8.1.1 State that oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, whereas reduction involves a gain of electrons; and that oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, whereas reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen.
Word Meaning
Oxidation
Reduction
Phosphorylation
Electrons lost
Oxygen gained
Hydrogen lost (H + also called proton)
Electrons gained
Oxygen lost
Hydrogen gained (H + )
The addition of a phosphate group
Decarboxylation The removal of a carbon

8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation.
(fructose-1,6bisphosphate)
(G3P)
Reduction
Substrate level phosphorylation – phosphate added directly onto ADP

8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs.
Label: Cristae, inner membrane, outer member, intermembrane space, matrix, ribosomes

8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction , the
Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen.
• Pyruvate enters mitochondrion
• Enzymes in matrix remove a carbon (decarboxylation) and hydrogen (oxidation)
• Hydrogen is accepted by NAD + (forms NADH)
• The whole process is called oxidative decarboxylation
• The product is an acetyl group that reacts with coenzymeA
(CoA)
• Acetyl CoA then enters the Krebs Cycle

8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the
Krebs cycle , the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen.

8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the
Krebs cycle , the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen.
• Occurs in matrix of mitochondrion
• Decarboxylation occurs
• Oxidation/removal of hydrogen by NAD and FAD
• Substrate level phosphorylation

8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the
Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen.
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120071/bio11.swf

8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the
Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen.
• Transfer of hydrogen to inner membrane carriers
• Hydrogen is pumped across inner membrane
• Creates a concentration gradient
• Electrons transferred between carriers
• Chemiosmosis
• Hydrogen ions passes down concentration gradient through
ATP synthase
• Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and this forms water

8.1.5 Explain oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis.
• This involves the movement of protons (H + ) to provide energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP using the electron transport chain (ETC)
• ATP synthase found on the inner mitochondrial membrane uses the H + gradient to make ATP
• H + move passively down the concentration gradient back into the matrix
• 1 NADH = 3 ATP
• 1 FADH
2
= 2 ATP

8.1.6 Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function.
• Cristae increase SA for ETC function
• Membranes provides barrier for proton accumulation
• Enzymes embedded in membranes in order for ETC and chemiosmosis to occur.

Task: Try filling the chart out!
Location Reactants Products
Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle
ETC +
Chemiosmosis
Oxygen required?

Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle
ETC +
Chemiosmosis
Location
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondrial matrix
Inner mitochondrial membrane + intermembrane space
Reactants Products Oxygen required?
1 glucose
2 ATP
2 pyruvate
2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 acetyl CoA
2 NADH
No
2 acetyl CoA 2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH
2
4 CO
2
(released)
6 NADH
2 FADH
2
3 x 6NADH = 18
2 x 2FADH2 =4
22 ATP
Yes
No (but will occur in the presence of
O2)
No

Glycolysis
ATP used
2
Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle
ETC and chemiosmosis
Total
0
0
0
ATP made
4
0
2
0
NADH, FADH
2 made
2 NADH x 3 =
6
(but 2 ATP are used to transport pyruvate into mitochondria)
2 NADH x 3 =
6
-------------------
6 NADH x 3 =
18
2 FADH
2 x 2=
4
Total ATP
8
6
2
22
38