UbiCom Book Slides
(Abridged Version)
Chapter 12
Management of Smart Devices,
Environments & Interaction
Stefan Poslad
http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/people/stefan/ubicom
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Chapter 12: Overview
Chapter 12 focuses on:
• Managing Smart Devices in
– Virtual ICT Environments
– Human User-Centred Environments
– Physical Environments
• Internal system properties: distributed, autonomous
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Related Chapter Links
• Manage devices as part of human centred activities
(Section 5.6.5)
• OS management of system ICT resources (Section 3.4)
• Intelligent Interaction Management (Chapter 9)
• Self, Autonomous System Management (Chapter 8)
• Challenges & outlook is related to Management (Chapter
13)
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Chapter 12: Overview
The slides for this chapter are split into several parts:
• Part A: Core Management of UbiCom systems & CCI 
• Part B: Monitoring, Configuration, Fault & Performance
Management
• Part C: Security Management Basics
• Part D: Security Management of Middleware, Terminals & Content
• Part E: Service-Oriented Management of CCI
• Part F: Information Management of CCI
• Part G: Managing HCI
• Part H: Privacy Management: Identification
• Part I: Privacy Management: Requirements & Safeguards
• Part J: Managing HPI
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Process and Application Management
by the OS
• In high resource smart devices MTOS manages ???
(Section 3.4.3).
• In energy constrained portable devices, OS also manages
power (section 4.3.4).
• In mobile devices, OS & network support for mobile
senders & receivers (section 11.7.6).
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Network-Oriented Management
• Network viewpoint of ICT systems defines 2 main
components (Section 3.1.2)
– Computer nodes: system management
– Network elements to interlink them: network management
•
Traditionally, a distinction is made between network
management and system management although these two
are inherently linked
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Network-Oriented Management
• 2 approaches to manage heterogeneous content and
applications with different requirements for jitter, delays and
packet loss.
1. Keep management support in core network simple
2.  management support in core network
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FCAPS
• Why is good system management needed?
• System & network downtime leads to lost revenue,
opportunities and productivity.
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FCAPS
• Standardization of common network management functions
referred to as FCAP
• FCAPS functions defines basic requirements for managing
distributed computers and hence UbiCom systems.
• TMN model for managing Open Systems within a
telecommunications network defines four logical layers
• FCAPS management functions spread across these logical
layers.
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TMN Model
Implementing FCAPS
• Many computer service vendors offer client-server type
implementations of FCAPS functions via various APIs,
• Can support via
–
–
–
–
SNMP.
ICMP
HTTP
Open source implementations
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Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP) model
Main components of model consist of:
• Network elements: things to be managed or not
• Agent
• proxies
• Managers
• network management information database MIB)
• simple network management protocol (SNMP)
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SNMP
SNMP use to Manage UbiCom
Can use EDA to support management events including SNMP
events (Section 3.3.3.6).
SNMP benefits for UbiCom
• ????
SNMP challenges for UbiCom
• ???
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Chapter 12: Overview
The slides for this chapter are split into several parts:
• Part A: Core Management of UbiCom systems & CCI
• Part B: Monitoring, Configuration, Fault & Performance 
Management
• Part C: Security Management Basics
• Part D: Security Management of Middleware, Terminals & Content
• Part E: Service-Oriented Management of CCI
• Part F: Information Management of CCI
• Part G: Managing HCI
• Part H: Privacy Management: Identification
• Part I: Privacy Management: Requirements & Safeguards
• Part J: Managing HPI
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Monitoring
• Monitoring obtains the information required to support
management functions.
• Typical information includes ?
• Monitoring can be configured how?
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Monitoring
• . Monitoring involves three separate processes:
– analysis
– filtering
– auditing.
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Monitoring
• 2 main methods or protocols to monitor networked devices
or hosts are to use
– ICMP
– SNMP
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Accounting
• Track service usage and inform authorities about usage
and usage costs
• Set limits on resource usage.
• Automatic handling when usage exceeds limits.
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ICMP
• Internet Control Message Protocol or ICMP can be used
to?
•
Protocol defines?
–
• ICMP Cons?
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Configuration Management
Objectives:
• Set or modify parameters that control routine operation
• Track resources defined by their resource descriptions
• Track changes in status of resources such as failures
• Manage activation and deactivation of resources
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Configuration Management
• A configuration is used as a specification of the settings
that are
– Variant: e.g., ??
– Invariant : e.g., ??
• Configuration management involves 4 main management
functions:
– ??
• Drivers for reconfiguration ?
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ReConfiguration Management
Side effects of reconfiguration
• Systems need to interrupt their service and reboot
themselves for reconfiguration changes to take effect.
• Configuration conflicts may also become common in multi
domains managed UbiCom systems
• Users can misconfigure devices
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Reconfiguration Management
Easing Configuration & Avoiding Misconfiguration
• Ideally, zero manual configuration of devices by users.
• Devices should support automatic remote service discovery
• Devices should support automatic device installation
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Fault Management
• A fault is defined as the cause of one or more observed
error, or abnormal, events.
• Fault Management or Safety management concerns
maintaining core ICT service operations.
• Fault management overlaps with security management
How?
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Fault Management
• Detect the fault type of events that lead to system failure.
• Organise and manage fault cascades in which a root fault
leads to numerous child faults, generally the child faults
should be suppressed.
• Report faults to an appropriate authority or manager.
• Automatic correction and handling of some faults.
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Fault Management
• Fault management is crucial for maintaining the operation
of critical infrastructures through monitoring, detecting,
preventing and anticipating anomaly events
– E.g., utility distribution, telecomms, transport, logistics, intelligent
HVAC, banking, medicine etc.
• Fault or safety management involves:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
fault prevention,
fault prediction,
fault event monitoring,
fault detection,
fault diagnosis,
fault handling
fault-tolerance.
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Fault Management
• Faults may be random or non-deterministic
• Causes?
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Performance Management
• Collect network statistics using polling or event push
• Evaluate performance under normal and degraded
conditions
• Monitor events that exceed thresholds etc.
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Performance Management
• Sometimes it may not be possible to specify absolute
single point boundaries for system
• There are several specific ways to manage performance:
– Best effort
– QoS
– SLA.
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Chapter 12: Overview
The slides for this chapter are split into several parts:
• Part A: Core Management of UbiCom systems & CCI
• Part B: Monitoring, Configuration, Fault & Performance
Management
• Part C: Security Management Basics 
• Part D: Security Management of Middleware, Terminals & Content
• Part E: Service-Oriented Management of CCI
• Part F: Information Management of CCI
• Part G: Managing HCI
• Part H: Privacy Management: Identification
• Part I: Privacy Management: Requirements & Safeguards
• Part J: Managing HPI
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Security management
• Security management concerns
– assessment of risk of threats which cause some loss of value to
system assets
– heightened through any system vulnerabilities or weaknesses and
developing
– maintaining appropriate safeguards or security controls to protect
assets against threats
• 3 basic types of safeguard:
– Detection,
– Prevention
– Correction
• Both detection and correction offer a priori protection
• Correction offers a posterior protection.
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Security Safeguards
UbiCom System security can be modelled in terms of:
• Viewpoints of sets of Safeguards that protect the system
Assets (the items of value in a system)
• against Threats (actions that actively  value of assets)
• V-SAT model of security
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V-SAT Model for Security
Management
35
V-SAT Model for Security Management
Example
• Threat
– Sender masquerade
• Asset
– Information about real sender shared with fake sender
– Actions requested by a fake sender are performed by receiver.
• Safeguards
– Authenticate caller identity
– Call back real sender
– Strong password based access control
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Security Policies
• Security management involves specifying 2 main
relationships:
– of threats against assets
– of safeguards against assets.
• A security policy specifies?
– .
• Security policies are often represented using?
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Risk Assessment
• Risk assessment is used to model:
–
–
–
–
the assets of value in a system
their loss in value in relation to
the probability of the threat happening and
to the probability of the threat succeeding.
• Information on which to quantify the risk of threats can be
based upon?
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Encryption support for Confidentiality,
Authentication and Authorisation
• Core security techniques to safeguard distributed systems
use
– encryption & decryption,
– symmetric or asymmetric keys,
– to support confidentiality, authentication and authorisation.
• Encryption algorithm or cipher: transforms clear or plain
content into encrypted content using an encryption key.
• Decryption algorithm: transform encrypted content back
into plain content using a corresponding decryption key.
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Encryption support for Confidentiality,
Authentication and Authorisation
• In symmetric encryption, same key is used for encryption
and decryption
– Key needs to be kept secret – a secret key.
• Key challenge here is how to distribute secret keys while
keeping them confidential in transit.
– ??
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Asymmetric Encryption
• Also called public key encryption algorithms
• Public key is made available in an unrestricted fashion and
used for encryption by the sender.
• Private key, used to decrypt a message in the receiver & is
kept secret by the receiver.
• Private key cannot be derived from the public key.
• This eases the problem of the sender and receiver having
to somehow share the same secret key.
• Public key encryption enables the public keys used for
encryption to be made public.
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Authentication
• Authorisation often involves authentication
–
• Although public key encryption can be used for
authentication, a key issue is how does someone know that
the public key belongs to a particular identity?
• Anyone could claim that they hold a particular identity?
• Something or someone is needed to attest that a particular
identity is bound to a particular identity.
– ???
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Authentication
• Mainstream approach involve identity certificate authorities.
• In open environment, greater flexibility is useful in order for
one party to authorise another party to act on their behalf.
• Can some restrictions be removed to enable flexibility?
• Cam we have Security without identification: privacy?
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Chapter 12: Overview
The slides for this chapter are split into several parts:
• Part A: Core Management of UbiCom systems & CCI
• Part B: Monitoring, Configuration, Fault & Performance
Management
• Part C: Security Management Basics
• Part D: Security Management of Middleware, Terminals &
Content 
• Part E: Service-Oriented Management of CCI
• Part F: Information Management of CCI
• Part G: Managing HCI
• Part H: Privacy Management: Identification
• Part I: Privacy Management: Requirements & Safeguards
• Part J: Managing HPI
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Part ?: Overview
• An analysis of the use of smart mobile devices reveals an
increased risks compared to desktop computers
• to secure middleware,
• to secure access devices
• to secure content,
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Securing the System and its
Middleware
Some examples of threats through the use of seamless
(wireless) networks:
• A) Compromised phones can as free-loader users in a local
network;
• B) Remote users can overload a network, preventing
access by a local user;
• C) Local and remote users can eavesdrop on a normal
user.
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Securing the System and its
Middleware
Disappearing Security Perimeter
Causes
•  use of seamless networks of IP networks everywhere,
•  Mobile users
•  Wireless access:  interfere RF interference,
eavesdropping
•  use of Unknown, Untrusted intermediaries: man- in-themiddle attack
•  connection in a session by a user to the wrong service
• These increase risk of security breaches
• Solutions?
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Securing Middleware
• Some preventive and corrective type safeguards to handle
denial of service threats to mobile devices have also been
dealt with elsewhere
• Remote Back-ups & occasional synchronisation (Section
12)
• Remote-access model can be used to support a distributed
UVE type desktop on the mobile device (Section 4.2)
• Mobile devices can be designed to deal with the threat of
volatile remote service access (Section 3.3.3.9)
• Techniques based upon self-healing and self-protecting can
also be used (Section 10.4)
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Securing Access Devices
Devices may be left unsecure:
• Because their owners expect that they will remain under
their physical control,
• When Devices are discarded:
–
• Often, devices with inbuilt network security are supplied in
a wide open access mode without any security
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Securing Access Devices
Risks of unsecure terminal
• Tampering
Solutions
• tamper-proof devices
• tamper-resistant devices
• tamper-evident devices
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Securing Access Devices: To the
Owner
How to decide who owns & controls a smart device?
• A policy model to support secure transient association
could be used.
– E.g., Resurrecting Duckling security policy
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Securing Access in Low Resource
Devices
• Low resource devices may lack the resources compute
encryption or decryption within a reasonable amount of
time.
– Problems?
– Solutions? , e.g., use Guy Fawkes protocol etc
• Low resource devices may be prevented from conserving
energy by preventing hibernation or sleep modes in device
–
–
–
–
Sleep deprivation attack
Barrage attack
Problems?
Solutions?
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Securing Information
• Access to information is simpler to manage if it can be
secured in the static sense at the point of access or where
it resides using access control systems based upon policy
management.
• However, the design of highly distributed systems such as
P2P systems (Section 3.2.6), inherently supports
decentralized file sharing, allowing peer users a greater
degree of autonomous control over their data and
resources.
• P2P system designs can also be designed to make file
sharing anonymous so that a receiver may not known from
which other peer computer, its information originated from.
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Securing Information
• The aim of DRM is to secure distribution of content by
restricting copying or conversion by consumers and owners
– to balance between owners making several copies for personal use
on several devices
– versus someone distributing content for free or selling on content
illegally.
• Is DRM a suitable model for distributing content in a
UbiCom environment?
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Chapter 12: Overview
The slides for this chapter are split into several parts:
• Part A: Core Management of UbiCom systems & CCI
• Part B: Monitoring, Configuration, Fault & Performance
Management
• Part C: Security Management Basics
• Part D: Security Management of Middleware, Terminals &
Content
• Part E: Service-Oriented Management of CCI 
• Part F: Information Management of CCI
• Part G: Managing HCI
• Part H: Privacy Management: Identification
• Part I: Privacy Management: Requirements & Safeguards
• Part J: Managing HPI
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SOA Management
• UbiCom system functions can be modelled as services
(Section 3.2.4) & then managed as services.
• Increasingly, systems management occurs
– at a human social organisational level using policies and SLAs
– to complement management at the ICT level of the system in terms
of data throughput and transaction rate.
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Metrics for Evaluating the Use of SOA
• Metrics to evaluate use of SOAs in pervasive
environments:
–
–
–
–
–
service density,
service availability,
service potential,
service impact
service redundancy.
• Two metrics for service composition are proposed:
– service composition length
– service composition sustainability.
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Distributed Resource Management &
the Grid
• What is a Grid (review)?
–
• GRID Resource Management System (RMS) component
supports adaptability, extensibility, and scalability, allowing
systems with different administrative policies:
–
–
–
–
–
to interoperate while preserving site autonomy,
to co-allocate resources,
to support load-balancing,
to set and maintain quality of service
to meet computational cost constraints.
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Grid model for Managing UbiCom
Resources
Challenges (review)?
• UbiCom system resources vs. Grid computing resources
• Managing resources must be considered at 2 different
levels:
– system level
– application level
• Management at both levels simultaneously is challenging
because they have different performance goals.
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SLA Management of Services
• In some SOA models, services are modelled more
specifically as specifications of sets of operations that can
be offered as part of a contract or a Service Level
Agreement (SLA) between providers and users.
• Contract specifies quantifiable operational targets or
outcomes for service levels.
• The operation of the services can then be monitored to see
if any deviations from these targets occur.
• Important applications for use of SLA for management?
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SLAs & Performance Audits
• SLAs need performance models of 2 types of behaviour:
– load performance
– system performance.
• Load model models the workload applied to the system and
incorporates the behaviour of the users,
• System model models the performance of services as
these process user requests.
• SLAs used in UbiCom systems also require models of how
SLAs for individual services can be aggregated when
individual services are combined into composite services
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Policy-based Service Management
Core applications for policy-based management?
• Security based policy-based management, particularly
access control and user privacy management
• Network-based management
• Service management, mobility and context-aware
management.
• User level policy management can be used as part of a
vision of iHCI (Section 5)
• Autonomic computing (Section 10.4).
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Policy-based Service Management
• Instead of managing the detailed low level (re)configuration
of parts of the system, the user specifies high-level policies
for the system using some policy model.
• Policies can e represented in a range of representations
– Light-weight KRs to heavy-weight KRs (Section 8.4)
• Policy conflicts can arise because multiple policies may be
triggered during the same point of an executing process.
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Policy Conflicts
How to resolve policy conflicts?
• Use of priorities
• More specific rule takes precedence
• Analysis of policies to assess merger of policies,
• Use of negotiation (Chapter 9)
• Use of voting (Chapter 9)
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Pervasive Work Flow Management for
Services
• Workflow as a means to compose & orchestrate services is
discussed in Section 3.3.4.
• Can manage pervasive workflows in terms of distributed
control and distributed task assignment.
• Here each device to be managed is assigned a role for the
workflow and needs to have the local resources (fat client)
to execute a local workflow engine.
• Devices and the services or work offered can be
dynamically discovered and scheduled.
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Chapter 12: Overview
The slides for this chapter are split into several parts:
• Part A: Core Management of UbiCom systems & CCI
• Part B: Monitoring, Configuration, Fault & Performance
Management
• Part C: Security Management Basics
• Part D: Security Management of Middleware, Terminals &
Content
• Part E: Service-Oriented Management of CCI
• Part F: Information Management of CCI 
• Part G: Managing HCI
• Part H: Privacy Management: Identification
• Part I: Privacy Management: Requirements & Safeguards
• Part J: Managing HPI
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Information Management
• Information management is central to UbiCom system
management.
• Any aspect of the system that needs to be managed
operations can be modelled as information and then
managed using information management techniques.
• What Information characteristics that need to be managed?
– information volume, persistence, integrity, distribution, discovery,
namespace and interoperability.
• These in turn are affected by information characteristics
– E.g., hardness, richness and structure
– Soft & Rich Information can be equated to intelligent system
knowledge representations (Section 8.4)?
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Information
• Data: raw input into data processes
• Output the processed data is called information.
• In practice these definitions of data & information overlap.
• Focus of data management seems to be information
storage , in practice is on information retrieval.
• Information can be defined as a structure or syntax
• Each type of information application & information provider
uses different data structures for storage and retrieval.
• Semantics & interpretation of information is often implicit &
vaaries
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Rich versus Lean and Soft versus
Hard Information
• Current ICT system support for managing data focuses on
lean, hard data used for specific operational tasks
• However, Individual humans often use richer, softer data for
daily activities & strategic business & organisational
activities
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Operational Information Management
Organisations’ information management focuses on:
• Alphanumeric operational data
• Multimedia operational data
• Analysing data to make decisions about how well different
parts of business are operating.
• These are represented as lean, hard data, acquired in
TPSs & stored in spread-sheets, file systems or RDBMSs.
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Personal Information Management
• In terms of the use of information in daily activities of
individuals there is a similar gap between
– operational information to support daily tasks
– versus information to support long term user activities & goals.
•
There are several key challenges here
– ??
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Managing the Information Explosion
•  numbers of UbiCom applications
•  range and No. of interactive devices that can sense the
analogue physical world and can read and record multichannel, multimedia content
• -> requires an ability to leverage and to cope with  data
explosion
– E.g., in the My e-Director 2012 project,
http://www.elec.qmul.ac.uk/people/stefan/projects/myed.html,
– Aim is to make more audio-video recorded information sources
available from multiple camera angles
– to allow users to direct which camera angles, episodes in live
sports events they view
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Managing the Information Explosion
• Several studies have attempted to estimate the amount of
information to be managed.
• World produces new data at a rate of 2-3 exabytes / year.
• How much data is generated to record a personal memory
of visual and audio inputs of an individual throughout a
typical lifetime (~80 years)?
• Multimedia content is harder to manage compared to
alphanumeric text. Why?
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Managing Lean & Hard Data: Using
RDBMSs
Why use RDBMSs to manage data?
• ??
Challenges in using RDBMS to manage lean, hard data ?
• Move from network-centric and application centric data
manage approach to a data centric management
approach which is network and application agnostic.
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Managing Metadata
• Metadata, also referred to annotations, is information to
self-describe data.
• Ideally metadata should be stored with and bound to the
data it is about.
• Main benefits of the use of metadata are?
• Challenges in using metadata?
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Managing Metadata
• Metadata can be classified as:
– application specific versus generic
– Intensional vs. extensional data vs. internal data schema
• Benefit of a metadata model for UbiCom systems to
separate these concerns
– ???
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Chapter 12: Overview
The slides for this chapter are split into several parts:
• Part A: Core Management of UbiCom systems & CCI
• Part B: Monitoring, Configuration, Fault & Performance
Management
• Part C: Security Management Basics
• Part D: Security Management of Middleware, Terminals &
Content
• Part E: Service-Oriented Management of CCI
• Part F: Information Management of CCI
• Part G: Managing HCI 
• Part H: Privacy Management: Identification
• Part I: Privacy Management: Requirements & Safeguards
• Part J: Managing HPI
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Service Management Models for
Human User & Physical Environments
• Dominant service management model used in smart
devices is that they use a Remote Service Access Points
(RSAP) model.
• This is designed to advertise services in static and
centralised directories and to bundle the services on offer
at multi-service access portals that can be downloaded and
installed locally in order to maintain services on the device.
• Other service management models exist which differ with
respect to:
– how services are accessed
– how service changes are managed
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Service Management Models for
Human User & Physical Environments
Service Management Models
• Stand-alone
• Services as Appliances
• Remote Service Access Points
• Service Contract
• User Service Pool
• Software as a Service (SaaS)
• Self-managing
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Models that Reduce Complexity for
User Management
• For some users, the complexity of learning to use, to
operate and to manage such systems is overwhelming
because users may attempt to install services that are
incompatible or too fragile to use with a particular service
infrastructure.
• Several types of service management model can minimise
user management:
– put the know-how and ‘intelligence’ to manage services into a
generic service infrastructure, e.g., the Grid model;
– use biologically inspired management.
– Use service pools
– Use appliance model etc
– These are dealt with elsewhere in this chapter.
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User Task and Activity Based
Management
• Much of what is termed Personal Computers and personal
computing is more suited towards office workers that work
on single fixed tasks, in a relatively uninterrupted manner,
for long periods of time.
• In contrast there are other types of worker activity, that are
prone to be interrupted, nomadic, of short duration and
where multiple user activities are likely to be interleaved
and used to achieve multiple user goals.
• In user-centred services, users’ context for ICT events and
service reconfiguration can be expressed at multiple
knowledge viewpoints,
– e.g., using the mental model of different users. HCI support for this
is described in Section 5.5. KnowledgeUbiquitous computing: smart devices, environments and interaction
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Chapter 12: Overview
The slides for this chapter are split into several parts:
• Part A: Core Management of UbiCom systems & CCI
• Part B: Monitoring, Configuration, Fault & Performance
Management
• Part C: Security Management Basics
• Part D: Security Management of Middleware, Terminals & Content
• Part E: Service-Oriented Management of CCI
• Part F: Information Management of CCI
• Part G: Managing HCI
• Part H: Privacy Management: Identification 
• Part I: Privacy Management: Requirements & Safeguards
• Part J: Managing HPI
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Privacy Requirements: Identity
Management
Identity management concerns:
• Hiding the identity of users unless users give consent or
their identity has to be legally known to someone
• Managing various identity attributes and tokens of an
individual person
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Biometric User Identification
• These identify people by a unique biological characteristic:
• Biometric systems can be based upon:
– Behavioural trait, e.g., ???
– Physiological trait, e.g., ???
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Biometric User Identification:
Applications
• Signature based identification is routinely used. Problems?
– E.g., in banking ,but its accuracy is variable.
• Finger-print identification is less routinely used
– E.g., to detect crime; for security to access devices & resources
– Complemented by  use of DNA profiling to identify people.
• Retinal scans
– at airports can be used for access control
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Biometric Identification: Pros & Cons
• Advantages?
• Disadvantages?
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Content-based Feature Extraction &
Classification
Biometric Identification: Design
Issues
• Typically involves processing a biometric print to extract a
multi-dimensional set of features
– E.g., face recognition may involve identifying multiple feature
dimensions involving head, eyes, mouth and nose and interrelations.
• Design Issues?
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Chapter 12: Overview
The slides for this chapter are split into several parts:
• Part A: Core Management of UbiCom systems & CCI
• Part B: Monitoring, Configuration, Fault & Performance
Management
• Part C: Security Management Basics
• Part D: Security Management of Middleware, Terminals & Content
• Part E: Service-Oriented Management of CCI
• Part F: Information Management of CCI
• Part G: Managing HCI
• Part H: Privacy Management: Identification
• Part I: Privacy Management: Requirements & Safeguards 
• Part J: Managing HPI
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Privacy Management
• Violation of individual privacy is an oft quoted UbiCom peril
• Privacy: person’s identity and personal information are kept
confidential from others.
• Partial privacy rather than complete privacy is used to
interact in society and in business
– Here a person consents and entrust others with their identity and
personal information.
– E.g., ecommerce or voting to elect representatives,.
• Full privacy in society, is regarded by some as equally
perilous as a lack of privacy. Why?
• There are many societal issues concerning privacy.
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Privacy Requirements
• Anonymity versus Authentication
• Unlinkability
• Unobservability
• Notifications, rights and consent
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Lack of Privacy
• Causes for privacy invasion?
– Personalisation
• It becomes easier to identify who people are and what their
behaviours are, referenced in time and space.
– Why?
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Privacy: Safeguards
• Several potential safeguards to protect personal privacy:
– PET & PIT
– Trusted Provider-based Platforms & policies
– Privacy legislation
• Multilateral approach to personal privacy is needed. Why?
How?
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Privacy-Invasive Technologies versus
Privacy Enhanced Technologies
• Smart devices can be classified into whether or not they:
– Invade privacy, Privacy-Invasive Technologies (PIT) or
– Enhance privacy, Privacy Enhanced Technologies (PET) (Clarke,
2001).
• However, in practice, there is more of a range from strong
PET, through weak PET, to weak PIT, to strong PIT.
• Idea of strong PET systems is to avoid use of 3rd party
trust.
• UbiCom device, designed to act as a weak PET
– Can in practice end up being used as a weak PIT. Why?
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Entrusted Regulation of User Privacy
to Service Providers
• Platform for Privacy Preferences Project, P3P, developed
by W3C, has been recommended as an industry standard,
providing a simple, automated way for users to gain more
control over the use of personal information on Web sites
that they visit.
• At its most basic level, P3P is a standardized set of
multiple-choice questions, covering all the major aspects of
a Web site's privacy policies.
• Taken together, they present a clear snapshot of how a site
handles personal information about its users.
• P3P has several weaknesses?
– ???
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Legislative Approaches to Privacy
• In a legislative approach to privacy, collectors of personal
information are legally bound to provide a suitable means
of notice and consent to users.
• However, there are differences in legislative approaches to
privacy internationally,
– EU Data Privacy Directive incorporates a unique opt-in provision to
give consent to personal information access by others.
– U.S, data collectors presume consent, and require an affirmative
opt-out by the user
– Opt-in vs. opt out?
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Chapter 12: Overview
The slides for this chapter are split into several parts:
• Part A: Core Management of UbiCom systems & CCI
• Part B: Monitoring, Configuration, Fault & Performance
Management
• Part C: Security Management Basics
• Part D: Security Management of Middleware, Terminals & Content
• Part E: Service-Oriented Management of CCI
• Part F: Information Management of CCI
• Part G: Managing HCI
• Part H: Privacy Management: Identification
• Part I: Privacy Management: Requirements & Safeguards
• Part J: Managing HPI 
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Physical Environment Challenges:
Management
• Manage single dedicated tasks on embedded system using
ASOS
• Manage dust-sized devices that may get lost, move outside
a prescribed management domain
• Manage computer device interaction with physical
environment
• Manage interactions devices sited in unsupervised, shared
physical spaces, e.g., wall mounted devices
• Managing devices throughout their whole environment lifecycle including disposal.
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Context-Awareness Management
2 aspects of context management considered here:
• using context-awareness itself to improve management of
systems used for physical world activities and for human
world activities
• the operational management of context awareness
throughout its life-cycle (Section 7.2).
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Context-aware Management of
Physical and Human Activities
• Several core applications of context-aware type systems to
aid the management of the use of UbiCom systems:
– Location-aware management of mobile goods and users to improve
distribution or to reach a destination (Section 7.4),
– Location-based access control
– Service personalisation (Section 5.7..4)
– ICT system management such as managing communication based
upon the recipient’s ICT context (Section 7.6).
– Context-aware Power Management (CAPM)
– Context-aware Access Control
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Classifying User Activity as a
Composite Context
Classifying user activity upon a decision
tree for individual contexts
Context Management Challenges
• Challenges in managing context-awareness is to perform
context adaptation when faced with:
– uncertainty, ambiguities, contradictions, logical inconsistencies,
conflicts etc (Section 7.2.8).
• Solutions
– Data mining techniques
– Prediction models
– Learning
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Management of Tiny Devices
• Critical part of the design of micro devices is very efficient
power management
– in terms of renewable, power storage and power consumption for
both sensing, processing and data transmission, Section 4.3.4
• Complexity of design & verification as No. of available
transistors grows
– exponentially increasing productivity gap between these two.
– How to tackle this?
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Managing Tiny Devices
• Micro and nano devices may be untethered
– i.e., are airborne or can be fluid born.
– Can’t control movement, track them instead
– It may be quite difficult to remove all instances of tiny devices , to
contain them in a physical space etc
• Micro and nano devices may be part of a larger system or
environment
• Embedded micro devices and macro devices often need to
be left unattended for long periods, in relatively
inaccessible environments
– How to protect unattended devices?
• If embedded devices face malicious or inadvertent failures
– designed to be self-contained, to fail safe. Why?
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Chapter 12: Overview
The slides for this chapter are split into several parts:
• Part A: Core Management of UbiCom systems & CCI 
• Part B: Monitoring, Configuration, Fault & Performance
Management 
• Part C: Security Management Basics 
• Part D: Security Management of Middleware, Terminals & Content

• Part E: Service-Oriented Management of CCI 
• Part F: Information Management of CCI 
• Part G: Managing HCI 
• Part H: Privacy Management: Identification 
• Part I: Privacy Management: Requirements & Safeguards 
• Part J: Managing HPI 
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Summary
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Revision
For each chapter
• See book web-site for chapter summaries, references,
resources etc.
• Identify new terms & concepts
• Apply new terms and concepts: define, use in old and
new situations & problems
• Debate problems, challenges and solutions
• See Chapter exercises on web-site
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Exercises: Define New Concepts
• Service Appliance
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Exercise: Applying New Concepts
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