Enzymes & Your Body By Malinda Pires Enzymes are Catalyst • Enzymes speed up chemical reactions. •Animation Menu •Enzymes are catalyst to over 4000 biochemical reactions! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GLO1_Homo_sapiens_small_fast.gif Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College Activation Energy Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Activation_energy.svg Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College Enzymes are Reusable • Enzymes are reusable molecules found in living things. • Animation Menu http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GLO1_Homo_sapiens_small_fast.gif Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College Classifying Enzymes • There are 4 major categories of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids QuickTi me™ and a T IFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see thi s pi cture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glucose-2D-skeletal.png 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mouse-cholera-antibody-1f4x.png Quic kTime™ and a TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor are needed t o s ee t his pict ure. 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phospholipids_aqueous_solution_structures.svg 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png • Most enzymes belong to the class of proteins. • However, there are a few catalytic RNA molecules. Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College Naming Enzymes • Take the name of the substrate the enzyme works on and add the suffix -ase • Example: Lactose Lactase QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lactase.jpg Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College Enzyme Form and Function • Lock & key Model: The shape of an enzyme allows it to do a specific job much like a lock and key. • Specificity - Animation Menu Quick Time™ a nd a TIFF ( Un co mpr es sed ) d eco mp res so r ar e n eed ed to s ee thi s pi ctu re. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Llave_bronce.jpg Quic kTime™ and a TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor are needed t o s ee t his pict ure. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wardedlock.jpg Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College Induced Fit Model • Enzymes can form to the shape of its substrate. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Induced_fit_diagram.svg Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College Denaturing Enzymes • When an enzyme is denatured it is damaged. • Denaturing changes the shape. • Without the correct shape enzymes won’t function properly. • HOW are enzymes denatured? – Temperature Animation Menu – pH Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College Enzyme Inhibitors • Chemicals that prevent the enzyme from working. • Inhibitors decrease the enzyme reaction rate. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Competitive_inhibition.svg Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College Enzyme Activators • Chemicals that help the enzyme work. • Activators increase the enzyme reaction rate. Active Site Activator X Binding Site Substrate Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College Enzymes are used all over your body! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digestive_system_diagram_en.svg Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Major_digestive_enzymes.png/750px-Major_digestive_enzymes.png Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2009 President and Fellows of Harvard College