Evolusi, Adaptasi ekologi dan
ancaman terhadap populasi kecil
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Descended from the
apes? My dear, we will
hope it is not true. But
if it is, let us pray that it
may not become
generally known
How did life originate? Never
ending debate
Religion-base and empiric-base
Genesis, Creation, Erschoepung
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Forming organic materials in this way is only
one possibility for the origin of the first
building blocks of life. Other scientists have
shown how organic compounds could have
come to Earth from space in cosmic dust
particles, asteroids, comets, and meteorites.
The chemistry of deep sea hydrothermal
vents is another possible source of life. Many
potential sources of organic material exist on
Earth and possibly on other planets  we
are not alone !!!!
IF WE ARE NOT ALONE … WITH WHOM?
“The important thing is not to stop
questioning. Curiosity has its own reason for
existing.”
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Spermonde
Evolusi
Adapatasi
Akar faye
Maldives, Maluku dan Babel
To all of us, earth appears
immutable. Water of oceans
wash the shores of continent that
seemingly never change.
Gunung Salak peaks have looked
the same through centuries.
Even, Ciliwung, Ciapus and other
topographics features have an air
of permanence about them. But
earth was not always as its
today, nor will it be the same
tomorrow, because changes are
continually taking place, however
slowly
Faktor lingkungan selalu
berubah
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environmental condition
slowly changed, organism
responded, adjusting new set
of conditions …………….
Adaptation
Contoh adaptasi
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Perakaran
4:gambut)
(1:kering; 2: normal; 3: basah;
Contoh adaptasi
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Kakao dan Gamal di Sulawesi
Hasil Penelitian (Prihastani, Soepandi,
Tjitrosemito, I. Qayim, Luschner,
2008)
Contoh adaptasi
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Sisik ikan
Kista
Ketebalan daun
Kulit
Rambut
Lemak
Evolved
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To survive as a species, organisms
must adapt to the changing
environment
The problem is that many conditions
are changing faster than organisms
can adapt to them
Changing more rapidly because of
massive human intervention, expl:
pollutant
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Adaptasi ditentukan oleh interaksi
organisme dgn lingkungan
Kempampuan adaptasi tergantung
pada keragaman genetik yang adaptif
Keragaman genetik ada dalam gene
pool
Adaptation
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Ability of organism to live in harmony
or conformity with its environment
But species is not a slave of
environment factor
Survival of the fittest A phrase often
misattributed to Charles Darwin.
Contoh Adaptasi Polutan
Feminine Complex
Jika gagal beradaptasi?
 Bertahan atau punah?
 Seakan ada seleksi
 Natural selection
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How natural selection
works?
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Deme (local population)
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Deme mempunyai anggota yang kawin
sesamanya
Anggota deme dapat terdiri dari
banyak karakter, misal panjang ekor,
tebal daun, diameter batang,
intensitas miselia dst tergantung pada
genotif dan fenotif ………………. variasi
Source of variation
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Recombination (heterozygous dan
homozygous)
Mutation (Change of ploidy level
(entire set of chromosomes)
GMO etc
Kromosom pria
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Tidak seluruh individu dalam populasi
ikut serta dalam mewariskan bahan
genetikanya
Beberapa gagal kawin
Yang lain gagal menghasilkan
keturunan dst.
Akibatnya komposisi gen pool,
berubah dari satu generasi ke generasi
berikutnya
Perubahan tsb  evolusi
Today Quotation
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In the Deep Ecology Movement we are
biocentric or ecocentric. For us it is the
ecosphere, the whole planet, Gaia,
that is the basic unit, and every living
being has an intrinsic value.
Arne Naess, Norwegian philosopher
and author.
Adaptasi Jughuhn
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Gunung Patuha
Junghuhn
Tugas
Kawah Putioh Ranca Upas
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Evolusi menghasilkan keragaman 
dari keragaman memunculkan evolusi
lanjutan
Contoh seleksi alam pada
kerang
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Keragaman tinggi pada warna, mulai
dari putih, abu-abu hingga gelap
Hidup di pasir abu-abu
Putih dan hitam mudah dimangsa,
abu-abu dominan
 tipe seleksi stabilizing
Contoh seleksi alam pada
kerang
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Pembentukan kuarsa intensif, pasir
putih
Kerang hitam dan abu-abu, kontras
Kerang putih dominan
 tipe seleksi mengarah (directional)
Contoh seleksi alam pada
kerang
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Terjadi letusan gunung berapi, lahar
dingin berwarna hitam menutupi
sebagian pantai
Kerang hitam migrasi ke pasir hitam,
kerang putih ke pasir putih
Kerang abu-abu?
 tipe seleksi memecah (disruptive)
Small population
Inbreeding depression
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Perkawninan dalam deme terutama
pada populasi kecil
Penurunan keragaman genetik
Kemunculan genresesif yang lethal
Penurunan kemampuan adaptasi
Populasi kecil terisolir
Genetic drift
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Kegagalan individu heterozygot
mewariskan materi genetiknya
Ketidakhadiran “broker” misal
polinator, habitat yang sesuai dll
Jika populasi kecil dan terisolir maka
Populasi kecil yang
bertahan
Ada aliran gen
 Terjadi mutasi
 Populasi efektif
Ne = (4NmNf)/(Nm+Nf)
Ne : Populasi efektif
Nm : jumlah jantan subur
Nf : jumlah betina subur
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Whale  MVPS
Resume
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Adpatasi
Seleksi alam
Evolusi
Variasi
Tipe seleksi
Ancaman populasi kecil