RESEARCH METHODOLOGY EDU 702
INSTITUTE OF MARA TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
By: Nurawaheeda Binti Mohamad Ismail
2012369491
SAMPLE OF RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
How many students learning Experiential English 1 get
A’s in the first semester?
2. What percentage of students who failed the previous
English test?
3. In general, are the any significant difference between the
general English Competency of the students in Science
Stream and Art Stream?
If you ask yourselves this type of questions that requires
the answers to be represented in numeric or numbers,
then you are conducting a
1.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
DEFINITION:- The NUMERICAL REPRESENTATION
and manipulation of observations for the
purpose of describing and explaining the
phenomena that those observation reflect.
It is used in a wide variety of natural and
social sciences including physics, biology,
psychology, sociology and geology
( Wikipedia Encyclopedia, 2005)
 Cohen (1980), QR is defined as social
research that employs empirical methods
and empirical statements.
 Creswell (1994) defined QR as a type of
research that is explaining phenomena by
collecting NUMERAL DATA that are
analyzed using MATHEMATICALLY based
method – STATISTICS.
TYPES QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
SURVEY RESEARCH
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH
Experiments – characterized by random
assignment of subjects to experimental
conditions and the use of experimental
controls .
Experimental research is unique in that it
is the only type of research that directly
attempts to influence a particular variable,
and it is the only type that, when used
properly, can really test hypotheses about
cause-and-effect relationships.
QUASI – EXPERIMENTS :Share almost the same features of
experimental designs except that
they involved non – randomized
assignment of subjects to
experimental conditions.
Quoted from week 3 Presentation (Dr. Teoh)
RANDOMIZATION
 Random assignment is an important
ingredient in the best kinds of experiments.
 It means that every individual who is
participating in the experiment has an equal
chance of being assigned to any of the
experimental or control conditions that are
being compared.

Quoted from week 3 Presentation (Dr. Teoh)
SURVEYS :cross-sectional and longitudinal
studies using questionnaires or
interviews for data collection
with the intent of estimating
the characteristics of a large
population of interest based on
a smaller sample from that
population.
TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH
• Data are collected
at one point in time
CROSS
from a sample
SECTIONAL
selected
to
SURVEYS
represent a larger
population
LONGITUDINAL
SURVEYS
• Information collected at
different points in order
to study changes over
time.
• i.e:
• Trend studies
• Cohort studies
• Panel studies
• a type of research done to determine
relationships among two or more variables
and to explore their implications for cause
and effect.
Correlational
Research :-
• Can help us make more intelligent
predictions.
• Requires no manipulation or intervention on
the part of the researcher other than
administering the instrument (s) necessary
to collect the data desired.
• A type of research intended to determine
the cause for or the consequences of
differences between groups of people.
Causal –
Comparison
Research
• Interpretations of causal- comparison
research are limited, therefore, because
the researcher cannot say conclusively
whether particular factor is a cause or a
result of behaviour(s) observed.
• In other words, though researcher might
face difficulties in interpreting findings,
it allows the researcher to look into the
possible causes of observed variations.
WHEN TO USE QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH?
 i-When we want a quantitative answers – number based. For
example :
 a.How many teachers in ESL classroom prefer to teach grammar as
a separate lesson?
 b.What is the percentage of the ESL students who registered for
Art Course this semester?
 ii.To conduct audience segmentation . It is done by dividing
population into groups whose members are similar to each other
and distinct from other groups. It is also useful to estimate the size
of an audience segment as a follow-up step to a qualitative study to
quantify and verify results / data obtained in a qualitative study.
 iii.To quantify opinions, attitudes and behaviours
and find out how the whole population feels
about certain issues.
i.e- to measure consumer attitudes regarding am
issue prior to a campaign.
iv.To explain some phenomena.
i.e:- to explain and quantify on learning habits,
motivation, attitude etc.
 v.To explain and test hypothesis.
i.e:- to verify relationship between students
achievement and their self-esteem and social
background.
WHEN NOT TO USE QUANTITATIVE
METHODS?
 To explore a problem or concept in depth –
more explanation.
 To develop hypothesis and theories
 If issues to be studied are complex and
expected variables may emerge.
 To study on meaning of events or
circumstances.
ADVANTAGES OF
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Provides estimates of population at large
Indicates the extensiveness of attitudes held by people
Provides results which can be condensed to statistics
Allows for statistical comparison between various group
Has precision, is definitive and standardized
Measures level of occurance,
actions, etc
Answer questions – how many? etc
COMMON APPROACHES TO
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Surveys
Question
naires
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Omnibus
surveys
mail
Custom
surveys
COMPARISON OF QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH ( CRESSWELL:1994)
QUALITATIVE
QUESTIONS
QUANTITATIVE
1. What is the nature of
reality?
1. Reality is objectives and
singular apart from the
researcher.
1.Reality is subjective and
multiple as seen by
participations in a study.
2.What is the
relationship of the
researcher to that
researched?
2. Researcher is independent
from that being researched.
2. Researchers interact with
that being researched.
3. value-free and unbiased
3. Value-laden biased
4.Formal, based on set
definitions, impersonal voice,
and use of accepted words.
4. Informal, evolving
decisions, personal voice,
and accepted qualitative
words
3.What is the role of
values?
5. Deductive process.
4.What is the language
of research?
Cause and effect,
5.What is the process of
research?
Generalizations
static
Accurate and reliable through
validity and reliability
5. Inductive process, mutual
simultaneous, shaping
factors, context bound,
theories developed for
understanding etc
SAMPLE OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
Researching religion using quantitative
methods
Ingrid Storm
Institute for Social Change, University of
Manchester
PLEASE REFERS TO THE HANDOUTS
CONCLUSION
 Facts/feelings separate
 World is single reality
 Researcher removed
 Establised research design
 Experiment prototype
 Generalization emphasized
Adapted from Teoh, S.H. (2012 )
REFERENCES
 Fraenkael/Wallen/Hyun , How to Design and Evaluate
Research in Education, MgGraw .Hill international
eight edition 2012.
 Suphat Sukamolson, Ph.D, Fundamentals of
Quantitative Research, retrieved from
http://www.culi.chula.ac.th/ejournal/bod/suphat%20sukamolson.
 Wikipedia Encyclopedia. Retrieved from
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialscience.pdf
Q&A
THANK YOU