ Health 1978
Jun; 4(2): 151-8[Medline].
Urban P, Lukas E: Visual evoked potentials in rotogravure printers exposed to
toluene . Br J Ind Med 1990 Dec; 47(12): 819-23[Medline].
Vrca A, Bozicevic D, Karacic V: Visual evoked potentials in individuals exposed
to long-term low concentrations of toluene . Arch Toxicol 1995; 69(5): 33740[Medline].
Wegman DH, Levy BS, Halperin WE: Recognizing occupational disease. In:
Levy BS, Wegman DH, eds. Occupational Health. 3rd ed. Little Brown &
Company; 1994.
White RF, Proctor SP: Clinico-neuropsychological assessment methods in
behavioral neurotoxicology. In: Chang L, ed. Neurotoxicology: Approaches and
Methods. Academic Press; 1995.
Williams JM, Howe NR: Benzyl alcohol attenuates the pain of lidocaine
injections and prolongs anesthesia . J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1994 Nov; 20(11):
730-3[Medline].
Windham GC, Shusterman D, Swan SH, Fenster L, Eskenazi B. Exposure to
organic solvents and adverse pregnancy outcome. Am J Ind Med. 1991;20(2):24159. [Medline]
Xiao JQ, Levin SM. The diagnosis and management of solvent-related disorders.
Am J Ind Med 2000;37:44-61. [Medline]
Download