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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Chapter
Personal Protective Clothing
8
Select Personal
Protective Clothing
And Equipment
Textbook Page
349
Chapter 8 - 1
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
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Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Objectives
• Define The Following Terms And Their Impact And
Significance On The Selection Of Chemical
Protective Clothing: [NFPA 472 - 6.3.3.3(a)]
•
•
•
•
•
Degradation
Penetration
Permeation
Breakthrough Time
Permeation Rate
• Identify At Least Three Indications Of Material
Degradation Of Chemical Protective Clothing.
[NFPA 472 - 6.3.3.3(b)]
Chapter 8 - 2
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Personal Protective Clothing
Objectives
• Describe The Differences Between Limited-use And
Multi-use Chemical Protective Clothing Materials.
• Identify The Factors To Be Considered In Selecting
Chemical-protective Clothing For A Specified Action
Option. [NFPA 472 - 6.3.3.3]
• Identify The Four Levels Of Personal Protective
Equipment As Specified By The Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) And The National Institute
For Occupational Safety And Health (NIOSH).
[NFPA 472 - 6.3.3.1]
Chapter 8 - 3
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HAZARDOUS
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Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Objectives
• Describe The Advantages, Limitations, And Proper
Use Of The Following Types Of Respiratory
Protection At Hazmat Incidents: [NFPA 472 6.3.3.2(a)]
• Air Purifying Respirators (APR)
• Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPR)
• Positive Pressure Self-contained Breathing Apparatus
(SCBA)
• Positive Pressure Air-line Respirators With Required
Escape Unit (SAR)
Chapter 8 - 4
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Objectives
• Identify The Factors To Be Considered In Selecting
Respiratory Protection At Hazardous Materials
Incidents. [NFPA 472 - 6.3.3.2(b)]
• Identify The Operational Components Of Airpurifying Respirators And Airline Respirators By
Name And Describe Their Functions. [NFPA 472 6.3.3.2(c)]
Chapter 8 - 5
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Objectives
• Identify The Procedures For Donning, Working In,
And Doffing The Following Types Of Respiratory
Protection: [NFPA 472 - 6.4.2(3)]
• Air Purifying Respirators (APR)
• Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPR)
• Positive Pressure Air-line Respirators With Required
Escape Unit
• Describe The Advantages, Limitations, And Proper
Use Of Structural Firefighting Clothing At A Hazmat
Incident.
Chapter 8 - 6
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HAZARDOUS
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Personal Protective Clothing
Objectives
• Identify Three Types Of Vapor-protective And
Splash-protective Clothing And Describe The
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Each Type.
[NFPA 472 - 6.3.3.2(c)]
• Identify Two Types Of High Temperature Protective
Clothing And Describe The Advantages And
Disadvantages Of Each Type.
• Identify The Process For Selecting Protective
Clothing At Hazardous Materials Incidents. [NFPA
472 - 6.3.3.3(e)]
Chapter 8 - 7
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Objectives
• Identify The Physical And Psychological Stresses
That Can Affect Users Of Specialized Protective
Clothing. [NFPA 472 - 6.3.3.3(g)]
• Describe Three Safety Procedures For Personnel
Wearing Vapor-protective Clothing. [NFPA 472 6.4.2(1)]
• Describe Three Emergency Procedures For
Personnel Wearing Vapor-protective Clothing.
[NFPA 472 - 6.4.2(2)]
Chapter 8 - 8
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HAZARDOUS
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Personal Protective Clothing
Introduction
• The Selection Of PPE Cannot Be Safely And
Adequately Addressed Until Tactical Response
Objectives Are Determined As Part Of The Hazard And
Risk Evaluation Process.
• Protection Against Hazardous Materials Can Be
Provided Through Engineering Controls, The Use Of
Safe Work Practices And Administrative Controls, And
Through The Use Of Personal Protective Clothing And
Equipment (PPE)
Chapter 8 - 9
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
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Personal Protective Clothing
Introduction
• Topics Will Include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Basic Principles Of Chemical Protective Clothing
Types And Levels Of Protective Clothing Available
Criteria For PPE
Selection And Use
Operational Issues And Concerns
Preventive Maintenance Considerations
Chapter 8 - 10
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Personal Protective Clothing
Basic Principles
• When Evaluating Protective Clothing For Use At A
Hazmat Incident, Primary Concerns Should Focus
Upon:
• Chemical Resistance Of The Garment
• The Integrity Of The Entire Protective Clothing Ensemble
(Including The Garment, Visor, Zippers, Gloves, Boots.
Etc.)
• The Tasks To Be Performed.
353
Chapter 8 - 11
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Personal Protective Clothing
Basic Principles
• Responders Must Be Familiar With The Methods By
Which Chemicals May Attach And Pass Through
Chemical Clothing Materials. Key Terms And Their
Significance In Evaluating Protective Clothing
Chemical Compatibility Are:
• Degradation
• Penetration
• Permeation
Chapter 8 - 12
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Personal Protective Clothing
Degradation
• Degradation Is The Physical
Destruction Or Decomposition Of
A Clothing Material Due To
Exposure To Chemicals, Use, Or
Ambient Conditions (E.G.,
Storage In Sunlight).
• Degradation Is Noted By Visible
Signs Such As Charring,
Shrinking, Swelling, Color Change
Or Dissolving
Chapter 8 - 13
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Personal Protective Clothing
Degradation
• Degradation Can Occur When
Chemical Compatibility Data Are
Not Properly Interpreted Or
Understood By Responders, The
Wrong Protective Clothing Material
Is Used, Or Exposure
Recommendations Are Exceeded.
• Although Permeation Testing Is
Most Common, Chemical
Compatibility Charts May Be Found
Which Are Based Upon
Degradation.
Chapter 8 - 14
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Managing The Incident
Penetration
• Penetration Is The Flow Or
Movement Of A Hazardous Chemical
Through Closures, Seams, Porous
Materials, And Pinholes Or Other
Imperfections In The Material.
• Causes Of Penetration Include:
• Clothing Material Degradation
• Manufacturing Defects
• Physical Damage To The Suit (E.G.,
Punctures, Abrasions, Etc.)
• Normal Wear And Tear, And PPE Defects.
Chapter 8 - 15
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Permeation
• Permeation Is The Process By
Which A Hazardous Chemical
Moves Through A Given Material
On The Molecular Level.
• Permeation Differs From
Penetration In That Permeation
Occurs Through The Clothing
Material Itself Rather Than
Through The Openings In The
Clothing Material.
Chapter 8 - 16
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Managing The Incident
Permeation
• Permeation Can Lead To Protective
Clothing Failures When Chemical
Compatibility Data Are Not Properly
Interpreted Or Understood By
Responders, Or If Breakthrough Times
Are Exceeded.
• Because Of Its Significance In
Evaluating The Integrity Of PPE,
Chemical Contamination, And
Decontamination, Permeation Will Be
Discussed More Completely.
Chapter 8 - 17
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Managing The Incident
Permeation Theory
• The Process Of Chemical Permeation
Through An Impervious Barrier
Is A Three-step Process
Consisting Of:
• Absorption Of The Chemical Into The Outer Surfaces
• Diffusion Of The Chemical Through The Clothing Material.
• Desorption Of The Chemical From The Inner Surface Of
The Clothing Material
• Breakthrough Time Is Defined As The Time From
The Initial Chemical Attack On The Outside Of The
Material Until Its Desorption And Detection Inside.
Chapter 8 - 18
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Permeation Theory
• The Units Of Time Are Usually
Expressed In Minutes Or Hours,
And A Typical Test Runs Up To
A Maximum Of 8 Hours.
• Permeation Rate Is The Rate At Which The Chemical
Passes Through The CPC Material And Is Generally
Expressed As Micrograms Per Square Centimeter Per
Minute (µg/Cm2/Min)
• Permeation Testing Is Conducted Using Pure, Undiluted
Test Chemicals On Clean, Uncontaminated Swatches
Over A Pre-established Period Of Time (Usually 2 To 8
Hours).
Chapter 8 - 19
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Permeation Theory
ADSORPTION
DIFFUSION
DESORPTION
355
Chapter 8 - 20
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Personal Protective Clothing
Permeation Theory
• In Evaluating Permeation Several Other Terms May
Be Found In The CPC Manufacturer’s Compatibility
Information:
• Actual Breakthrough Time — breakthrough Time As
Previously Defined.
• Normalized Breakthrough Time — a Calculation, Using
Actual Permeation Results To Determine The Time At
Which The Permeation Rate Reaches 0.1 µg/Cm2/Min
• Minimum Detectable Permeation Rate (MDPR) — the
Minimum Permeation Rate That Can Be Detected By The
Laboratory Analytical System Being Used For The
Permeation Test.
Chapter 8 - 21
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Permeation Curve
Chapter 8 - 22
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Permeation Theory
• System Detection Limit (SDL) — Minimum Amount Of
Chemical Breakthrough That Can Be Detected By The
Laboratory Analytical System Being Used For The
Permeation Test.
• Chemical Permeation Rates Are A Function Of
Many Factors, Including:
• Temperature.
• Thickness.
• Chemical Mixtures And Their Effects Upon Chemical
Resistance Are Relatively Unknown.
• Previous Exposures.
Chapter 8 - 23
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Personal Protective Clothing
Protective Clothing Materials
• When Evaluating And Choosing
Chemical Protective Clothing
Materials Include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Chemical Resistance
Flammability
Strength And Durability
Overall Integrity
Flexibility
Temperature Characteristics
Shelf Life
Decontamination And Disposal
Chapter 8 - 24
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Personal Protective Clothing
Categories Of Chemical Protective Clothing
• Limited-use Garments And Materials Are Protective
Clothing Materials That Are Used And Then
Discarded.
• Most Limited-use Materials Are Usually Constructed Of A
Nonwoven Fiber Or A Nonwoven Fabric With A Laminated
Film (E.G., Tychem Fabrics).
• Limited-use Garments Are Generally Suitable For A Single
Use And Should Be Disposed Of In Accordance With
Local, State, And Federal Environmental Regulations.
Chapter 8 - 25
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Personal Protective Clothing
Categories Of Chemical Protective Clothing
• Reusable Garments Are Designed And Fabricated To Allow For
Decontamination And Re-use.
• Thicker And More Durable Than Limited-use Garments, They Are
Used For Liquid Chemical Splash And Vapor Protective Suits, Gloves,
Aprons, Boots, And Thermal Protective Clothing.
• Reusable Garment Materials Are Usually Made From:
• Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE)
• Vinyl (Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride – (PVC)
• Fluorinated Polymers (Teflon®)
• Rubber-like Fabrics (Butyl Rubber, Neoprene Rubber, And Viton.
Chapter 8 - 26
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Personal Protective Clothing
Chemical Compatibility And Selection
• No Single Protective Clothing Material Offers Total
Chemical Protection.
• The Initial Selection Of Protective Clothing And
Equipment Should Be Based Upon A Hazard
Assessment Of Those Chemicals Found In The
Community Or The Facility.
• Unfortunately, There May Be Some Chemicals For
Which There Is No Adequate Protection.
• Chemical Protective Clothing Will Often Be
Constructed Of A Combination Of Several Materials
Or Laminates.
Chapter 8 - 27
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Personal Protective Clothing
Chemical Compatibility And Selection
• The Manufacturer Should Provide Technical Test
Data That Reflects The Chemical Compatibility Of
Both The Primary Suit Material And All Secondary
Components (E.G., Gloves, Boots, Closure
Assemblies, Visors, And Exhaust Valves).
• The Performance Of Chemical Protective Clothing
Is Only As Strong As Its Weakest Material.
• Manufacturers Will Publish Quantitative Chemical
Resistance Data For Particular Chemicals.
Chapter 8 - 28
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Personal Protective Clothing
Chemical Compatibility And Selection
• Chemical Resistance Data Is Described In Terms
Of Chemical Permeation / Breakthrough Times And
Rates, Or As “Pass/Fail” Chemical Penetration
Testing Results.
• Chemical Compatibility Recommendations For
Boots, Gloves And Some Garments May Also Be
Provided In The Form Of Qualitative Chemical
Resistance Ratings Or Use Recommendations For
A Specific Protective Clothing Material And
Particular Chemicals.
Chapter 8 - 29
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Personal Protective Clothing
Chemical Compatibility And Selection
• When Evaluating Chemical Compatibility
Recommendations, Consider The Following
Guidelines:
• The Primary Reference Source For Chemical Compatibility
Recommendations Should Be The CPC Manufacturer’s
Technical Documentation..
• Determine The Basis Of Chemical Compatibility
Recommendations.
• Compatibility Recommendations Based Upon Immersion
Testing Data May Be Quite Old And They May Also Be
Based On The Subjective Evaluations Rather Than
Quantitative Measurements For Swelling, Weight, Or
Strength Changes.
Chapter 8 - 30
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Personal Protective Clothing
Chemical Compatibility And Selection
• When Evaluating Chemical Compatibility
Recommendations, Also Consider The Following
Guidelines:
• Materials Constructed Of The Same Primary Fabric Or
Material (E.G., Butyl Rubber, PVC) Are Not Necessarily
Equal In Performance.
• There May Be A Conflict In Compatibility
Recommendations Between Sources.
Chapter 8 - 31
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Respiratory Protection
• The Respiratory System Is The Most Direct And Critical Exposure
Route. The Selection Of Respiratory Protection Should Be Based
Upon A Number Of Factors:
• What Is The Physical Form Of The Contaminant (I.E., Solid, Liquid Or
Gas).
• Has The Contaminant Been Identified?
• Are Concentrations Known Or Unknown?
• What Is The Purpose Of Response Operations?
• What Will Be The Duration Of Response Operations?
• What Is The Operating Environment
• What Type And Level Of Skin Protection Will Be Required?
364
Chapter 8 - 32
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Respiratory Protection
• Respiratory Protection Can Be Provided By
• Air Purification
Devices
• Atmosphere
Supplying
Respiratory
Equipment
Chapter 8 - 33
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
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Personal Protective Clothing
Air Purification Devices
• Air Purification Devices Are Respirators That
Remove Particulate Matter, Gases, Or Vapors From
The Ambient Air Before Inhalation.
• The NIOSH Respirator Certification Requirements
(42 CFR 84) Outline The Requirements For
Particulate Respirators.
• Emergency Responders May Use Particulate Filters
For White Powder Scenarios, And At Structural
Collapse Incidents.
Chapter 8 - 34
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Managing The Incident
Air Purification Devices
• Two Basic Types Of Air Purification
Devices May Be Used For Emergency
Response Purposes:
• Air Purification Respirators (APR) Are
Respirators With An Air-purifying Filter,
Cartridge, Or Canister That Removes Specific
Air Contaminants By Passing Ambient Air
Through The Air-purifying Element.
• Powered-air Purification Respirators (PAPR)
Are Air-purifying Respirators That Use A
Blower To Force The Ambient Air Through Airpurifying Elements To A Full-face Mask.
Chapter 8 - 35
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Personal Protective Clothing
Air Purification Devices
• Operational Considerations When Using APR's And
PAPR's Include:
• Air Purification Devices Should Not Be Used At Hazmat
Releases Unless Qualified Personnel Have First Monitored
The Environment And Determined That Such Devices Can Be
Safely Used (Per OSHA 1910.120(q)(3)(iv)).
• As A General Rule, They Should Not Be Used For Initial
Response Operations At Hazmat Incidents, And For
Emergency Response Operations Involving Unknown
Substances.
• APRs Cannot Be Used In IDLH Environments Or In Oxygendeficient Atmospheres Containing Less Than 19.5% Oxygen.
Chapter 8 - 36
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Air Purification Devices
• They Should Not Be Used In The Presence Or
Potential Presence Of Unidentified Contaminants.
Not Recommended For Areas Where Contaminant
Concentrations Are Unknown Or Exceed The
Designated Use Concentrations.
• Respiratory Protection Can Be Downgraded From
Air Supplied To Air Purifying Respirators If:
• The Contaminants Have Been Identified
• The Atmosphere Is Being Monitored And Contaminant
Levels Are Within Acceptable Limits
• The IC Approves the Respiratory Protection
Chapter 8 - 37
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Personal Protective Clothing
Air Purification Devices
• May Present Logistical Problems For Storage And
Maintenance Because Of The Variety Of Filters And
Cartridges Required.
• Have A Limited-protection Duration.
• APR's And PAPR's Only Protect Against Specific
Chemicals And Only To Specific Concentrations.
• Individuals Must Meet The Fit Testing And Medical
Requirements As Outlined By OSHA 1910.134 –
Respiratory Protection.
• Advantages Of APR's And PAPR's Include:
• Light Weight
• Lack Of Physical Stress Upon The User
Chapter 8 - 38
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Managing The Incident
Air Purification Devices
• Limitations Include Many Of The Operational
Considerations Listed Above, Including:
• The Need For Air Monitoring To Ensure That IDLH Or
Oxygen Deficient Conditions Are Not Present.
• Logistical Requirements
• They Only Offer Protection Against Specific Chemicals And
In Specific Concentrations.
• Negative Pressure Respirators Also Carry A Greater Risk
Of Leakage Than Positive Pressure Respirators.
Chapter 8 - 39
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Managing The Incident
Atmosphere Supplying Devices
• Respiratory Protection Devices With An Air Source
Are Referred To As Atmosphere Supplying Devices.
• These Devices Provide The Highest Available Level
Of Protection Against Airborne Contaminants And In
Oxygen-deficient Atmospheres
Chapter 8 - 40
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Atmosphere Supplying Devices
• There Are Two Basic Types:
• Self-contained Breathing Apparatus
(SCBA)
• Supplied Air Respirators (SAR)
• Which Supply Air From A Source
Away From The Scene; Connected
To The User By An Airline Hose.
Chapter 8 - 41
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Atmosphere Supplying Devices
• Only Positive-pressure Devices That Maintain
Positive Pressure In The Face Piece Should Be
Used For Emergency Response Applications
• Positive-pressure Respirators Will Provide A
Protection Factor Of 10,000:1.
• Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
• There Are Two Basic Types Of SCBA:
• Open-circuit SCBA Are Those Where Air Is Exhaled Directly
Into The Ambient Atmosphere.
• Closed-circuit SCBA Are Used For Specialized Response
Scenarios Where Long, Extended Operations
Chapter 8 - 42
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Atmosphere Supplying Devices
• Open-circuit SCBA Used For Firefighting
Applications Should Meet The Requirements Of
NFPA 1981 – Standard For Open-circuit SCBA For
Fire Fighters.
• Advantages Of Using SCBA Include:
•
They Are Readily Available In The Emergency Response
Community
• Most Responders Are Proficient In Their Use
• They Provide The Highest Level Of Respiratory Protection.
Chapter 8 - 43
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Atmosphere Supplying Devices
• Limitations Include:
•
•
•
•
Their Size
Weight And Bulkiness
Limited Duration Of Air Supply
Overall Resistance Of The SCBA And Its Components To
Chemical Exposures
• Size Restrictions When Used In Confined Spaces
Chapter 8 - 44
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Operational Considerations - SCBA
• Atmosphere-supplying Units Are Required For
Initial Response Operations Until The Hazards And
Concentration Of Air Contaminants Can Be Fully
Assessed.
• Duration Of The Operation.
• Depending Upon The Type Of Cylinder, Certain
Chemicals May Attack The Outer Shell Of An Air
Cylinder.
Chapter 8 - 45
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Supplied Air Respirators
• Although SCBA Are Most Common, SAR's May Be
Used When Extended Working Times Are Required
For Entry, DECON Or Remedial Clean-up
Operations.
• Components Of A SAR Include:
• Source Of Breathing Air – Usually A Cylinder A Cylinder
Cart Or A Cascade System
• Airline Hose
• Positive-pressure Respirator
• Emergency Air Supply, Such As A Small Escape Cylinder
Chapter 8 - 46
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Operational Considerations – SAR
• Atmosphere-supplying Units Are Required For
Initial Response Operations Until The Hazards And
Concentration Of Air Contaminants Can Be Fully
Assessed.
• NIOSH Certification Limits The Maximum Hose
Length From The Source To 300 Feet (91.4
Meters).
• Use Of Airlines In IDLH Or Oxygen-deficient
Atmosphere Requires A Secondary Emergency Air
Supply, Such As An Escape Pack For Immediate
Back-up Protection In Case Of Airline Failure.
Chapter 8 - 47
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Managing The Incident
Operational Considerations – SAR
• Use Of A SAR Will Require Personnel To Monitor
The Air Supply Source.
• Using Airline Hose Will Probably Impair User
Mobility And Slow The Operation.
• Airline Sleeves Constructed Of Disposable
Materials Can Provide Additional Protection.
• The Airline Hose Is Vulnerable To Physical
Damage, Chemical Contamination, And
Degradation.
Chapter 8 - 48
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Operational Considerations – SAR
• Decontamination May Be Difficult.
• Dual Flow SCBA's That Have The Capability Of
Being Supplied By Either An SCBA Or An Airline
May Provide Additional Flexibility For Both Entry
And DECON Operations.
• The User Can Operate In Either The SCBA Or Airline Hose
Modes By Operating A Manual Or Automatic Switch.
Chapter 8 - 49
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Operational Considerations - SAR
• Advantages Of Using SAR Units
Include:
• Lower Profile And Weight
• Increased Work Durations
• Their Ability To Provide The Highest Level
Of Respiratory Protection
Chapter 8 - 50
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Levels Of Protection
• There Is No One Type Of PPE That
Satisfies Our Protection Needs Under
All Conditions.
• The IC And The Hazmat Group
Supervisor Must Be Familiar With The
Various Types And Levels Of Protective
Clothing Available
370
Chapter 8 - 51
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Personal Protective Clothing
Levels Of Protection
• Three Basic Types Of Protective
Clothing May Be Used At Hazmat
Incidents:
• Structural Firefighting Clothing
• Chemical Protective Clothing
• Chemical Splash Protective Clothing
• Chemical Vapor Protective Clothing.
• High Temperature Protective Clothing
• Proximity Suits
• Fire Entry Suits
Chapter 8 - 52
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EPA Levels
Of Chemical
Protective
Clothing
369
Chapter 8 - 53
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Structural Firefighting Clothing
• Structural Firefighting Clothing (SFC) Is The Most
Common Type Of PPE Used By Emergency
Responders
• It Has A Number Of Vulnerabilities When Worn In
Hazmat Environments.
• It Is Normally Not The First PPE Choice For Most
Hazmat Response Scenarios.
• An Exception To This Statement Would Be Flammable
Gas And Liquid Fire Incidents Where SFC And SCBA Will
Provide Sufficient Protection For Most Response
Scenarios.
Chapter 8 - 54
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Structural Firefighting Clothing
• For Our Purposes, SFC Includes
A Helmet, Positive-pressure
SCBA, PASS Device, Turnout
Coat And Pants, Gloves And
Boots, And A Hood Made Of A
Fire-resistant Material. The
Ensemble Should Meet NFPA
1971 – Standard on Protective
Ensemble for Structural
Firefighting
Chapter 8 - 55
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Structural Firefighting Clothing
• SFC May Be Used When The
Following Conditions Are Met:
• Contact With Splashes Of Extremely
Hazardous Materials Is Unlikely.
• Total Atmospheric Concentrations Do
Not Contain High Levels Of
Chemicals Toxic To The Skin.
• There Are No Adverse Effects From
Chemical Exposure To Small Areas
Of Unprotected Skin.
• Live Victims Who Are In Need Of
Rescue, Such As Those Found In A
Terrorist Attack.
Chapter 8 - 56
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Structural Firefighting Clothing
• Hazardous Chemicals Can Both
Penetrate And Permeate
Firefighting Protective Fabrics
• Certain Areas Are More Likely To
Absorb Materials Than Others.
• Consider The Following Points:
• Clothing And Equipment Materials
Are Porous And Are Easily
Contaminated By Chemical
Penetration. Such as Station
Uniforms, Gloves, Turnout Clothing,
Hoods, Boot Linings and Straps.
Chapter 8 - 57
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Structural Firefighting Clothing
• Coated Or Rubber-like Materials Are
More Likely To Be Affected By
Chemical Permeation, Such As:
•
•
•
•
•
Moisture Barriers
Reflective Trim
Boot Outer Layers
SSCBA Masks
Hard Plastics Used In The Helmet And
SCBA Components
• Ash, Resins, And Smoke Particles Can
Easily Become Trapped Within The
Protective Clothing Fibers
Chapter 8 - 58
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Structural Firefighting Clothing
• Infectious Blood borne Diseases
Including:
• HIV
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis C Viruses
• These Viruses Can Be Readily
Absorbed Into The Protective
Clothing Fibers.
• SFC Should Be Certified As
Protective Against Blood borne
Pathogens.
Chapter 8 - 59
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Structural Firefighting Clothing - Body Protection
•
The Outer Shell That Provides Thermal Protection
Is Constructed Of Materials Such As Kevlar,
PBI, Or Nomex.
• The Most Serious Problem Faced When Using SFC
For Hazmat Operations Is Ensuring That All
Exposed Skin Surfaces Are Covered And Protected.
• Remember - Structural Firefighting Clothing Is Not
Designed To Offer Chemical Protection!
Chapter 8 - 60
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Structural Firefighting Clothing - Gloves
• Because Of The Likelihood Of Physical Contact,
Protective Gloves Should Be Considered As A
Critical Element In The Protective Clothing
Ensemble.
• Factors To Evaluate Include
• Chemical Resistance
• Physical Resistance
• Temperature Resistance.
• Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) Gloves Have Excellent
Compatibility Against Certain Petroleum Solvents,
But Break Down Upon Exposure To Water.
Chapter 8 - 61
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Structural Firefighting Clothing - Gloves
• Products That Penetrate Natural Rubber And
Silicone May Also Create Serious Exposure
Problems For Gloves, Boots, And SCBA Face
pieces.
• Examples Include Methyl Bromide,
Dichloropropene, And Some Chemical Agents.
Chapter 8 - 62
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Structural Firefighting Clothing - Respiratory Protection
• Since Toxic, Corrosive, And Flammable Vapors
Along With The Products Of Combustion Are
Present, Air Supplied Respiratory Protection
Devices Are Required.
• Positive-pressure SCBA Is The Minimum Level Of
Respiratory Protection.
• It Is Not Uncommon For Exposure To A Specific
Chemical Or Hazmat Environment To Require The
Complete Discarding Of All SFC.
Chapter 8 - 63
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Liquid Chemical Splash Protective Clothing
• Liquid Chemical Splash Protective Clothing
Consists Of Several Pieces Of Clothing And
Equipment Designed To Provide Skin And Eye
Protection From Chemical Splashes.
• It Does Not Provide Total Body Protection From
Gases Or Vapors
• It Should Not Be Used For Protection Against
Liquids That Give Off Vapors Known To Affect Or Be
Absorbed Through The Skin.
Chapter 8 - 64
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Liquid Chemical Splash Protective Clothing
• Liquid Chemical Splash Protective Clothing May Be
Used Under The Following Conditions:
• The Vapors Or Gases Present Are Not Suspected Of
Containing High Concentrations Of Chemicals That Are
Harmful To, Or Can Be Absorbed By, The Skin.
• It Is Highly Unlikely That The User Will Be Exposed To
High Concentrations Of Vapors, Gases, Or Liquid
Chemicals That Will Affect Any Exposed Skin Areas.
• Operations Will Not Be Conducted In A Flammable
Atmosphere.
• Many Response Agencies Also Regularly Use Fire
Retardant Coveralls Underneath The CPC.
Chapter 8 - 65
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Liquid Chemical Splash Protective Clothing
• Skin And Body Protection
• In Emergency Response, Liquid Chemical Splash
Protective Clothing Is Often Used For Initial Response
Operations and To Protect DECON Personnel
• Depending Upon The Application (Emergency Response
Vs. Law Enforcement), CPC Fabrics May Be Available In
Various Colors.
• Several Common Types Include:
• Single-piece Suits. Usually Coveralls, A Splash Suit, Or An
Encapsulating Suit Which Is Not Vapor Tight.
• Two-piece Suits. Usually Consist Of Bib Overalls Or Pants
Worn With A Jacket.
Chapter 8 - 66
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Skin And Body Protection
• Head Protection
• Hard Hat, Helmet, Or Hood. Some Form Of Hard Hat Protection
Is Recommended When Using A Hood Or Encapsulating Suit.
• Gloves
• Some Coveralls And Jackets Have A Sleeve Mounted Splash
Guard Which Prevents Wrist Exposure.
• For Maximum Hand Protection, Over gloving And Double gloving
Should Be Used. Double gloving Involves The Use Of Surgical
Gloves Under A Work Glove.
• Footwear And Shoe Covers
• Foot Protection May Be Chemical Boots, Separate Shoe Covers,
Or Booties Which Are Part Of The CPC Ensemble.
Chapter 8 - 67
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Skin And Body Protection
• Many Liquid Chemical Splash Suits Constructed From
Limited-use Materials Have Integral Or Connected Sock
Booties.
• Aprons And Body Coverings.
• Aprons, Lab Coats, Sleeve Guards, And Other Body
Coverings Are Designed For Protection Against Spills And
Splashes That Occur When Physically Handling
Chemicals And Other Hazardous Materials.
• There Is A Commercially Available Chemical Tape
(CHEM-tape 2) That Is Specifically Designed For
Protective Clothing Applications
Chapter 8 - 68
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Chemical Liquid Splash Protective Clothing
376
Chapter 8 - 69
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Chemical Vapor Protective Clothing
• Chemical Vapor Protective Clothing (EPA Level A)
Provides Full-body Protection With Vapor-tight
Integrity.
• Chemical Vapor Protective Clothing Should Be
Used When The Following Conditions Exist:
• Extremely Hazardous Substances Are Known Or
Suspected To Be Present, And Skin Contact Is Possible
(E.G., Cyanide Compounds, Toxic And Infectious
Substances).
• There Is Potential Contact With Substances That Harm Or
Destroy Skin (E.G., Corrosives)
Chapter 8 - 70
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Chemical Vapor Protective Clothing
• Chemical Vapor Protective Clothing Should Be
Used When The Following Conditions Also Exist:
• Anticipated Operations Involve A Potential For Splash Or
Exposure To Vapors, Gases, Or Particulates Capable Of
Being Absorbed Through The Skin.
• Anticipated Operations Involve Unknown Or Unidentified
Substances And The Scenario Dictates That Vapor-tight
Skin Protection Is Required.
Chapter 8 - 71
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Chemical Vapor Protective Clothing
• Skin And Body Protection
• Chemical Vapor Protective Clothing Is Manufactured In
Several Configurations.
• The Most Common Is Where The SCBA Is Worn
Underneath The Ensemble, Thereby Providing Total Vapor
Protection By Encapsulating The Wearer.
• CPC Manufacturers Will Also Incorporate An Airline Hose
Bulkhead Connection Onto The Suit If A Supplied Air
Respirator Will Be Used.
• In European Countries, It Is Very Common To Find
Chemical Vapor Protective Clothing Where The SCBA Is
Worn Outside Of The Suit.
Chapter 8 - 72
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Chemical Vapor Protective Clothing
• Skin And Body Protection
• The Face piece Serves As The Primary Barrier For
Respiratory Protection Against Chemical Permeation.
• A Chemical Vapor Suit Is Only As Strong As Its Weakest
Link.
• Visibility Through The Face Shield, Including Peripheral
Vision, Will Be Critical.
• If A Protective Over garment Will Be Used, Consideration
Must Also Be Given To The Impact On Operational
Performance In Viewing Through Multiple Face Shields.
Chapter 8 - 73
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Chemical Vapor Protective Clothing
SCUBA (inside suit)
Chapter 8 - 74
Supplied air respirators
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Vapor Suit Attachments And Accessories
• Gloves
• Gloves Can Be Permanently Attached To A Chemical
Vapor Suit Or Be Detachable.
• Most Manufacturers Allow The Interchange Of Gloves.
• Gloves Must Match The Chemical Resistance Of The
Primary Suit Material, And Typically Consist Of Two Or
More Layers Of Gloves.
• If Manual Labor Tasks Will Be Performed Where Gloves
May Become Pinched Or Torn, Responders May Also Use
An Outer Glove Constructed Of Kevlar, Leather Or A
Similar Durable Materials.
Chapter 8 - 75
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Vapor Suit Attachments And Accessories
• Boots
• Boots Can Be Either An Integral Part Of The Suit, Or A
Separate Item.
• The “Socks” Attached To Some Chemical Suits Should Be
Worn Inside An Outer, Durable Boot, As They Do Not Have
Sufficient Durability Or Slip Resistance To Be Worn As
Outer Footwear.
• Most Chemical Vapor Suits Incorporate An Integral Sock
Boot Or “Bootie” Design That Is Constructed Of The Same
Material As The Suit.
Chapter 8 - 76
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Vapor Suit Attachments And Accessories
• Suit Fit And Closure Assemblies
• Mobility Is Sacrificed Whenever A Chemical Vapor Suit Is
Worn.
• All Chemical Vapor Suits Are Sealed By A Closure
Assembly.
• The Pressure-sealing Zipper Is The Most Common. When
Closed, The Zipper Forms A Gas-tight Seal, And An Outer
Flap Then Protects The Closure From Direct Splashes.
• Emergencies May Arise When The Suit Integrity Is
Compromised Or When The SCBA Malfunctions.
• Beware Of The Initial Impulse To Immediately Get Out Of
The Suit, As This May Endanger The User.
Chapter 8 - 77
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Vapor Suit Attachments And Accessories
• Over Garments
• Over garments Are Available From Most Chemical Vapor
Protective Clothing Manufacturers That Offer Flash
Protection Or Protection Against The Cold Temperatures
Associated With Liquefied Gas Exposures
• Flash Over garments Are Not Entry Or Proximity Clothing
• Entry Operations Into Combined Chemical And Thermal
Environments Are A High-risk Operation.
•
Chemical Protective Clothing Is Not Designed For
Thermal Protection Applications!!!
• CPC Exposures To Liquefied Gases Can Cause Cold
Embrittlement And Failure Of The Suit Material.
Chapter 8 - 78
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Vapor Suit Attachments And Accessories
• Undergarments
• The Type Of Personal Clothing Worn By Hazmat
Responders Underneath CPC Can Influence Heat Stress
Potential, As Well As The Ability Of The User To Effectively
Operate Within A Hostile Environment.
• Head Protection
• Although Some Chemical Vapor Suits May Incorporate
Head Protection - Most Do Not
• Head Protection Must Be Provided Through The Use Of A
Separate Hard Hat, Bicycle Helmet, Or Comparable
Protection.
Chapter 8 - 79
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Vapor Suit Attachments And Accessories
• Cooling And Ventilation
• Both Liquid Chemical Splash And Vapor Protective
Clothing Seal The Body In A Manner That Retains Body
Heat And Moisture.
• Heat Stress Becomes A Concern Even In Moderate
Ambient Temperatures. Chemical Protective Clothing
Should Only Be Worn By Individuals In Good Health And
Physical Condition.
• Supported By A Comprehensive Medical Surveillance
Program
Chapter 8 - 80
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Vapor Suit Attachments And Accessories
• Communications
• Verbal, Person-to-person Communications While Wearing
Chemical Vapor Clothing Are Virtually Impossible. Radio
Communications Are A Necessity For Entry Operations.
• Communications Systems For Use Within Protective
Clothing Ensembles Include Radio Headsets, Ear, Mouth,
And Bone Microphones, And Voice Amplifiers.
• Visual Identification Of Personnel Can Be Critical
• Identification Methods Can Include The Use Of Different
Colored Suits, Large Numbers Attached To The Suit, Or
Color-coded (Or Numbered) Traffic Vests.
Chapter 8 - 81
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
High Temperature Protective Clothing
• Hazmat Responders May Be Required To Operate
In High Temperature Environments
• Thermal Energy Can Be Encountered In The Three
Forms.
• Ambient Heat Or The Temperature Of The Surrounding
Atmosphere In A Given Scenario.
• Conductive Heat Is The Heat Generated By Direct
Physical Contact With A Hot Surface.
• Radiant Heat Is The Heat Generated By A Heat Source
Such As A Flammable Gas Or Liquid Fire, And Is Absorbed
By Materials That Are Struck By The Radiant Heat Emitted
By The Heat Source.
Chapter 8 - 82
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Types Of High Temperature Clothing
• The Two Types Of High
Temperature Protective Clothing
May Be Used In The Hazmat
Response Community:
• Proximity Suits
• Fire Entry Suits
Proximity Suits
Fire Entry Suits
Chapter 8 - 83
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Types Of High Temperature Clothing
• Proximity Suits
• Designed For Exposures Of
Short Duration And Close
Proximity To Flame And Radiant
Heat, Such As In ARFF
Operations.
• The Outer Shell Is A Highly
Reflective, Aluminized Fabric
Over An Inner Shell Of A Flameretardant Fabric Such As
Kevlar™ Or Kevlar™/PHI™
Blends.
Chapter 8 - 84
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Types Of High Temperature Clothing
• Fire Entry Suits
• They Offer Complete, Effective
Protection For Short- Duration
Entry Into A Total Flame
Environment.
• They Are Designed To Withstand
Exposures To Radiant Heat
Levels Up To 2,000°f (1,093 °C).
Chapter 8 - 85
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Tying The System Together
• Operational Considerations
• The Selection And Use Of Specialized Protective Clothing
At A Hazmat Emergency Should Be Approached From A
“Systems” Perspective.
• This System Begins With An Evaluation Of Four Key
Factors:
• The Hostile Environment
• The Tasks To Be Performed
• The Type Of Protective Clothing Required
• The Capabilities Of The User/Wearer
381
Chapter 8 - 86
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Operational Considerations
• Hostile Environment
• In Simple Terms, What Is The Challenge?
• Among The Questions That Must Be Considered Are:
• What Material(s) Are Involved?
• What Is The Physical State Of The Substance (I.E., Solid,
Liquid, Gas)?
• What Are The Hazards Of The Substance – Flammable,
Toxic, Corrosive, Etc?
• What Is The Result Of Contact To The Skin?
• What Physical Hazards Are Present?
• What Are The Ambient Temperature And Weather
Conditions?
Chapter 8 - 87
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Other Operational Considerations
• Tasks To Be Performed
• What Are The Objectives Of Entry Operations?
• Given The Tactical Response Objectives That Are Being
Implemented, What Is The Potential For Exposure To The
Substances Involved, Including The Level And Duration Of
Exposure?
• Type Of Protective Clothing Required.
• Strategic Goals And Tactical Response Objectives Will
Determine The Level Of Protective Clothing Required To
Bring About A More Favorable Outcome.
• Remember – This Decision Must Take Into Account The
Level Of Risk Associated With The Overall Response.
Chapter 8 - 88
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Other Operational Considerations
• Capabilities Of The User / Wearer
• All Responders Have Personal Strengths And
Weaknesses.
• There Are Both Physical And Psychological Stressors That
Will Affect Responders.
• Examples Of Physical Stressors Include:
• Extreme Heat Or Cold Operating Conditions.
• Noise.
• Reduced Vision From The Fogging Of CPC Or SCBA Face
pieces.
• Operations In Low-light Or Low-visibility Environments.
Chapter 8 - 89
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Other Operational Considerations
• Other Examples Of Physical Stressors Include:
• Reduced Handling And Dexterity Due To The Need To Wear Several Layers
Of Gloves.
• Adverse Weather Conditions
• Physical Hazards And The Physical Operating Environment.
• Examples Of Psychological Stressors Include:
• Lack Of Physical Fitness And The Physical Ability To Perform The Required
Tasks.
• Response Operations Involving Injuries, Fatalities, Or High-risk Operations.
• Operations Within Enclosed Or Confined Space Environments.
• Background And Experience Levels In Both Wearing CPC And Operating In
Hostile Environments.
• Fear Of Either Suit Or Respiratory Protection Failure.
Chapter 8 - 90
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Operational and Safety Considerations
• When Using Protective Clothing At Hazmat
Incidents Includes:
• The Selection, Maintenance, And Use Of Protective
Clothing Must Be Integral Part Of An Overall PPE And
Safety Program.
• Chemical Protection And Thermal Protection Are, For All
Practical Purposes, Mutually Exclusive.
• In Some Situations, Structural Firefighting Clothing May Be
Worn In Combination With Liquid Chemical Splash
Protective Clothing, Such As Coveralls Or A Non-vaportight Encapsulating Suit.
• Always Minimize Direct Contact With Any Chemicals,
Regardless Of Your Level Of Protection.
Chapter 8 - 91
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Operational and Safety Considerations
• You Are More Likely To Hurt Your Responders As A Result
Of Heat Stress Than A Chemical Exposure.
• Depending Upon The Ambient Temperature And Humidity,
Fogging May Occur Inside The Face Piece Of A Chemical
Vapor Suit.
• Ensure That Entry And Back-up Crews Have Equivalent
Levels Of Protection.
• “Two In And Two Out” May Be Great If You Are Doing An
Entry In An Open-air Environment, But It Won’t Cut It If
Your Entry Team Is Operating Inside A Structure And Goes
Down.
• Communications Is A Critical Element In Entry Operations,
Especially When Using Chemical Vapor Suits.
Chapter 8 - 92
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Operational and Safety Considerations
• Air Supply Will Often Be The Most Critical Element Of
Entry Operations.
• A Pre-entry Safety Briefing Should Be Conducted Prior To
Recon Or Entry Operations.
• Any Plan To Allow The Same Entry Personnel To Re-enter
The Hot Zone Should Be Approved By The Hazmat Group
Supervisor, Hazmat Group Safety Officer, Medical Officer,
And, Most Importantly, The Individual Involved.
• Support Personnel Are Always Needed To Assist Entry And
Back-up Crews In Donning And Doffing Protective
Clothing.
Chapter 8 - 93
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Emergency Procedures
• Hazmat Response Organizations Should Develop
Procedures To Address The Following Scenarios
Involving Chemical Vapor Suits:
• Loss Of Air Supply.
• This Constitutes A Major, Life-threatening Emergency.
•
Key Elements Of Any Procedure Should Be:
• The Affected Responder And Their Partner Should Immediately
Start To Exit The Hazard Area And Move Towards DECON Or A
Less-contaminated Environment.
• Immediately Communicate The Situation To The Hazmat Group
Safety Officer Or Entry Leader.
Chapter 8 - 94
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Emergency Procedures
• Resist Any Urge To Immediately Cut Open Or Get Out Of
The Suit, Particularly If Still Operating Within A
Contaminated Environment.
• If Possible, Remove The Regulator Or Face piece And
Use The Air Within The Chemical Vapor Suit.
• Chemical Vapor Suits With The SCBA Inside Of The
Ensemble (I.E., Humpback Design) Typically Have A
Sufficient Supply Breathing Air Inside Of The Suit That Will
Permit The User To At Least Exit The Hazardous
Environment.
Chapter 8 - 95
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Emergency Procedures
• Remember – This Emergency Procedure Is
Designed To Get The User Out Of The Hostile
Environment And Out Of The Suit As Quickly As
Possible
• Continued Use Of Breathing Air From Inside Of A
Vapor-tight Suit Will Quickly Lead To Decreased
Oxygen Levels.
Chapter 8 - 96
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Emergency Procedures
• Loss Of Suit Integrity
• Causes May Include Physical Damage As A Result
Of A Puncture Or Tear, Or Having A Limited-use
Garment “Blow Out” As A Result Of Improper
Sizing.
• Key Elements Of Any Procedure Should Be:
• Stay Calm!!!
• The Affected Responder And Their Partner Should
Immediately Start To Exit The Hazard Area And Move
Towards DECON Or A Less-contaminated Environment.
• Immediately Communicate The Situation To The Hazmat
Group Safety Officer Or Entry Leader.
Chapter 8 - 97
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Emergency Procedures
• Other Key Elements Of Any Procedure Should Be:
• Try To Determine The Size And Location Of The Breach,
And If The User Has Been Contaminated.
• If Possible, Try To Cover The Breach With A Glove Or
Sleeve, If Possible.
• Do Not Remove Your Face piece Or Respiratory
Protection!!!
• Decontaminate The Wearer And Remove Them From The
Suit As Soon As Possible.
• Follow-up With Appropriate Personal DECON And Medical
Procedures, As Appropriate.
Chapter 8 - 98
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Emergency Procedures
• Loss Of Communications
• Verbal Communications Are Impossible When Wearing
Vapor Chemical Protective Clothing
• Responders Should Have An Overlapping Communication
System That Incorporates Both Electronic
Communications And Hand Signals
• Most HMRT's Use A Hand Signal System
• Are You Okay?
• Out Of Air.
• In-suit Emergency.
Chapter 8 - 99
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Emergency Procedures
• Buddy Down In The Hot Zone
• The Ability To Remove Entry Personnel Who Are Down In The
Hot Zone Will Be Both A Labor-intensive And Time-intensive
Operation. A Back-up Team Of Only Two Responders Will Be
Inadequate For Most Scenarios, And The OSHA “Two In / Two
Out” Rule Should Be Viewed As A Minimum Requirement..
• Operational Considerations For Conducting Rescue Operations
Of Downed Entry Personnel Will Include:
• What Is The Cause Of The Entry Member Going Down?
• If The Responder Has Gone Down As A Result Of A Cardio-vascular
Problem, RIT Personnel Should Initiate Life Support Operations As
Soon As Possible.
Chapter 8 - 100
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Emergency Procedures
• Operational Considerations For Conducting Rescue
Operations Of Downed Entry Personnel Will Also Include:
• For Incidents In An Open-air Environment With No
Obstructions, The Two-in/Two-out Back-up Procedure May
Be Effective.
• Any Scenario Which Involves A Downed Responder Inside A
Structure Or Which Will Require Egress Via A Stairwell Will
Probably Require A Minimum Of Four Or More Back-up
Personnel To Conduct A Timely Extrication And Removal.
• Rescue Operations Where Entry Personnel Are Wearing
Level A Or Chemical Vapor Clothing Are Generally More
Difficult Than Those Where Non-encapsulating Chemical
Splash Clothing Is Worn.
Chapter 8 - 101
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Donning And Doffing
• The Donning And Doffing Of CPC Can Be A Timeconsuming Process.
• More Than One IC Has Asked The Question, “Why
Is It Taking So Long?” Procedures For The Donning
And Doffing Of Specific CPC Ensembles Should Be
Based Upon The Manufacturer’s Instructions.
• The Following General Procedures Are Presented
As A Basic Guideline.
Chapter 8 - 102
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Donning Procedures
• Coordinate With Medical To Begin Monitoring Of
Entry And Back-up Personnel, As Well As Prehydration.
• Ensure That The Medical Evaluation Is Maintained
And Coordinated With The Hazmat Group Safety
Officer.
• Determine The Appropriate CPC And Respiratory
Protection Information And Recommendations.
• Remove, Tag And Secure All Personal Items,
Including Wallets, Rings, Watches, Etc.
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Personal Protective Clothing
Donning Procedures
• Don Any Required Undergarments That May Be
Worn Under The CPC Ensemble, Such As Fire
Retardant Coveralls.
• Responders Who Wear Glasses Should Ensure
That Their Corrected Lenses Are Properly Installed
Within Their Face piece.
• A Donning And Doffing Area Should Be Selected;
These Two Locations Should Be Adjacent To Each
Other.
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MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Donning Procedures
• Criteria For Area Selection Should Include:
• Located As Close As Possible To The Entry Point
• Protected From The Weather And Elements
• Sufficiently Large Enough To Accommodate All Donning
And Support Operations.
• Clearly Defined And Delineated Location, Such As
Through The Use Of Banner Tape, Cones, Color-coded
And Pre-marked Tarps, Etc.
• Responders Who Will Don PPE Should Be Provided
Suitable Seating.
• Some HMRT's Use Modified Chairs Or Benches With The
Back Removed.
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MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Donning Procedures
• A Pre-entry Safety Briefing Should Be Conducted
Prior To Donning Operations.
• Entry And Back-up Personnel Should Dress At
Approximately The Same Rate To Ensure That
Entry Personnel Are Not “Standing Around And
Waiting.”
• Once The Incident Commander Approves The Entry
Operation, Entry Personnel Should Be Placed On
Air, Complete The Donning Process, And Then Led
To The Access Control Point.
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MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Doffing Procedures
• In Most Response Scenarios, Back-up Personnel
Will Remain In A Stand-by Mode And Be “Off-air”
Until Needed.
• Ensure That Support Personnel Use The
Appropriate Level Of PPE To Assist With The
Doffing Process.
• Entry Personnel May Be Tired, Extremely Hot And
Sweaty, And Anxious To Remove Their PPE.
• PPE Should Be Doffed Based Upon The
Manufacturer’s Instructions. General Guidelines
Include The Following:
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MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Doffing Procedures
• At Least One And Preferably Two Support
Personnel Should Be Assigned To Assist Each
Responder Who Will Don CPC.
• Support Personnel Should Only Touch The Outside Of The
CPC Ensembles.
• Entry Personnel Should Only Touch The Inside Of The
CPC Ensembles.
• Minimize Cross-contamination From Outside To Inside Of
The CPC Ensembles.
• When Dealing With Chemical Vapor Clothing, The Top
Portion Of The Garment Should First Be Unzipped And
Removed
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MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Doffing Procedures
• Once Sitting, Support Personnel Can Then Remove The
Arms, Legs And SCBA Harness.
• Entry Personnel Should Be Permitted To Remove Their
Own Inner Gloves And Face piece.
• Once Removed, CPC Should Be Placed In A Bag Or
Container For Further DECON Or Disposal.
• Entry Personnel Should Then Be Hydrated,
Medically Evaluated, And Debriefed, As
Appropriate.
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MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Training Considerations
• The Use Of Protective Clothing At A Hazmat
Incident Should Be The Final Step Of A
Comprehensive System Which Begins With An
Analysis Community’s Hazards.
• There Should Be A Regular, Effective Preventive
Maintenance And Testing Program.
• Both Classroom And Hands-on Training Is
Essential. Protective Clothing Training Evolutions
Are Most Effective When Conducted On A “Building
Block” Or Modular Basis, And Combined With Other
Manipulative Skills.
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MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Training Considerations
• Training With Protective Clothing Is Essential For
The Development Of Effective Skills And
Competencies.
• To Minimize Damage Response Organizations
Normally Purchase Training Suits, Use Limited-use
Garments Specifically For Training Purposes
• You May Use Level A Suits That Have Exceeded
Their Shelf Life.
• “Front-line” Chemical Vapor Suits Should Only Be
Used During Actual Emergencies
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MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Inspection And Maintenance Procedures
• Preventive Maintenance And Documentation Are
Integral Elements Of A Comprehensive PPE
Program.
• A Records File Should Be Maintained For All
Chemical Vapor Clothing And Respiratory
Protection Units That Document Their Respective
History.
• For Chemical Vapor Protective Clothing, A Logbook
Should Be Established For Each Suit That Records
Each Time The Clothing Is Worn, Inspection And
Maintenance.
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MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Inspection And Maintenance Procedures
• Periodic Records Review May Pinpoint An Item
With Excessive Maintenance Costs Or Out-ofservice Times.
• Manufacturer Maintenance And Testing
Recommendations Should Be Consulted For
Maintenance Intervals And Procedures.
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MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Inspection And Maintenance Procedures
• At A Minimum, Protective Clothing Should Be
Inspected At The Following Benchmarks:
•
•
•
•
Upon Receipt From The Manufacturer Or Vendor
After Each Use
Periodic Inspections (I.E., Monthly Or Quarterly)
Whenever Questions Arise Regarding Selected Protective
Equipment Or When Problems With Similar Equipment
Arise.
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
Inspection And Maintenance Procedures
• Each Inspection Will Cover Different Areas In
Varying Levels Of Thoroughness Depending On
The Type Of Protective Clothing
• Chemical Vapor Clothing Should Undergo A
Tightness Test At Intervals As Established By The
Suit Manufacturer And NFPA 1991 - Vapor
Protective Ensembles For Hazardous Materials
Emergencies
• All Protective Clothing Must Be Stored Properly To
Prevent Damage
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MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Summary
• Personal Protective Clothing And
Equipment Are Critical To The Success
Of An Organization’s Hazardous
Materials Response Program
• They Are An Integral Element Of The
Health And Safety Program
• They Facilitate The Ability Of
Emergency Responders To Respond
And Control Hazmat Releases In A
Safe, Efficient And Effective Manner
Chapter 8 - 116
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MATERIALS
Personal Protective Clothing
Managing The Incident
Summary
• An Effective And Comprehensive
Personal Protective Clothing Program
Should Address Six Fundamental
Elements:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hazard Identification
PPE Selection And Use
Medical Monitoring
Training
Inspection
Maintenance
Chapter 8 - 117
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HAZARDOUS
MATERIALS
Managing The Incident
Personal Protective Clothing
O.T. and the Kid
Chapter 8 - 118
© Hazardous Materials - Managing the Incident 2005
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