3 M LABORATORY SERVICES
IHMR-Bangalore
Compiled By
Dr Ratnesh Pandey
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3 M LABORATORY SERVICES
MANAGING
MONITORING &
MASTERING
Outline
 Introduction
 Defining Lab & Lab
Services
 Types of Lab
 Lab Services
 Importance of Lab
Services
 Lab Equipment
 Lab Information System
 Lab Services
 Lab Medicines
 Lab Safety
 Planning
 Staffing
 NABL
 Research & Training
 Policies
 Procedures
 Role of Administration
 Conclusion
 A medical laboratory is a place where tests
are done on clinical specimens and samples in
order to get information about the health of
a patient as pertaining to the diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention of disease
 Laboratory Services include testing of
materials, tissues or fluids obtained from a
patient or clinical studies to determine the cause
and nature of disease
Medical
Laboratories
Clinical
Pathology
Clinical
Microbiology
Clinical
Biochemistry
Haematology
Bacteriology
Biochemical analysis
Histopathology
Mycobacteriology
 Hormonal assays
Cytology
 Virology
Routine Pathology
Mycology
Parasitology
Immunology
 Serology
What are Laboratory Services all
about?
Laboratory Services play a critical role in the detection,
diagnosis and treatment of disease. Samples are
collected and examination and analysis of body fluids,
tissue and cells are carried out. Main services are:
 To Perform diagnostic tests
 To Identify organisms, like E-coli bacteria
 To Count and classify blood cells to identify infection or
disease
 To Operate complex diagnostic equipment
 To Perform immunological tests to check for antibodies
 To Type and cross-match blood samples for transfusions
 To Analyze DNA
Services we provide..
• Microbiology
• Parasitology
• Virology
• Haematology
• Coagulation
• Clinical Biochemistry
• Toxicology
• Immunohaematology/Blood bank
• Urinalysis
• Histopathology
• Cytopathology
• Electron microscopy
• Genetics
• Cytogenetics
• Surgical pathology
• Immunology/Serology
Lab equipments
and LIS
Planning for equipments
• Basic instruments and equipments should
be made available
• All vital equipment should be in duplicate
or have an alternative arrangement
• Selecting the best instrument for the
laboratory is a very important part of
equipment management
Following element should be considered
during management program in laboratory:
1) Selection and purchasing
2) Installation
3) Calibration and performance evaluation
4) Maintenance
5) Troubleshooting
6) Service and repair
7) Retiring and disposing of equipment
Lab equipments
Basic equipments for all types of routine investigations are:
1) Colorimeter/Photoelectric colorimeter:
Its a device that measures the absorbance of particular
wavelengths of light by a specific solution
2) Centrifuge:
Is a piece of equipment, generally driven by an electric motor
that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis,
causing denser substances to separate
and by which lighter objects will tend to move on top
3) Water Bath:
A device for regulating the temperature of anything
subjected to heat, by surrounding the vessel
containing it with another vessel containing
water which can be kept at a desired temperature
Continued………………………….
4) Microscope- Mono Ocular/binocular:
Is an instrument used to see objects
that are too small for the naked eye
5) Hot air oven:
Are electrical devices used in sterilization
6) Autoclave:
Is a device used to sterilize
equipment and supplies by subjecting them to
high pressure saturated steam at 121 °C for around
15–20 minutes depending on the size of the loads
7) Ph-meter: is an electronic instrument used for
measuring the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid
Lab equipments
8)
Incubator:
Is a device used to grow and maintain of course
microbiological cultures or cell cultures
9) Automated biochemistry analyzer:
Is an instrument designed to measure different
chemicals and other characteristics in a number
of biological samples quickly, with minimal human
assistance
11) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) -Reader :
Uses one sub-type of heterogeneous, solidphase enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
to detect the presence of a substance, usually an
antigen, in a liquid sample or wet sample
Continued……..
12) Microtome:
Is a tool used to cut extremely thin slices of material, known as sections.
Its used in microscopy, allowing for the preparation of
samples for observation under transmitted light or
electron radiation
14) Wax melting bath:
Its a device used for electric melting of glues, vinyl compounds
, waxes etc. with bottom valve discharge.
Heaters are positioned such that melter may be used 1/3,
2/3 and full capacity without overheating contents
15) Hot plate:
A hot plate is a portable self-contained tabletop small
appliance that features one, two or more gas burners
or electric heating elements
LIS
• A lab information system ("LIS") is a class of software that
receives, processes, and stores information generated
by medical laboratory processes. These systems often must
interface with instruments and other information systems such
as hospital information systems (HIS)
• A LIS is a highly configurable application which is customized
to facilitate a wide variety of laboratory workflow models
• It is a complete management system that handles all business
functions from patient management, results generating, to
physician decision making
Lab information system
Key Features
• The lab machines including the auto
analyzers are interfaced with the hospital
information system and their complete
operations are automated without human
intervention
• HL7 standards incorporates the ability to
receive data from other lab machines
• Sample management system creates
barcodes and tracks the samples of blood,
saliva, urine etc.
Continued…………………………..
• Assures that the technicians complete all the
pending tests
• Generates automated results from various
laboratory machines and updates patient
records
• Ability to handle large number of specimens
without compromising on safety
• Efficient tracking of specimens by usage of
bar codes for the specimens
Benefits of Lab Information
System
Doctors
• The lab results of critical patients would be notified
instantaneously to the doctor
• All the lab results would be submitted directly to the doctor
Patients
• No delay in the execution of doctors’ orders
• No need to make repeat visits to collect the results
• No mix-up of samples of different patients at the lab
Lab Technician
• Immediate receipt of the doctors’ orders to perform a lab test
• Easier reporting of lab results of the patients
The functional
components of the
clinical Laboratory
FUNCTIONS OF THE
CLINICAL LABORATORY
• Identify the chemical composition of blood
and urine samples
• Identify and count the different types of cells
found in blood and other body fluids
• Blood typing and determination of
transfusion compatibility between blood
donors and recipients
• The culturing and identification of bacteria
and viruses from sites of infection in the body
The functional components of the
clinical Laboratory
• A hospital laboratory work generally
falls under the following divisions:
• Hematology
• Serology
• Clinical Chemistry/Biochemistry
• Urinalysis
• Microbiology
• Blood Bank
Hematology
• Hematology :-The study of blood. This
section counts and qualifies the different types
of blood cells and other components found in
blood
Serology
• Serology - The study of serum for its
antibody content. Certain microorganisms
(antigens) stimulate the body to produce
antibodies during an infection. In the Serology
lab, the antibodies react with antigens in
specific ways that can be used to confirm the
identity of the specific microorganism
Clinical Chemistry/Biochemistry
• Chemistry - Performs most chemical
analyses including glucose, sodium,
potassium, and cholesterol.
Urinalysis
• Urinalysis - The study of urine for the
purpose of medical diagnosis. Urine is
initially examined for such characteristics
as color, odor, and specific gravity
(density relative to water). It is routinely
tested for its acidity level, as indicated by
its pH reading, and screened for glucose
(sugar)
Microbiology
• Microbiology - The study of
microorganisms, including viruses, that
can only be seen with a microscope.
Blood Bank
• Blood Bank - Collects, tests, types and
stores blood donations used for blood
transfusions
Functional planning
An important decision in planning for a new laboratory is the
physical location in relation to other departments
• Functional planning covers the following
activity:
 Determining services to be provided for inpatients/outpatients,
for other departments, smaller hospitals and private
practitioners
 Determining area and space requirement to accommodate
equipment, furniture and personnel in technical,
administrative and auxiliary functions
 Dividing the area into functional units, hematology,
biochemistry, microbiology, histopathology, urinalysis etc
 Determining the major equipment and appliances in each unit
Lab Safety and Rules of
the Lab
Safety Symbols
• Know safety symbols
• They appear in your
laboratory activities
• They will alert you
to possible dangers
• They will remind you
to work carefully
Protect Yourself
Eye Safety
• Wear safety goggles when working with chemicals,
flames, or heating devices
• If you wear contact lenses let your boss or teacher
know
Eye Safety
• In case of emergency in
chemical
• which
Flusha in
water goes
for 15
into
one’s
eye,notify
use thethe
mins.
and
eyewash station
teacher
Proper Attire
• Keep all long hair
tied back
• Do not wear loose
clothing that could catch
on fire
•
Foot wear that completely covers
the foot is required
Hand Safety
• If a chemical spills on your skin, rinse with water
for 15 minutes
• Wash hands after every lab
• Handle glassware, sharp tools and
heated containers carefully
Sharp Objects
• Always carry sharp objects
with points and tips facing
down
• Never try to catch falling
sharp instruments
• Hold sharp instruments
only by the handles
Electrical Safety
• Only electrical plugs are
to be placed into an
electrical outlet
• Unplug electrical
equipment after use
• Keep all electrical cords,
wires, and appliances
away from
water
Physical Safety
• Handle all equipment carefully
• Do not place a cord where
someone can trip over it
• Push all stools in out of the
way
• Keep books picked up out
of walking isles
Heating Safety
• Tie back hair and loose
clothes when working
with open flames
• Never look into a
container as you
are heating it
• Never point the end of
a test tube being heated
at yourself or others
• Never heat in a closed container
Heating Safety
• Never leave a heat source unattended
• Heated metal and glass looks
cool, use tongs or gloves
before handling
• Do not place hot glassware
directly on lab desk or in
cold water
Chemical Safety
• Read all labels twice before removing
a chemical from the container
• Only use the type and
amount of chemical
instructed to use
• Never touch, taste, or
smell a chemical unless
instructed by the teacher
• Never mix chemicals
unless instructed to do so
Chemical Safety
• Transfer chemicals carefully!
• Keep lids on chemical
containers when not in use
• When diluting an acid, pour the
acid into water
• Consider all chemicals
dangerous
don’ts…
• Enter store room
unless given
permission
• Take any chemicals
from lab or store
room
• Touch any equipment,
chemicals, or other
materials until
instructed to do so
Continued…
• Eat or drink in the lab
• Use lab glass-ware to
eat or drink out of
Continued…
• Engage in….
– practical jokes
– horse play
– rough house
In case of an
emergenCy…
• Know the locations of:
–
–
–
–
fire extinguisher
fire blanket
body shower
eyewash
station
– first aid kit
In case of an
emergenCy…
• Know the locations of:
–
–
–
–
fire extinguisher
fire blanket
body shower
eyewash
station
– first aid kit
In case of an
emergenCy…
• Know the locations of:
–
–
–
–
fire extinguisher
fire blanket
body shower
eyewash
station
– first aid kit
remember to…
•
•
•
•
Stay at your work station
Maintain a clean work area
Read and follow all directions
Report any spills, accidents,
or injury immediately
• Clean and put away all equipment
at the end of the lab period
• Dispose of waste products
according to instruction
Planning for
laboratory services
Facility design Process
Stages
activities
Situation analysis
Needs assessment staffing needs
,requirements technologic changes ,
current and anticipated ,identify team
players(Architect, Laboratory staff,
Medical staff, Interior Designer etc…)
Strategic Planning
Activities to be performed , flow of
people and material storage, equipment
to be used, utilities, laboratories
sectional needs.
Structural designs
Identify constructional material,
architectural design , cost system
options(plumbing , electricity, heating,
ventilation , air conditioning)
Interior Design
Interior Design ,Colour, Fabric,texture,
finish
The planning of laboratory
services depends on following
factors:-
Planning
Planning of Infrastructure
• Depends on type of services to be provided
• Work load
Two types of Infrastructure:1) Traditional ‘Closed Laboratory’:It has discrete sections in Hematology ,chemistry
,microbiology, and blood bank generally separated into
rooms or sections
2) Open laboratory:The discrete services are placed in one large room with
portable walls that can be adjusted as needed
Core laboratory:-Hematology and chemistry(chematology)
Infrastructure Planning
Environmental
consideration
Location
ADMN area
Auxiliary
Area
Infrastructure
Ancillary Area
Size
Functional
area
Central Lab unit
1) Administrative area:-
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Office of pathologist
Record room
Administration Office
Patient Waiting Area
Seminar room
2) Auxillary Area:•
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Glass washing room
Cleaning of Instrument
Equipment sterilization
3) Ancillary Area:•
•
•
Treatment and disposal of specimens
Janitors room
Chemical and reagent store
Continued….
4) Functional Area:•
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Haematology area
Biochemistry
Stool and urine
Cytology
Microbiology
Histopathology
Virology and Immunology
Blood bank
5)Size:• depends on the functions
• Generally 1 square feet per 20 samples annually
• Minimum requirement for each unit are 10 feet *20 feet
6) location:Easily accessible from all hospital
Continued…
7)Environmental consideration:•
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•
•
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Floor should be strong,acid and stain resistant, grease proof
Walls washable light colour,water proof ,no crevices
As far as natural light
Adequate ventilation and exhaust system
Spot light , no extension cord
Sufficient electric point
Specific investigation area to be air conditioned
Working benches-sitting type-30 inches ht
Revolving stool –standing type-36 inches ht
3^1/2 ft space between two benches
Water sinks , hot and cold water supply, compressed gas burner
Suggested dimensions for
interior
Laboratory counter width
2feet 6 inches
Laboratory counter to wall clearance
4 feet
Laboratory counter to counter clearance
7 feet
Desk height
30 inches
Keyboard drawer height
25-27 inches
Human body standing
4 square feet
Human body sitting
6 square feet
Desk space
3 square feet
Floor Plan
H
A
E
M
A
T
O
L
O
G
y
Venipunctu
re cubicle
Record
room
Urinol
ysis
Bioch
emist
ry
Bioc
hem
istry
Exam and
Test
Administrative
office
Histolpa
thology
Pathologist
office
Waiting
Area
Serology
Bacterio
logy
Sterilizati
on Glass
Washing
And
Cleaning
Ancillary
Area
Tech
Toilet
Tech
Lock
ers
Space Utilization Chart (Rules
of Thumb)
Infrastructure costing
1 unit (land requirement)
200sqr feet
8 functional unit
1600 sqr feet
rest
1600 sqr feet
total
3200sqr feet
Rate of land per sqr feet
2500(Rs.)
Total cost
80,00000
Extra expendicture
20,0000
Total land cost
1cr
Cost of construction+interior
75 ,00000
Total sum
1.75cr
Lab equipment costing
Equipment
Cost (Rs.)
Colorimeter
25,000
Centrifuge
20,000
Water Bath
10,000
Electronic Microscope
3,25,000
Hot air oven
39,330
Incubator
1,30,000
Ph-meter
20,000
Automated biochemistry analyzer
2,00,000
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay(ELISA) -Reader
50,000
Others
200000
Reagents
70,000-80,000
Budget (per unit)
20,00,000
Total budget (8 units)
1.60 cr
Activity Planning
From Different
Hospital
Registration
Sample
collection
Testing
Patients
Impression
Reporting
Lab Management
System
Sample analysis
Result
Quality Control
RESEARCH
• Research is an integral part of Laboratory
system
• Various research projects pertaining to Lab’s
functioning, equipment development,
technology up gradation are a part of system
management
PERSONNEL, TRAINING AND
DEVELOPMENT
• Each laboratory should designate a Head of
the laboratory and a Quality Manager
• The qualifications and experience of the staff
outlined in NABL document 112 (2007)
should be followed
• The strength of staff employed should be
appropriate to the level of facility and the
workload
• The roles and responsibilities of the staff
should be clearly outlined
CONTinueD….
• A programme for technical training and updating of skills on a regular
basis should be in place
• Laboratory should organize or conduct periodic staff evaluation,
preferably once a year
• The laboratory should maintain a personal file of all the technical and
nontechnical staff employed. Personal file should contain all information
on:
 Personal’s CV
 Copy of appointment letter
 Duly verified health information (physical fitness including color blindness,
immunizations received etc.) prepared at the time of employment and its
regular updates
 Performance appraisal
 Training certificates, awards/recognition received
 Disciplinary action if any taken by the management
QUALITY ASSURANCE
• Quality Assurance (QA) is the total process
whereby the quality of laboratory reports can
be guaranteed
• Incorrect Laboratory results may be due to
errors occurring during pre-analytical stage,
analytical stage/post-analytical stage
• QA encompasses procedures adopted for
minimizing errors that may occur at any
stage. Provision of precise and accurate
laboratory results optimize medical
management
QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMME
(QAP)
• QAP is a managerial process of maintaining high standards
of performance and of improving standards where necessary
• While planning a QAP it is important to put effort at each
step to prevent, detect and correct errors
• Quality Manager or designee or competent authorized person
should review the quality control data and maintain record of
evaluation
• The two important tools toward maintaining laboratory
quality are Internal Quality Control (IQC) - for detection and
minimization of immediate errors
 External Quality Assessment (EQA) - for monitoring long
term precision and accuracy of results
NABL
• NABL accreditation is a formal recognition of the
technical competence of a testing, calibration or
medical laboratory for a specific task following
ISO/IEC 17025:2005, ISO 15189:2007 Standards.
This is based on third party assessment
• Accreditation to a laboratory is given on the basis
of its capability to perform test(s) / calibration(s)
and provide accurate and reliable results. A
laboratory may apply for accreditation from as little
as one to as many tests / calibrations provided it is
performing these in accordance with NABL criteria
Contd…
Biological
Chemical
Electrical
Electronics
Fluid-Flow
Mechanical
Non-Destructive
Photometry
Radiological
Thermal
• ElectroTechnical
• Mechanical
• Fluid Flow
• Thermal &
Optical
• Radiological
MEDICAL LABS
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CALIBRATION LABS
TESTING LABS
• NABL Accreditation is currently given
in the following fields:
• Clinical
Biochemistry
• Clinical Pathology
• Hematology and
Immunohaematolo
gy
• Microbiology and
Serology
• Histopathology
• Cytopathology
• Genetics
• Nuclear Medicine
A qualified individual is responsible for
managing the laboratory service
Responsibilities for managing the
laboratory services
It includes:
• Developing service-related policies and procedures
• Managing relevant human resources functions (job
description, personnel evaluation, staff training)
• Developing, co-ordinating, and monitoring the
required quality control and improvement
An individual with adequate training, skills,
orientation and experience administer tests
and interpret the results.
For the laboratory services, is it sufficient
that the laboratory director meets the
experience, education and training
requirements???
Under CLIA,

NO, in addition the laboratory director
must demonstrate active involvement in the
laboratory’s operation and be available to
the laboratory staff, as needed.
As per CLIA,
Laboratory Director must ensure that:
 the pre-analytic, analytic and post-analytic phases of
testing are appropriate for the patients
physical and environment conditions of the
laboratory are adequate and appropriate for the
testing performed
a general supervisor is available to provide day-today supervision of all testing personnel
 each employee’s responsibilities and duties are
specified in writing
Personnel positions
Moderate Complexity
testing
Technical consultant
Clinical consultant
Testing personnel
High complexity testing
Technical supervisor
Clinical consultant
General supervisor
Testing personnel
Introduction to the Manual of
Clinical Policies
• Operating Policy Manual
• Policies and Procedures Health
Information
• Policies and Procedures Environmental
Health and Safety
• Policies and Procedures General
Operations
• Policies and Procedures on the use of
ionizing radiation
Policies
Processes
Procedures
General Standards
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Hours
Meetings/Communications
Specimen Handling
Specimen Storage
Panic Values
Reference Ranges
Lab Errors
Lab Results
Reportable Diseases
Patient Identifiers
In House & Reference Lab Specimen Labelling
and
Specimen Collection Procedures
•
•
•
•
“Routine” Specimens
Urine
Gynaecological Specimens
Blood Collection, Finger Stick and
Phlebotomy
• Stool Occult Blood/O&P/C&S
• Lab Specimen Containers
General Maintenance and Repair
Responsibilities
•
•
•
•
Lab Instruments
Preventive Maintenance
Refrigerator Maintenance
General Procedure Manual for Lab
Equipment
• Continuing Education and In-services
• New Employee Orientation Guidelines &
Proficiency
• Documentation
• Patient Complaints
• Personnel Responsibilities/Job Description
• Reporting of Communicable Diseases
Daily Log of Tests Ordered:
Procedure to Print and Computer
Data Entry Procedures
A. Patient Telephone Numbers
• Entering Provider UPIN #’s
• Bill Code Types
B. Employee Lab Work
• 1. New Hires
• 2. Introductory Period
• 3. Under Insurance
• 4. Workers’ Comp
C. Medicare Patients –
limited coverage tests
• Certain Lab Tests & Additional Information
• Results Procedure
General Policy
• ISSUE:
• Duties of Medical Laboratory Assistant (MLA) or Lab
Assistant (LA)
• BACKGROUND:
• The Medical Laboratory Assistant is an integral member of
the health care team. The MLA is responsible and
accountable for his/her professional actions and practices
according to established standards of practice.
• The defined activities of a laboratory assistant are the
ultimate responsibility of the Laboratory Director or
designated qualified professional, but follow the curriculum
of a recognized MLA training course.
POLICIES
• A medical laboratory assistant may, under the qualified laboratory
professional, perform a list of tasks that are considered pre-analytic and
post-analytic, and do not require interpretation or assessment. Specific
work assignments should only be undertaken subsequent to thorough,
documented training and instruction by qualified supervisory personnel
• Transfusion Medicine testing is restricted to persons trained in Transfusion
Medicine.Examples of tasks may include: blood sample procurement
• Procurement may include, but is not restricted to patient identification;
collection and labelling; accessioning/handling; specimen rejection;
specimen referral.
• sample preparation for analysis, to include centrifugation, separation,
numbering, aliquoting
Billing and Reporting
•
•
•
•
•
•
Online by accessing our site
Via mail
Massage on mobile
Letter
Via Telephone
Customer care
ROLE OF ADMINISTRATOR IN
LABORATORY SERVICES
LABORATORY MANAGER??
• A laboratory manager is a uniquely skilled
employee with a very high level of daily
responsibility that spans all areas of the
organization
They are “extenders” of the physician directors.
PLANNING
ORGANIZING
-Selecting a planning group
- Timeofmanagement
The objective
planning is to set an
achievable
course of action
- Environmental analysis
- Organization
chart by
establishing
an
environment
An environmental
analysis
isgroup
a where dayA knowledgeable
and
motivated
- SWOT analysis
-Policies
to-day
activi-ties
are
well-controlled,
systematic
review
of the internal
and
from
within
the laboratory
should
be
- Vision and Mission statements
- Procedures
measurable,
and
thoroughly
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factors
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MANAGER
to do” decisions.
changes in follow-through.
environment.
Monthly, or perhaps even
weekly, meetings should be scheduled to discuss
progress toward stated goals and objectives.
DIRECTING
CONTROLLING
- Communicating
- Evaluating Performance
- Delegating
- Decision making
- Motivating
- Coaching
PLANNING
ORGANIZING
A key
management task is to - Time management
-Selecting a planning
group
organize the activities of the
- Environmental analysis
- Organization chart
laboratory in such a way that effort
Inand
all circumstances,
a manager
should
set and
- SWOT analysis
-Policies
expenditures are
minimized
An
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- Vision and Mission
statements
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and
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A laboratory
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responsibility
byfor
explicitly
listing
- Goals, Objectives
&
strategies
- of
Staffing and scheduling
interaction,
and
completion
of
necessary
paper
current, concise
procedure
manuals
for
all
policies.
These
policies
must
be
delineated
work
areas,
be
it
by
-Prioritization work. Some examples include a personal digital
processes
that
are
performed
inor
the
made
known
to number
each
employee.
division,
laboratory,
medical
Each
laboratory
has
an
ideal
of
- Accountability
assistant
(PDA),
a
day
planner,
laboratory. based
As withupon
policies,
the bookofofor an online
specialty.
employees
the
number
calendar.
-Measuring
success
laboratory
should
be of
specimens
that itprocedures
handles and
the level
continuously
updated
by a team
of experts.
automation in
the laboratory.
A manager
LABORATORY
The
standard
procedures
(SOP)
must
ensureoperating
that efficient
staffing
is
MANAGER
manual is a very
important tool in the
maintained.
laboratory. An up-to-date SOP ensures that
procedures performed by the technical
DIRECTING
CONTROLLING
staff are
consistent and of the highest
quality.
- Communicating
- Evaluating Performance
- Delegating
- Decision making
- Motivating
- Coaching
PLANNING
-Selecting a planning group
- Environmental analysis
- SWOT analysis
- Vision and Mission statements
- Goals, Objectives & strategies
-Prioritization
- Accountability
-Measuring success
ORGANIZING
- Time management
- Organization chart
-Policies
- Procedures
- Staffing and scheduling
Directing is the process
of
LABORATORY
influencing people to MANAGER
attain
Some
basic
attributes
ofprocess of selecting
predetermined
objectives.
Delegation
is
the
Employees
require motivation in order to
quality
communication
people
from
a very
limited
pool (current
consistently
give
their
best
effort.
Motivation
include
attention,
acThe
best
managers
are
teachers
and
job
incumbents)
toand
perform
a task.
It iscoaches,
is
both
internally
externally
derived.
ceptance,
and
empathy.
DIRECTING
always
engaging
their
employees
in a CONTROLLING
important
to
give
the
employees
a
Every individual has professional strengths
- Communicating productive
- Evaluating
Performance
ongoing process
of continuing
feelingand
of empowerment.
and limitations,
activities that they find
education. Many employees
require active,
- Delegating
- Decision
making
exciting and tasks that are drudgery.
hands-on development to realize the best of
- Motivating
their abilities.
- Coaching
PLANNING
ORGANIZING
-Selecting a planning group
- Time management
- Environmental analysis
- Organization chart
- SWOT analysis
-Policies
- Vision and Mission statements
- Procedures
- Goals, Objectives & strategies
- Staffing and scheduling
-Prioritization
A probationary period,
usually
6 months
Controlling
is the
process of
- Accountability
or 1 year in duration
from
the
time
of hire,
-Measuring success determining that everything is going
is the time when
the manager
be must
according
to plan. should
A manager
Whenobservant
presented
with
aLABORATORY
big
critically
of
performance.
The review
constantly
and
con-decision
sistently
making
opportunity,
it situation
isMANAGER
often isintothe
purpose
of a performance
the currentappraisal
helpful the
tolaboratory
write
down
the
problem
provide
employee
written
towith
ensure
that there are
andabout
make how
anolistunattended
of or
possible
feedback
he
she isdetails.
prosolutions,
intended
outcomes,
and
gressing
toward
specific
employment
DIRECTING
CONTROLLING
potential
problems. Most
objectives.
- Communicating importantly, never panic
- Evaluating Performance
- Delegating
- Decision making
- Motivating
- Coaching
• The technical aspects of running a laboratory
are codified and tightly regulated. When
technical problems arise, there is very often a
manual to help guide the solution.
• When it comes to managing the human side of
the laboratory, there are daily challenges for
which there are no obvious solutions.
• There does exist, however, a set of time-tested
management tools for use by laboratory
managers in addressing these daily challenges.
• A laboratory manager must become familiar
with these tools and use them on a daily basis
to gain confidence and experience in managing
the human side of the laboratory.
SOURCE
• http://labmed.ascpjournals.org/conten
t/37/7/397.short