Applying Particle Swarm Optimization to transmit video over wireless ZigBee network Intelligent Systems Research Centre Seminar Dr. Iman Samizadeh, December 11th, 2013 - School of Computing Content • • • • • • • Problem ZigBee – IEEE 802.15.4 MPEG Swarm Intelligence/Particle Swarm Optimization Methodology Results Conclusion Problem Transmitting video over IEEE 802.15.4 Overview of ZigBee • • • • • Low power consumption Low cost Intended for WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) Data rates of 250 kb/s, 40 kb/s and 20 kb/s. Frequency Bands of 2.4GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM*), 915MHz and European 868MHz band. • Supporting Star or Peer-to-Peer network. • Support for low latency devices. ZigBee Applications • • • • • Smart-home networking Automotive and industrial networks Interactive toys Remote metering/utility meter readers Sensor networks ZigBee Stack ZigBee Network Topologies Peer-to-peer Star Cluster Tree Y – Power consumption ZigBee VS Other Wireless Technologies X – Bandwidth ZigBee VS Bluetooth • Standard Bluetooth: based on IEEE 802.15.1 (WPAN) ZigBee: based on IEEE 802.15.4 (WPAN) • Maximum network speed: Bluetooth: 1 Mbit/s ZigBee: 250 kbit/s • Typical network join time Bluetooth: 3 seconds ZigBee: 30 milliseconds • Protocol stack size Bluetooth: 250 Kbyte ZigBee: 4-32 Kbyte Battery Bluetooth: Intended for frequent recharging ZigBee: batteries will last for up to 10 years Price per chip Bluetooth: $30 ZigBee: $2 • • Picture Expert Group (MPEG) • MPEG-1(Good for storage on digital media such as video CDs), MPEG-2 (DVD), MPEG-3 (HDTV) and MPEG-4 (offers transparent information) High Level Application Architecture Conventional Methods: • Constant bit-rate (CBR) - method guarantees traffic at a constant rate and is commonly used in typical voice, video and audio, which require more bandwidth • Variable bit-rate (VBR ) - method is for the applications that require buffering. VBR is typically used to support compressed voice and video MPEG Group Of Pictures Short GOP (DVD): I-B-B-B-B-P-B-B-B-B-I-B-B-B-B-P-B-B-B-B-I Long GOP (MPEG-4): I-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-P-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-BB-I-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-P-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-B-I Methodology • Adaptive Rate Control over IEEE 802.15.4 using Particle Swarm Optimization MPEG-4 encoding process Adaptive Systems • Swarm intelligence • Cities • The brain • The immune system • Ecosystems • Computer models Swarm Intelligence (SI) Origins: How can birds or fish exhibit such a coordinated collective behaviour? • It is an artificial intelligence technique based around the study of collective behaviour in decentralized, selforganized systems. • It is made up of a population of simple agents interacting locally with one another and with their environment. Normally no centralized control structure dictating how individual agents should behave, local interactions between such agents often lead to the emergence of global behaviour. i.e. in ant colonies, bird flocking, bacteria modelling and fish schooling Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Invented by James Kennedy and Russell Eberhart in 1995 They have included the ‘roost’ in SI, so that: • • • • Each agent was attracted towards the location of the roost. Each agent remembered where it was closer to the roost. Each agent shared information with its neighbours about its closest location to the roost while learning from their own experience. Each agent as the population members gradually move into better regions of the problem space. James and Russell suggested that the velocities and accelerations of swarm are more appropriately applied to particles. PSO Applications PSO can be tailor-designed to deal with specific real-world problems. For example problems with continuous, discrete, or mixed search space, with multiple local minima. • Computer numerically controlled milling optimization • Battery pack state-of-charge estimation • Real-time training of neural networks • Moving Peaks (multiple peaks dynamic environment) • Oil industry PSO propose to fly the solution in to the problem in order to resolve the problem Quantization • A process of representing a large -possibly infinite – set of values with a much smaller set • One of the simplest and most general idea in lossy compression Scalar Quantization Q-Scale • This is the Quantization scale value • MPEG’s Q-scale values has a significant affect on amount of compression. • The Q-scale values in MPEG-4 can be set for I, P, and Bframes separately. • The scale can be from 1 to 31, (Larger numbers will result in better compression but at the expense of worse quality). • Increasing the Q-scale affected the amount of compression the most. Comparing VBR, CBR and PSO ANOVA Test for 240 Frames Kruskal–Wallis – Nonparametric Box plot for 20 GOPs Peak Signal-to-noise-Ratio VBR CBR PSO Method Frame rate PSNR VBR with gaussian noise 379kbps 20.9351 dB CBR with gaussian noise 266kbps 17.8369 dB PSO with gaussian noise 209kbps 20.8851 dB Conclusion • The computer simulation results confirm that use of Particle Swarm Optimization to develop an adaptive rate control, improves the quality of picture whilst reducing data loss and communication delay, when compared to conventional MPEG video transmissions. Also, achieve an optimum level of quality of picture whilst maintaining the ZigBee target bitrate, increases the available bandwidth and reducing the data loss. That's all I have for now, Thank You! References 1. 2. IEEE Computer Society, (August 31, 2007). IEEE Standard 802.15.4a (2007) J. Xie, L.-T. Chia, Enhancement layer rate control for high bitrate SNR scalable video coding. J. Vis. Commun. Image R. 16, pp. 159–179 3. D. 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