Experiment 23: THEORY OF COLOR IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF ORGANIC DYES Objectives: To synthesize azo dyes with various aryl amines. To study the relationship between the extent of conjugation and the color observed. To study how conjugation and color are affected by pH. AZO DYE SYNTHESIS Arene diazonium salts are formed by the reaction between an aryl amine and nitrous acid (HNO2). Since nitrous acid is unstable, it is generated in situ by mixing sodium nitrite (NaNO2) with cold, dilute HCl. Arene diazonium ions are weak electrophiles in electrophilic aromatic substitution, and will only react with strongly activating rings. Ar NH2 + primary arylamine Ar N N NaNO2 + 2 HCl Cl N N Cl- + 2 H2O + NaCl diazonium salt sodium nitrite - Ar OH + Ar N OH N diazonium salt PHENOL (a strongly activated ring) AZO DYE GENERAL CHEMICAL EQUATION OH Azo linkage Cl NH2 N N NaNO2 HCl R monoamine OH N N + R diazonium salt activator R azo dye COMPOUNDS USED IN DYE SYNTHESIS amines NH2 NH2 NH2 H2N OCH 3 H3CO NO2 p-nitroaniline o-anisidine dianisidine OH Na OCH 3 SO3 O3S R-salt activator Na COLOR REQUIRES THE ABSORPTION OF LIGHT LUMO hn HOMO Ground State Excited State Molecules absorb Visible or UV light by promoting an electron from the HOMO to the LUMO. The wavelength of light absorbed is inversely proportional to the energy difference between these orbitals: E = hc/l = hn smaller energy gap = lower energy of light required = higher l light absorbed ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Colored compounds have such extended conjugated systems that their “UV” absorptions extend into the visible region. REQUIREMENT FOR COLOR CH3(CH=CH)nCH3 n 1 3 5 7 l(nm) 180 250 345 400 Extended Conjugation (>7 double bonds) is required for color in organic compounds For a substance to have color, it must absorb within the 400-700 nm region of the spectrum. Substances which absorb near 350 nm often ‘tail’ into the visible region and appear yellowish . pH AND CONJUGATION When base is added to a phenol, it is converted to a phenoxide ion. The phenoxide ion has lone electrons which can contribute to the resonance stabilization of the aromatic ring. This makes the energy gap between the two orbitals smaller, and a longer wavelength is absorbed, resulting in a different color than is observed for a neutral solution of a dye. OH l=210.5 nm O l=235 nm THE COLOR WHEEL 400-420 nm violet 420-430 nm indigo 430-490 nm blue red 650-750 nm orange 580-650 nm An object appears as the complement of the color absorbed (opposite on color wheel) green 490-560 nm yellow 560-580 nm DYES Dyes are colored compounds which adhere to the material they color. All of the various forces of intermolecular attraction may be involved in fixing a dye to a fabric: ion-ion, ion-dipole, dipoledipole, London dispersion (van der Waals), and H-bonding. The interaction of intermolecular forces between the fabric and the organic dye are responsible for the intensity of the color observed. The stronger the interaction of IMF, the more intense the color will appear. Table 23.1 Experimental Results (Part A) •Part A involves the preparation of a monoamine dye and the investigation of color based on conjugation of the dye at various pH levels. p-nitroaniline dye Acidic Basic m-nitroaniline dye Acidic Basic pH use pH Hydrion paper! 1 12 color OBSERVED Color that you SEE! Y R Report entire range of wavelengths! 560-580 650-700 Use color wheel, p. 196! V G Report entire range of wavelengths! 400-430 490-560 approximate l OBSERVED (nm) color ABSORBED approximate l ABSORBED (nm) Table 23.2 Experimental Results (Part B) • Part B involves the preparation of a monoamine dye and a diamine dye, and the comparison of color based on conjugation. o-anisidine dye color OBSERVED approximate l OBSERVED (nm) color ABSORBED approximate l ABSORBED (nm) Dianisidine dye Color that you SEE! Report entire range of wavelengths! Use color wheel, p. 196! Report entire range of wavelengths! SAFETY CONCERNS CAUTION: These dyes may be harmful; avoid contact! WASTE MANAGEMENT All dye solutions are to be placed in the container labeled “Organic Waste (Dyes)”. CLEANING Be sure to clean all glassware with soap, water, and brush, followed by a rinse with wash acetone, before returning to lab drawer! Be sure all test tubes are clean and free of dye solution before returning to lab drawer! DO NOT return any glassware to lab drawer dirty or wet! In-lab Question (The following question should be answered in laboratory notebook.) Show the reaction that occurs when pnitroaniline is coupled with “R-salt”. Include structures for the diazonium salt, as well as the resulting azo dye structure. SO3 Na NH 2 NaNO2 HCl ? ? + NO 2 diazonium salt structure HO SO3 "R-salt" Na In-lab Question (The following question should be answered in laboratory notebook.) N Draw the product structure that would result from the reaction shown below. Briefly explain why the dye formed would appear a different color than that of an acidic dye. N OH NaOH OCH 3 ?