‫‪ ‬השוואה בין פליטות מזהמים‬
‫הנוצרים ממגוון תחליפי נפט‬
‫לתחבורה‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬דוד קטושבסקי‬
‫‪ ‬ערן שר‬
‫‪ ‬זאב ויסמן‬
‫אוניברסיטת בן‪-‬גוריון בנגב‬
‫** עבודה זו הוגשה למשרד להגנת הסביבה ותוצאותיה אינן מחייבת את המשרד‬
‫‪ ‬מהלך המחקר‬
‫‪ .1‬ייצור וניתוח כימי של ביודיזלים שונים‬
‫‪ .2‬ניתוח מתימטי וסימולציות של תהליכי השריפה ותוצריהם‬
‫‪ .3‬תכנון מערכת פליטה אופטימלית למזעור פליטת מזהמים‬
‫‪ .4‬בחינה ניסויית של הרכב גזי הפליטה ובחינה של מערכת‬
‫הפליטה‬
From Oil To Biodiesel
Oil
Agro
Biodiesel
Solid
& Liq.
Glycerol
Waste
LR-NMR Test
350
Intensity [nu]
300
250
Glycerol
Biodiesel
200
Oil
150
100
50
0
1000
10000
100000
1000000
T2 [usec]
GLY
OIL
BIO
10000000
• Three step reaction
• Methanol in excess (1:6)
• Catalyst is removed in
washing step
The catalyst can be acid
(H2SO4), base (NaOH, KOH),
liquid or solid (SrO) and
biological (lipases).
R1,2,3 :
* FATTY ESTER METHYL ESTERS MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
CLOSELY AFFECT BIODIESEL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Standard Monitoring the Transesterification Reaction
Properties
Some properties related to transesterification reac.
FAME content, % m/m
Methanol content, % mol/mol
Water and sediment, % vol.
Carbon residue, 100% sample, % m/m
Carbon residue, 10% distillation residue, % m/m
Group I metals (Na+K), ppm
Group II metals (Ca+Mg), ppm
Sulfated ash, % m/m
MAG content, % mol/mol
DAG content, % mol/mol
TAG content, % mol/mol
Free Glycerine, % mol/mol
Total Glycerine, % mol/mol
Total contamination, mg/kg
ASTM D6751
B100
EN 14214
B100
EN 590
ULSD
0.2 max.
0.05 max.
0.05 max.
5 max.
5 max.
0.02 max.
0.02 max.
0.24 max.
-
98.5 min.
0.2 max.
0.05 max.
0.3 max.
5 max.
5 max.
0.02 max.
0.8 max.
0.2 max.
0.2 max.
0.02 max.
0.25 max.
24 max.
7 max.
0.02 max.
0.3 max.
0.01 max.
24 max.
Washing
** Type of Oil and Efficient Biodiesel Production Mainly affect: Viscosity; Distilation Temp
Efficient ombustion in Engine and Emission composition.
Characterization of oils used in the project
____________________________________________________________
Oil Type
Fatty Acid Profile (%)
Smoke point (oC)
Saturated
MonoPolyUnsaturated Unsaturated
________________________________________________________
Soybean
16.5
23.0
57.5
238
Canola
7.5
63.5
29.0
204
Corn
13.0
28.0
59.0
232
Linseed
7.5
18.0
74.5
225
Olive Pomace
16.0
75.0
9.0
193
____________________________________________________________
* 5-10 L biodiesel samples are prepeared and ready to be tested in
engine
** in Phase II of the project relationship between oils and biodiesel types
and combustion in engines and emissions will be used for modelling.
Health Effects
Surface filtration
Fabric (deep)
filtration
Settling
Electrostatic
Precipitation
Photochemical aerosol
Diesel particulates (soot)
Spray
Tobacco smoke
Hair
Viruses
Pollen
Macro Molec.
Bacteria
Urban smog
X rays
Sand
Fog
Ultra violet
Mist
Infra red
Drizzle
Rain
Microwave
Visible
1 nm
10 nm
100 nm 1,000 nm
1 m
10 m
Size Chart
100 m 1,000 m
1 mm
How How
cancan
wewetrap
diesel
particles?
trap diesel
particles?
A solution for reducing the nano-scale particles emission
A solution for reducing the nano-scale particles emission
Grouping Theory
How can we use Grouping to reduce Particles?
Mitsubishi generator
Mitsubishi generator
Mitsubishi Diesel Generator
RPM=1500
Load=5KW
Mi/ƩMi
mass fraction as a function of the particle diameter
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.00
original
pipe
Novel
Exhaust
Pipe
Dp[µm]
0.50
1.00
Dp[µm]
1.50
2.00
2.50
changes in the mass fraction as a function of the
particle's diameter
RPM=1500
load=9V
0.25
0.20
0.15
mass 0.10
fraction
0.05
0.00
-0.05
0.35
PM-300
0.3µm<Dp<2µm
0.45
0.57
0.72
0.90
1.30
-0.10
1.80
Changes in %
0.39- 0.3
-54.5
0.49- 0.4
-60.1
0.64- 0.5
-42.5
0.79- 0.65
-39.9
0.99- 0.8
33.7
1.59- 1.0
91.5
1.99- 1.6
90.0
2.00
-0.15
-0.20
-0.25
Dp[µm]
2>
148.9
Ford Diesel Engine
constant rpm=1500 and load=0nm
12000
~8500 [x 1e3/cm³]
11500
11000
10500
regular pipe
Pegassor particle counterCounts particles number
10nm<Dp<2.4µm
9500
~5500 [x 1e3/cm³]
novel exhaust
pipe
9000
8500
8000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
time[sec]
transient mode
160000
140000
120000
100000
regular
pipe
80000
N[x
N[x
10000
60000
novel
exhaust
pipe
40000
20000
0
0
5
10
15
time[sec]
20
25
Ford
Diesel
Engine
Ford
Diesel
Engine
Nucleation???
Nucleation???
number of particles N[e³/cm³] along the pipe
90000
grouping
80000
70000
60000
N[e³/cm³
]
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Peugeot 508 –SI
engine
Dynamometer tests
MANDiesel enginetests on a bus
TEM images
Sintering neck
20nm
X 400,000 magnification
TEM images
Tailpipe (point C) emissions, Standard v.s. Novel TEM
Images and PN/CM3 concentration
Novel
Standard
100nm
100nm
Few
Nanoparticles
X 100,000 magnification
Many
Nanoparticles