Chapter 3:
Elements, Compounds,
and the Periodic Table
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature
of Matter, 6E
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Discovery of Subatomic Particles
 Late 1800s & early 1900s
 Cathode ray tube experiments showed that
atoms are made up of subatomic particles
 Discovered negatively charged particles
moving from
 Cathode – negative electrode to
 Anode – positive electrode
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
2
Discovery of Electron
JJ Thomson (1897)
 Modified cathode ray tube
 Made quantitative
measurements on
cathode rays
 Discovered negatively
charged particles
 Electrons (e)
 Determined charge to mass ratio (e/m) of these
particles
 e/m = 1.76 x 108 coulombs/gram
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
3
Millikan Oil Drop Experiment
 Determining charge on Electron
 Calculated charge on electron
 e = 1.60 x 1019 C
 Combined with Thomson’s experiment to get
mass of electron
 m = 9.09 x 1028 g
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
4
Discovery of Atomic Nucleus
Rutherford’s Alpha Scattering Experiment




Most alpha () rays passed right through gold
A few were deflected off at an angle
1 in 8000 bounced back towards alpha ray source
Gave us current model of nuclear atom
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
5
Discovery Of Proton
 Discovered in 1918 in Ernest Rutherford’s lab
 Detected using Mass Spectrometer
 Hydrogen had mass 1800x mass of electron
 Masses of other gases whole number multiples of
mass of hydrogen
Proton
 Smallest
positively
charged particle
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
6
Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom
 Demonstrated that nucleus:
 has almost all of mass in atom
 has all of positive charge
 is located in very small volume at center of atom
 Very tiny, extremely dense core of atom
 Where protons (p+) &
neutrons (1n) are
located
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
7
Atomic Structure
 Electrons (e)
 Very low mass
 Occupy most of atom’s space
 Balance of attractive & repulsive forces controls
atom size
 Attraction between protons (p+) & electrons
(e) holds electrons around nucleus
 Repulsion between electrons helps them spread
out over volume of atom
 In neutral atom
 Number of es must equal number of p+s
 Diameter of atom ~10,000 × diameter of nucleus
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
8
Discovery of Neutron (1n)
 First postulated by Rutherford & coworkers
 Estimated number of positive charges on nucleus
based on experimental data
 Nuclear mass based on this number of protons
always far short of actual mass
 About ½ actual mass
 Therefore, must be another type of particle
 Has mass about same as proton
 Electrically neutral
 Discovered in 1932 by Chadwick
 Caused free neutron to be created
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
9
Properties of Subatomic Particles
Nucleus (protons
+ neutrons)
 3 Kinds of subatomic
particles of principal
interest to Chemists
Electrons
Particle
Mass (g)
Electrical
Charge
Electron
9.109391028
1
Proton
1.672641024
+1
0
1e
1
1
1 H, 1 p
Neutron
1.674951024
0
1
0n
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
Symbol
10
Atomic Notation
Atomic number (Z)
 Number of protons that atom has in nucleus
 Unique to each type of element
 Element is substance whose atoms all contain
identical number of protons
 Z = # protons
Isotopes
 Atoms of same element with different masses
 Same number of protons (11 p )
 Different number of neutrons (10n )
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
11
Atomic Notation
Isotope Mass number (A)
 A = (# protons) + (# neutrons)
 A=Z+N
 For charge neutrality, number of electrons &
protons must be equal
Atomic Symbols
 Summarize information about subatomic particles
 Every isotope defined by 2 numbers Z & A
A
 Symbolized by X
Z
Ex. What is the atomic symbol for helium?
He has 2
e –,
2n&2
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
p+
Z = 2, A = 4
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
4
2 He
12
Isotopes
 Most elements are mixtures of 2 or more stable
isotopes
 Each isotope has slightly different mass
 Chemically, isotopes have virtually identical chemical
properties
 Relative proportions of different isotopes are
essentially constant
 Isotopes distinguished by mass number (A):
Ex.
 3 isotopes of hydrogen (H)
 4 isotopes of iron (Fe)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
13
Example:
What is the isotopic symbol for Uranium235?
 Number of protons (p+) = 92
= number of electrons in neutral atom
 Number of neutrons (1n) = 143
 Atomic number (Z) = 92
 Mass number (A) = 92 + 143 = 235
 Chemical symbol = U
 Summary for uranium-235: 235
92
U
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
14
Learning Check:
 Fill in the blanks:
symbol
neutrons
60Co
33
81Br
46
65
29 Cu
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
36
protons
27
electrons
27
35
35
29
29
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
15
Your Turn!
206
An atom of 82 Pb has ___ protons, ___
neutrons, and ___ electrons.
A. 82, 206, 124
B. 124, 206, 124
C. 124, 124, 124
D. 82, 124, 82
E. 82, 124, 124
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
16
Carbon-12 Atomic Mass Scale
 Need uniform mass scale for atoms
Atomic mass units (symbol u)
 Based on carbon:
 1 atom of carbon-12 = 12 u (exactly)
 1 u = 1/12 mass 1 atom of carbon-12 (exactly)
Why was 12C selected?
 Common
 Most abundant isotope of carbon
 All atomic masses of all other elements ~ whole
numbers
 Lightest element, H, has mass ~1 u
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
17
Calculating Atomic Mass
 Generally, elements are mixtures of isotopes
Ex. Hydrogen
Isotope
1H
2H
Mass
1.007825 u
2.0140 u
%Abundance
99.985
0.015
How do we define Atomic Mass?
 Average of masses of all stable isotopes of given
element
How do we calculate Average Atomic Mass?
 Weighted average.
 Use Isotopic Abundances & isotopic masses
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
18
Learning Check
Naturally occurring magnesium is a mixture of 3
isotopes; 78.99% of the atoms are 24Mg (atomic mass,
23.9850 u), 10.00% of 25Mg (atomic mass, 24.9858 u),
and 11.01% of 26Mg (atomic mass, 25.9826 u). From
these data calculate the average atomic mass of
magnesium.
0.7899 * 23.9850 u = 18.946 u
0.1000 * 24.9858 u = 2.4986 u
0.1101 * 25.9826 u = 2.8607 u
Total mass of average atom =
24.3053 u rounds up to 24.31 u
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
24Mg
25Mg
26Mg
19
Your Turn!
A naturally occurring element consists of two
isotopes. The data on the isotopes:
isotope #1
68.5257 u
60.226%
isotope #2
70.9429 u
39.774%
Calculate the average atomic mass of this element.
A. 70.943 u
0.60226 * 68.5257 u = 41.270 u
B. 69.487 u
0.39774 * 70.9429 u = 28.217 u
C. 69.526 u
69.487 u
D. 69.981 u
E. 69.734 u
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
20
Periodic Table
 Summarizes periodic properties of elements
Early Versions of Periodic Tables
 Arranged by increasing atomic mass
 Mendeleev (Russian) & Meyer (German) in 1869
 Noted repeating (periodic) properties
Modern Periodic Table
 Arranged by increasing atomic number (Z):
 Rows called periods
 Columns called groups or families
 Identified by numbers
 1 – 18 standard international
 1A – 8A longer columns & 1B – 8B shorter columns
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
21
Modern Periodic Table
with group labels and chemical families identified
Actinides
Note: Placement of elements 58 – 71 and 90 – 103 saves space
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
22
Representative/Main Group Elements
A groups—Longer columns
 Alkali Metals
 1A = first group
 Very reactive
 All Metals except for H
 Tend to form +1 ions
 React with oxygen
 Form compounds that dissolve in water
 Yield strongly caustic or alkaline solution (M2O)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
23
Representative/Main Group Elements
A groups—Longer columns
 Alkaline Earth Metals
 2A = second group
 Reactive
 Tend to form +2 ions
 Oxygen compounds are strongly alkaline (MO)
 Many are not water soluble
 Accumulate in ground
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
24
Representative/Main Group Elements
A groups—Longer columns
 Halogens
 7A = next to last group on right
 Reactive
 Form diatomic molecules in elemental state
 2 gases
 1 liquid
 2 solids
 Form –1 ions with alkali metals—salts
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
25
Representative/Main Group Elements
A groups—Longer columns
 Noble Gases
 8A = last group on right
 Inert—very unreactive
 Only heavier elements of group react & then very
limited
 Don’t form charged ions
 Monatomic gases
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
26
Transition Elements
B groups—shorter columns
 All are metals
 In center of table
 Begin in fourth row
 Tend to form ions with several different charges
Ex.
 Fe2+ and Fe3+
 Cu+ and Cu2+
 Mn2+, Mn3+, Mn4+, Mn5+, Mn6+, Mn7+
Note: Last 3 columns all have 8B designation
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
27
Inner Transition Elements
Lanthanide elements
 Elements 58 – 71
Actinide elements
 Elements 90 – 103
 At bottom of periodic table
 Tend to form +2 and +3 ions.
 All Actinides are radioactive
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
28
Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids
 Elements break down into 3 broad categories
 Organized by regions of periodic table
Metals
 Left-hand side
 Sodium, lead, iron, gold
Nonmetals
 Upper right hand corner
 Oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine
Metalloids
 Diagonal line between metals & nonmetals
 Boron to astatine
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
29
Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
30
Metals
 Most elements in periodic table
Properties
 Metallic luster
 Shine or reflect light
 Malleable
 Can be hammered or
rolled into thin sheets
 Ductile
 Can be drawn into wire
 Hardness
 Some hard – iron & chromium
 Some soft – sodium, lead, copper
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
31
Properties of Metals
 Conduct heat & electricity
 Solids at Room Temperature
 Melting points (mp) > 25 °C
 Hg only liquid metal (mp = –39 °C)
 Tungsten (W)
(mp = 3400 °C)
 Highest known for metal
 Chemical reactivity
 Varies greatly
 Au, Pt
very unreactive
 Na, K
very reactive
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
32
Nonmetals
 17 elements
 Upper right hand corner of periodic table
 Exist mostly as compounds rather than as pure
elements
 Many are Gases
 Monatomic (Noble)
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
 Diatomic
H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2
 Some are Solids: I2, Se8, S8, P4, C
 3 forms of Carbon (graphite, coal, diamond)
 One is liquid: Br2
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
33
Properties of Nonmetals
 Brittle
 Pulverize when struck
 Insulators
 Non-conductors of
electricity and heat
 Chemical reactivity
 Some inert
 Noble gases
 Some reactive
 F2, O2, H2
 React with metals to form ionic compounds
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
34
 8 Elements
Metalloids
 Located on diagonal line between metals &
nonmetals
 B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
Properties
 Between metals & nonmetals
 Metallic shine
 Brittle like nonmetal
 Semiconductors
 Conduct electricity
 But not as well as metals
 Silicon (Si) & germanium (Ge)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
35
Your Turn!
Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Cu is a representative transition element
B. Na is an alkaline earth metal
C. Al is a semimetal in group IIIA
D. F is a representative halogen
E. None of these are correct
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
36
Your Turn!
All of the following are characteristics of metals
except:
A. Malleable
B. Ductile
C. Lustrous
D. Good conductors of heat
E. Tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
37
Ions
Ions & Ionic Compounds
 Transfer of 1 or more electrons from 1 atom to
another
 Form electrically charged particles
Ionic compound
 Compound composed of ions
 Formed from metal & nonmetal
 Infinite array of alternating Na+ & Cl ions
Formula unit
 Smallest neutral unit of ionic compound
 Smallest whole-number ratio of ions
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
38
Formation of Ionic Compounds
Metal + Non-metal  ionic compound
2Na(s) + Cl2(g)
 2NaCl(s)
Na + Cl
+
Na

+ Cl
NaCl(s)
e
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
39
Cations
Ionic Compounds
 Positively charged ions
 Formed from metals
 Atoms lose electrons
Ex. Na has 11 e– & 11 p+
Na+ has 10 e– & 11 p+
Anions
 Negatively charged ions
 Formed from non-metals
 Atoms gain electrons
Ex. Cl has 17 e– & 17 p+
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Cl– has 16 e– & 17 p+
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
40
Experimental Evidence for Ions
Electrical conductivity requires charge movement
Ionic compounds:
 Do not conduct electricity in solid state
 Do conduct electricity in liquid & aqueous states
where ions are free to move
Molecular compounds:
 Do not conduct electricity in any state
 Molecules are comprised of uncharged particles
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
41
Ions of Representative Elements
 Can use periodic table to predict ion charges
 When we use North American numbering of
groups: Cation positive charge = group #
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
42
Ions of Representative Elements
 Noble gases are especially stable
Nonmetals
 Negative () charge on anion = # spaces you
have to move to right to get to noble gas
 Expected charge on O is
 Move 2 spaces to right
N
O
F
Ne
 O2–
 What is expected charge on N?
 Move 3 spaces to right
 N3 –
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
43
Rules For Writing Ionic Formulas
1. Cation given first in formula
2. Subscripts in formula must produce
electrically neutral formula unit
3. Subscripts must be smallest whole numbers
possible

Divide by 2 if all subscripts are even

May have to repeat several times
4. Charges on ions not included in finished
formula unit of substance

If no subscript, then 1 implied
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
44
Determining Ionic Formulas
Ex. Formula of ionic compound formed when
magnesium reacts with oxygen
 Mg is group 2A
 Forms +2 ion or Mg2+
 O is group 6A
 Forms –2 ion or O2–
 To get electrically neutral particle need
 1:1 ratio of Mg2+ & O2–
 Formula: MgO
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
45
Determining Ionic Formulas
“Criss-cross” rule
 Make magnitude of charge on one ion into
subscript for other
 When doing this, make sure that subscripts are
reduced to lowest whole number.
Ex. What is the formula of ionic compound
formed between aluminum & oxygen ions?
Al3+ O2–
Al2O3
46
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
Your Turn!
Which of the following is the correct formula for
the formula unit composed of potassium and
oxygen ions?
A. KO
B. KO2
C. K2O
D. P2O3
E. K2O2
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
Your Turn!
Which of the following is the correct formula for
the formula unit composed of Fe3+ and sulfide
ions?
A. FeS
B. Fe3S2
C. FeS3
D. Fe2S3
E. Fe4S6
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
Cations of Transition Metals
Transition metals
 Center (shorter) region of periodic table
 Much less reactive than group 1A & 2A
 Still transfer electrons to nonmetals to form ionic
compounds
 # of electrons transferred less clear
 Form more than 1 positive ion
 Can form more than 1
compound with same non-metal
Ex. Fe + Cl
FeCl2 & FeCl3
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
49
Cations of Post-transition Metals
Post-transition metals
 9 metals Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Uut, Uuq, Uub
 After transition metals & before metalloids
 2 very important ones – tin (Sn) & lead (Pb)
 Both have 2 possible oxidation states
 Both form 2 compounds with same nonmetal
Ex. Ionic compounds of tin & oxygen are
 SnO & SnO2
 Bismuth
 Only has +3 charge
 Bi3+
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
50
Ions of Some Transition Metals &
Post-transition Metals
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
51
Compounds with Polyatomic Ions
Binary compounds
 Compounds formed from 2 different elements
Polyatomic ions
 Ions composed of 2 or more atoms linked by
molecular bonds
 If ions are negative, they have too many electrons
 If ions are positive, they have too few electrons
 Formulas for ionic compounds containing
polyatomic ions
 Follow same rules as ionic compounds
 Polyatomic ions are expressed in parentheses
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
52
Table 3.4 Polyatomic Ions
(Alternate Name in
parentheses)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
53
Learning Check
Ex. What is the formula of the ionic compound
formed between ammonium and phosphate
ions?
 Ammonium = NH4+
 Phosphate = PO43–
(NH4)+ (PO4)3–
(NH4)3PO4
Ex. Between strontium ion and nitrate ion?
 Strontium = Sr2+
 Nitrate = NO32–
Sr2+ (NO3)–
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Sr(NO3)2
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
54
Nomenclature (Naming)
 IUPAC system to standardize name of chemical
compounds
 One system so that anyone can reconstruct
formula from name
 We will look at naming Ionic Compounds of
 Representative metals
 Transition metals
 Monatomic ions
 Polyatomic ions
 Hydrates
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
55
Naming Ionic Compounds
Cations:
 Metal that forms only 1 positive ion
 Cation name = English name for metal
 Na+
sodium
 Ca2+
calcium
 Metal that forms more than 1 positive ion
 Use Stock System
 Cation name = English name followed by numerical
value of charge written as Roman numeral in
parentheses (no spaces)
 Transition metal
 Cr2+
chromium(II)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Cr3+
chromium(III)
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
56
Naming Ionic Compounds
Anions:
 Monatomic anions named by adding
“–ide” suffix to stem name for element
 Polyatomic ions use names in Table 3.5
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
57
Learning Check: Name The
Following
 K2O
potassium oxide
 NH4ClO3
ammonium chlorate
 Mg(C2H3O2)2
magnesium acetate
 Cr2O3
chromium(III) oxide
 ZnBr2
zinc bromide
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
58
Learning Check: Determine The
Formula
 Calcium hydroxide
 Ca(OH)2
 Manganese(II) bromide
 MnBr2
 Ammonium phosphate
 (NH4)3PO4
 Mercury(I) nitride
 (Hg2)3N2
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
59
Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for Cu2S?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
copper sulfide
copper(II) sulfide
copper(II) sulfate
copper(I) sulfide
copper(I) sulfite
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
Your Turn!
Which is the correct formula for ammonium sulfite?
a) NH4SO3
b) (NH4)2SO3
c) (NH4)2SO4
d) NH4S
e) (NH4)2S
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
61
Naming Hydrates
 Ionic compounds
 Crystals contain water molecules
 Fixed proportions relative to ionic substance
 Naming
 Name ionic compound
 Give number of water molecules in formula using
Greek prefixes
monoditritetrapenta-
=
=
=
=
=
1
2
3
4
5
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
hexaheptaoctanonadeca-
=
=
=
=
=
6
7
8
9
10
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
62
Learning Check: Naming Hydrates
 CaSO4 · 2H2O
 calcium sulfate dihydrate
 CoCl2 · 6H2O
 cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate
 FeI3 · 3H2O
 iron(III) iodide trihydrate
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
63
Your Turn!
What is the correct formula for copper(II) sulfate
pentahydrate?
A. CuSO4 · 6H2O
B. CuSO3 · 5H2O
C. CoSO4 · 4H2O
D. CoSO3 · 5H2O
E. CuSO4 · 5H2O
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
64
Molecular Compounds
Molecules
 Electrically neutral particle
 Consists of two or more atoms
Chemical bonds
 Attractions that hold atoms together in molecules
 Arise from sharing electrons between 2 atoms
 Group of atoms that make up molecule behave as
single particle
Molecular formulas
 Describe composition of molecule
 Specify # of each type of atom present
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
65
Molecules vs. Ionic Compounds
Molecules
 Discrete unit
 Water = 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to 1 oxygen atom
Ionic Compounds
 Ions packed as close as possible to each other
 Sodium chloride =
Each cation has 6
anions; each anion
has 6 cations
 No one ion “belongs”
to another
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
66
Molecular Compounds
 Formed when nonmetals combine
 C + O2  CO2
2H2 + O2  2H2O
 Millions of compounds can form from a few nonmetals
 Organic chemistry & Biochemistry
 Deal with chemistry of carbon + H, N & O
 A few compounds have only 2 atoms
 Diatomics:
H2, O2, Cl2, HF, NO
 Most molecules are far more complex
 Sucrose (C12H22O11)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
urea (CON2H4)
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
67
Hydrogen-containing Compounds
Nonmetal hydrides
 Molecule containing nonmetal + hydrogen
 Number of hydrogens that combine with nonmetal =
number of spaces from nonmetal to noble gas in
periodic table
N
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
O
F Ne
68
3-D Shapes of Molecules
 Space filling models
 Used to give shapes of simple nonmetal hydrides
 Blue = nitrogen
 Red = water
 Yellow = fluorine
 White = hydrogen
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
69
Organic Compounds
 Carbon compounds
 Carbon + hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen
 Originally thought these compounds only came
from living organisms
 Now more general
Hydrocarbons
 Simplest organic compounds
 Contain only C & H
 Always have ratio of atoms CnH2n+2
 Named using prefix designating number of C atoms
 All have –ane suffix
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
70
Table
3.8
Hydrocarbons Belonging to the
Alkane Series
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
71
Alkanes
 Boiling point increases as number of carbon
atoms increases
 Space filling models of alkanes
 Black = carbon
 White = hydrogen
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
72
Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for C4H10?
A. methane
B. ethane
C. propane
D. pentane
E. butane
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
Other Hydrocarbons
Alkenes
 Hydrocarbons with two less H’s than alkanes
 CnH2n
 Name = number prefix + ene
Ex.
C2H4 = ethene (ethylene)
Alkynes
 Hydrocarbons with four fewer H’s than alkanes
 CnH2n – 2
 Name = number prefix + ene
Ex. C2H2 = ethyne (acetylene)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
74
Other Organic Compounds
 Hydrocarbons are basic building
blocks of organic chemistry
 Many other classes of
compounds derived from
them
Alcohols
 Replace H in alkane with -OH group
 Name = number prefix + anol
Ex. CH3OH = methanol (methyl alcohol)
C2H5OH = ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
75
Your Turn!
What is the name of C4H9OH?
A. hexanol
B. propanol
C. pentanol
D. tetranol
E. butanol
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
Writing Formulas for Organic Compounds
Molecular formula
 Indicates # of each type of atom in molecule
Ex. C2H6 for ethane or C3H8 for propane
 Order of atoms
 Carbon | Hydrogen | Other atoms alphabetically
Ex. sucrose is C12H22O11
Emphasize alcohol – write OH group last
 C2H5OH
Structural formula
 Indicate how carbon atoms are connected
 Ethane = CH3CH3
 Propane = CH3CH2CH3
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
77
Your Turn!
Octane is a hydrocarbon with 8 C atoms that is
the major component of gasoline. What is the
correct molecular formula for octane?
A. C8H14
B. C8H16
C. C8H18
D. C8H17OH
E. C8H15OH
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
78
Your Turn!
What is the correct structural formula for octane?
a) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
b) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
c) C8H18
d) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
e) CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
79
Nomenclature of Molecular Compounds
 Goal is a name that translates clearly into molecular
formula
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
 Which 2 elements present?
 How many of each?
Format:
 First element in formula
 Use English name
 Second element
 Use stem & append suffix –ide
 Use Greek number prefixes to specify how many
atoms of each element
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
80
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds
1. hydrogen chloride
1 H 1 Cl
2. phosphorous pentachloride
1 P 5Cl
3. triselenium dinitride
3 Se 2N
HCl
PCl5
Se3N2
 Mono always omitted on 1st element
 Often omitted on 2nd element unless more than one
combination of same 2 elements
Ex. Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
CO
CO2
 When prefix ends in vowel similar to start of
element name, drop prefix vowel
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
81
Learning Check: Name Each
Format:
 Number prefix + 1st element name
 Number prefix + stem + –ide for 2nd element
 AsF3
 HBr
=
=
arsenic trifluoride
 N2O4
 N2O5
 CO
=
=
=
dinitrogen tetroxide
 CO2
=
carbon dioxide
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
hydrogen bromide
dinitrogen pentoxide
carbon monoxide
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
82
Your Turn!
Which is the correct formula for nitrogen
triiodide?
A. N3I
B. NI3
C. NIO3
D. N(IO3)3
E. none of the above
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for P4O10?
A. phosphorus oxide
B. phosphorous decoxide
C. tetraphosphorus decoxide
D. tetraphosphorus oxide
E. decoxygen tetraphosphide
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
Exceptions to Naming Binary Molecules
Binary compounds of nonmetals + hydrogen
 No prefixes to be used
 Get number of hydrogens for each nonmetal from
periodic table
 Hydrogen sulfide = H2S
 Hydrogen telluride = H2Te
Molecules with Common Names
 Some molecules have names that predate IUPAC
systematic names
 Water
H 2O
 Ammonia
NH3
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
▪ Sucrose
C12H22O11
▪ Phosphine PH3
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
85
Summary of Naming
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 6E
86