Hardware: Input, Processing,
and Output Devices
Chapter 3
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Principles and Learning Objectives
• Assembling an effective, efficient computer system
requires an understanding of its relationship to the
information system and the organization. The
computer system objectives are subordinate to, but
supportive of, the information system and the needs
of the organization.
– Describe how to select and organize computer system
components to support information system objectives and
business organization needs.
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Principles and Learning Objectives
• When selecting computer devices, you also must
consider the current and future needs of the
information system and the organization.Your choice
of a particular computer system device should always
allow for later improvements.
– Describe the power, speed, and capacity of central
processing and memory devices.
– Describe the access methods, capacity, and portability of
secondary storage devices.
– Discuss the speed, functionality, and importance of input and
output devices.
– Identify popular classes of computer systems and discuss the
role of each.
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Hardware Components
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Central processing unit (CPU)
Primary storage (main memory; memory)
Secondary storage
Input devices
Output devices
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Hardware Components
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Hardware Components in Action
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Step 1: Fetch instruction
Step 2: Decode instruction
Step 3: Execute the instruction
Step 4: Store results
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Hardware Components in Action
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Processing & Memory
Devices
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Processing Characteristics and
Functions
• Machine cycle time is measured in:
– Microseconds (1 millionth)
– Nanoseconds (1 billionth)
– Picoseconds (1 trillionth)
– MIPS (Millions of Instructions Processed per
Second)
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Processing Characteristics and
Functions
• Clock speed: electronic pulses affecting machine cycle
time
– Hertz: one cycle (pulse) per second
– Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second
• Microcode: internal, predefined elementary operations
in a CPU
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Clock Speed
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Wordlength and Bus Line Width
• Bits (Binary Digits): smallest form of data in a
computer
• Word: number of bits that can be processed as
a unit
• Bus lines: electrical paths of data flow
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Physical Characteristics of the CPU
• Digital circuits on chips
• Electrical current flows through silicon
• Moore’s Law - transistor density of chips
will double every 18 months
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Physical Characteristics of the CPU
• Superconductivity - property of certain metals
that allows current to flow with minimal electrical
resistance
• Optical processors - uses light waves instead
of electrical current
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Moore’s Law
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Complex and Reduced
Instruction Set Computing
• Complex instruction set computing (CISC) places as many microcode instructions into the
central processor as possible
• Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) involves reducing the number of microcode
instructions built into a chip to an essential set of
common microcode instructions
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Memory Characteristics and
Functions
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Storage Capacity
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Types of Memory
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Types of RAM
• EDO (Extended Data Out)
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
• SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Types of ROM
• ROM (read-only memory)
• PROM (programmable read-only memory)
• EPROM (erasable programmable read-only
memory)
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Cache Memory
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Multiprocessing
• Speeds processing by linking hundreds and
even thousands of processors to operate at
the same time
• Can coordinate large amounts of data and
access them with greater speed
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Massively Parallel Processing
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Secondary Storage
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Secondary Storage
• Offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater
capacity, and greater economy
• Access methods, storage capacities, and
portability required are determined by the
information system’s objectives
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Secondary Storage
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Access Methods
• Sequential: records must be retrieved in
order
– Devices used are called sequential access
storage devices (SASD)
• Direct: records can be retrieved in any
order
– Devices used are called direct access storage
devices (DASDs)
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Devices
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Magnetic tapes
Magnetic disks
RAID
Storage area networks (SAN)
Optical disks
Magneto-optical (MO) disks
Digital versatile disks (DVDs)
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Types of Secondary Storage
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Magnetic Disks
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Storage Area Network
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Digital Versatile Disk
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Additional Devices and Media
• Memory cards
• Flash memory
• Expandable storage
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Expandable Storage
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Comparison of Secondary Storage
Devices
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Characteristics and Functionality
• Data - can be human or machine readable
• Data entry - converts human readable data into
machine-readable form
• Data input - transfers machine-readable data
into the system
• Source data automation - capturing and editing
data at its source
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Input and Output Devices
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Input Devices
• Personal computer input devices
– Keyboard
– Mouse
• Voice-recognition devices
• Digital cameras
• Terminals
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Digital Computer Cameras
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
(MICR) Device
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Output Devices
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Display monitors
Printers and plotters
Music devices
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
– Active matrix
– Passive matrix
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Printers
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Computer System Types
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Computer System Types
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Standards
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Standards
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Selecting and Upgrading Computer
Systems
• Hard drive considerations
• Main memory considerations
• Printer considerations
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Price List
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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Summary
• Hardware - includes any machinery that assists with
the input, processing, and output activities of a CBIS
• Processing speed - often measured by the time it
takes to complete one machine cycle
• Primary storage (memory) - provides working
storage for program instructions and data
• Common forms of secondary storage - magnetic
tape, magnetic disk, compact disk, digital video disk,
and optical disk storage
MSIS 110: Introduction to Computers; Instructor: S. Mathiyalakan
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