Intro to Nano-Slide Deck (Lizzie Hager
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NANO 101: EXPLORING THE NANOWORLD Lizzie Hager-Barnard, Lawrence Hall of Science Topics What is nano? How do properties change at the nanoscale? Are nano products safe? What are some careers related to nanotechnology? Intro to Nano http://www.nisenet.org/catalog/media/intro_nano_video How Small is Nano? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog/media/how_small_nano_video What is Nanotechnology? Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at unprecedentedly small scales to create new or improved products that can be used in a wide variety of ways. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind12/pdf/c07.pdf Nanotechnology: Small, Different, New Key ideas: 1. The nanometer is extremely small. 2. At the nanometer scale, materials may behave differently. 3. We can harness this new behavior to make new technologies. Why Nano Education? Drawbacks Not inherently interesting (compared to dinosaurs!) Below visible threshold, younger kids have problems visualizing Unexpected properties Advantages Fun! Breaks down disciplinary boundaries Cutting-edge Relevant to future jobs and careers Nano Not Widely Understood National Science Board's Science and Engineering Indicators 2012 “24% of Americans report having heard ‘a lot’ or ‘some’ about nanotechnology, up four percentage points from 2008 and 2006” “44% of Americans report having heard ‘nothing at all’ about nanotechnology” Americans remain largely unfamiliar with nanotechnology, despite increased funding and a growing numbers of products on the market that use nanotechnology. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind12/pdf/c07.pdf An Interdisciplinary Endeavor Chemistry Biology Physics Engineering Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Medicine Biotechnology Materials Science Information Technology What is Nano? How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog How Big is a Nanometer? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog How Big is a Nanometer? In the time it takes to read this sentence, your fingernails will have grown approximately one nanometer (1 nm). www.starling-fitness.com How Big is a Nanometer? If you could paint a teaspoon of paint one nanometer thick, how much area would it cover? ? Joon Han and Justin Smith / Wikimedia Commons How Big is a Nanometer? If you could paint a teaspoon of paint one nanometer thick, how much area would it cover? Joon Han, Justin Smith, Kbh3rd, The Anomebot, Pete Markham / Wikimedia Commons How Big is a Nanometer? To cover a football field with a 1nm thick layer of paint, you would need just 1 teaspoon of paint! Joon Han and Justin Smith / Wikimedia Commons How Big is a Nanometer? Sugar cubes How many sugar molecules in a sugar cube? What do we need to know (estimate)? Sugar cube = (1 cm)3 1 sugar molecule = (1 nm)3 \ 1021 sugar molecules in a sugar cube Biswarup Ganguly / Wikimedia Commons Activity: Measure Yourself http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Did Scientists “Create” Nano? No, it was already in nature! centimeters to micrometers micrometers http://www.nisenet.org/catalog nanometers Did Scientists “Create” Nano? No, it was already in nature! centimeters to micrometers micrometers http://www.nisenet.org/catalog nanometers Smallness Leads to New Properties Sometimes gravity loses! http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Smallness Leads to New Properties Surface area is really important! http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Surface Areas at the Nanoscale 1 cm cubes 1 mm cubes 1 nm cubes http://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/special How Surface Area Scales (Changes) For a fixed total volume, decreasing the radius by a factor of two doubles the surface Crushing a 1cm particle into nano particles increases the surface area thousands of times! 33 How Surface Area Scales (Changes) 1 nm particles 1010 m2 1 micron particles 107 m2 1 cm particles 103 m2 nano 34 Smallness Leads to New Properties Bulk Aluminum Nano Aluminum Reactivity Melting point Strength Conductivity Color Bulk Gold Nano Gold http://www.carterrecycling.com/myimages/aluminum_cans.jpg http://healthewoman.org/2008/11/11/how-healthy-is-your-workplace/ http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/nanolab/gold/images/goldp6.jpg http://texasenterprise.org/article/warren-buffet-and-new-calculus-gold Nano and Me - Aluminum http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Stained Glass: Size Matters Gold particles http://www.cas.muohio.edu/nanotech/education/k_12.html http://www.horiba.com/scientific/ Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007 Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007 Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter Controlling the Quantum World: The Science of Atoms, Molecules, and Photons, 2007 Stained Glass: Size and Shape Matter Particle shape also affects the color! http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Native_gold_nuggets.jpg http://www.cat.gov.in/technology/laser/lpas/pps.html Activity: Nano Fabric and Magic Sand http://www.nisenet.org/catalog http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/product/magic-sand Activity: Nano Fabric air water nano-roughened surface http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Zoom into a Lotus Leaf http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Activity: Nano Sunblock http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Some sunscreen use chemicals Other sunscreens use zinc oxide vitaderminstitute.com/ Sunscreens vs Sunblocks, Continued How could sunscreen and sunblock work? Sunscreen/Sunblock Skin Absorption Sunscreen/Sunblock Sunscreen/Sunblock Skin Skin Reflection Transmission 46 Sunscreens vs Sunblocks, Continued How could sunscreen and sunblock work? Sunscreen/Sunblock Skin Absorption Sunscreen/Sunblock Skin Reflection Sunscreens and sunblocks both usually work through absorption of UV rays 47 Sunblocks are better because they absorb more of the UV rays Sunscreen/Sunblock Skin Transmission Inorganic Sunblocks Absorb UV Better ideal UVB UVA visible 48 Nano Sunblock Traditional zinc oxide sun blocks are very visible vitaderminstitute.com/ Modern zinc oxide sun blocks are fairly invisible after application http://www.tackletour.com/reviewbluelizard.html Nano Sunblock Same black:white ratio Can see larger white circles much better http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Nano Sunblock Particles need to be really small to be less noticeable! Nano ZnO and TiO2 Reflect Less Light UVB UVA visible ideal 52 Similar to Halftone Printing http://desktoppub.about.com/od/scanninggraphics/ss/color_to_bw_6.htm Activity: Gummy Capsules When the liquid droplets come into contact with the salt water, a chemical reaction takes place and creates a polymer. http://www.nisenet.org/catalog What’s a Polymer? Polymers are made up of many many molecules all strung together to form really long chains (and sometimes more complicated structures, too). Examples of polymers Where do you find polymers? http://pslc.ws/macrog/kidsmac/index.htm Activity: Graphene http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Forms of Carbon Diamond Graphite Diamond Graphite Graphene Nanotube Buckyball Phase can be really important! Structure/bonding really affect properties • Diamond is one of the hardest materials • Graphite is soft and slippery; it’s a good lubricant http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Diamond_and_graphite2.jpg http://www.intechopen.com/source/html/16991/media/image2.png Activity: Mitten Challenge http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Why We Need “Special” Microscopes Can you see nanoscale objects with a regular optical microscope? Let’s say that the smallest object you can resolve with your eyes is about 0.1 – 0.2 mm which is 100,000 – 200,000 nm With a 100x objective, you should be able to resolve objects that are 1000 – 2000 nm So, with a 1000x objective, we should be able to resolve objects that are 100 – 200nm, right? Why We Need “Special” Microscopes Can you see nanoscale objects with a regular optical microscope? 100 nm particle Particles on the nanoscale interact differently with light! http://www.yorktech.com/science/craig/PHS/Graphics/EM_spectrum.jpg Diffraction Limit Diffraction Model Affects characterization techniques Also important for photolithography http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/wave-interference http://cnx.org/content/m25448/latest/graphics1.jpg Types of “Special” Microscopes Optical microscope Scanning electron microscope Transmission electron microscope http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope http://itg.beckman.illinois.edu/microscopy_suite/equipment/TEM/ Types of “Special” Microscopes Scanning electron microscope Transmission electron microscope http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/science-facilities/analytical-imaging/imaging/high-resolution-sem/ultra-plus/examples/index.html http://www.princeton.edu/~cml/html/research/templated_ceramics.html Activity: Special Microscopes http://www.nisenet.org/catalog A Boy And His Atom: The World's Smallest Movie http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSCX78-8-q0 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) http://virtual.itg.uiuc.edu/training/AFM_tutorial/ Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Images of a fibroblast cell from an optical microscope (using fluorescence) and an atomic force microscope http://www.nisenet.org/catalog/programs/exploring_tools_-_special_microscopes_nanodays_08_09_10_11 http://www.asylumresearch.com/Gallery What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure roughness http://www.asylumresearch.com/Gallery What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure roughness Measure electrical/chemical properties Müller et al. Nature Chemical Biology 2009 Müller and Dufrêne Nature Nanotechnology 2008 What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure roughness Measure electrical/chemical properties Measure material properties (elasticity, strength) (i) cancer cell (ii) normal cell Cross Nature 2007 What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure all cells roughness Measure electrical/chemical properties material properties (elasticity, strength) cancer cells Measure normal cells Cross Nature 2007 What Can You Do with SPM? Measure surface topography (“hills”, “valleys”) Measure roughness Measure electrical/chemical properties Measure material properties (elasticity, strength) Move atoms! http://www.thenanoage.com/visualization-manipulation.htm Silver: Great Idea! Used to prevent spoilage throughout history 1800’s: silver used for ulcers 1920’s: used in wound management Multiple studies found it prevents and inhibits the growth of bacteria Nano Silver Products http://www.samsung.com/, http://www.conair.com/, http://www.diabeticsocks4less.com/diabeticcare, http://mrsec.wisc.edu/ Silver: Always a Good Idea? Overdose of macro silver causes Argyria Inhibits “good bacteria” Prevents photosynthesis in algae Toxicity of nano silver still unknown http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyria Wonders and Worries of Nano http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Consumer Products with Nano Any technology has risks and benefits Who should make decisions about whether to use certain nanotechnologies? Should doctors use nanosilver catheters to prevent infections? What about using a nanosilver washing machine? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Would you use a dangerous technology? Gasoline can be dangerous, too! To make gas safer, there are regulations for producing, transporting and using it safely How can we think ahead so we reduce the risks associate with new nanotechnologies? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Applications of Nanotechnology Nanotechnology could change how we create, transmit, store, and use energy Examples: super-efficient batteries, lowresistance transmission lines, cheaper solar cells New flexible, thin film solar cells are easier to produce and install, use less material, and are cheaper to make http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Nanofiltration for Clean Water In many places, people do not have access to clean water Nanofiltration systems are a promising solution to this problem http://www.nisenet.org/catalog Nanofiltration for Clean Water http://www.lifesaversystems.com/press-media/videos Nanofiltration for Clean Water http://www.lifesaversystems.com An Interdisciplinary Endeavor Engineering Physics Chemistry Medicine Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Materials Science Biotechnology Biology Information Technology Do You Love Nano, Too? http://www.nisenet.org/catalog
