Chapter 15:
Biotechnology
and
Genetic Engineering
Aim: How have humans modified
their world for centuries?
• Selective Breeding – a process used
to pass desired traits on to the next
generation of organisms.
»Hybridization – crossing dissimilar
organisms to result in offspring with traits
of both. Ex: creation of different
vegetable and flower varieties
»Inbreeding – Breeding organisms
with desired characteristics to keep
traits. Ex: Maintaining dog breeds
Hybridization results in hybrid vigor
+
Horse
=
donkey
www.sooreams.com/ animalia/ mule
www.diveatlas.com/ photogallery/PhotoGalleryBo. Donkey
horse www.medicalprogress.org/.../ horses.cfm
mule (very
hearty)
Inbreeding….
maltese
Great Dane
www.rottentomatoes.com/
vine/showpost.php?p=51...
www.rainbowtoypoodles.com/
news.bbc.co.uk/.../ newsid_2985000/2985854.stm
Aim: How have humans modified their
world for centuries?
Increasing Genetic Variety
Mutations – the rate of mutations
can be increased to increase
genetic variations.
Ex: bacteria with altered DNA that allows them to
metabolize oil.
Polyploidy – extra chromosomes
in plants gives new varieties.
Ex: larger, stronger citrus fruits, lilies
What types of things are possible to
do with today’s technology and
biology?
Fluorescent mice!
www.forbes.com/2002/ 03/04/0304japan.html g
Transgenic (GM) Plants…..
Herbicide-Resistant gene in canola plants
www.house.gov/science/ thomashow_100599.htm
Transgenic (GM) Plants…..
members.aol.com/.../ LectureNotes/lec24.html pcr 1
Transgenic (GM) Plants…..
Pest-resistant potatoes
Transgenic (GM) Plants…..
Plants that can store large quantities of
heavy metals (lead, arsenic, cadmium)
www.betterhumans.com/ News/news.aspx?articleID
Transgenic Animals…..
www.forbes.com/2002/ 03/04/0304japan.html g
Transgenic Animals…..
www.bbc.co.uk/.../ glowing_gallery2.shtml
Genetically Engineered Salmon (food)
http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01611/graphics/concerns-livestock/salmon.png
Transgenic Animals….. Mosquito with a
gene that won’t allow diseases to be
transmitted
www.sciencenews.org/ articles/20040814/bob8.asp
Cloning….
Dolly was the first cloned mammal in
1997.
Monkey Clone
•Successful Clone of a
Rhesus Monkey
•Clone by EmbryoSplitting (unlike dolly)
•Implications?
Cloning….
Micromanipulation tools are
used to remove and transplant
a cell’s nucleus.
Insulin for diabetic patients
•Diabetes – what
is it?
•Treatment?
•Where does
insulin come
from?
•GE Insulin
(bacterial)
•$$$
How is insulin now made for diabetic
patients?
Genetic engineering is a process
where humans modify an organism’s
DNA for a purpose. The newly modified
organisms are called transgenic or
genetically modified (GM) organisms.
genetic engineering animation you tube
Making a transgenic bacteria: See page
___ of your text book to study this.
Gene for human
growth hormone
Recombinant
DNA
Gene for human
growth hormone
Human Cell
Bacterial Cell
Sticky
ends
DNA
recombination
DNA
insertion
Bacterial
chromosome
Plasmid
Bacterial cell for
containing gene for
human growth hormone
Restriction enzymes are used in genetic
Engineering. They are used to cut DNA.
(see handout now for how these
enzymes work.)
Genetically modified bacteria can be
Used in medicine to produce:
1. Insulin for diabetic patients
2.Human Growth Hormone
3. Interferon- a protein that treats
viral infections.
What are some other uses of transgenic
organisms?
1.Transgenic animals.
(from our reading
and movie in class)
Movie link to GM organisms
Examples:
2. Transgenic plants.
Examples: (from our reading
and poster activity.)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
1. DNA is heated
to denature it.
2. DNA
polymerase adds
bases to primer
3. 2 new strands
are made
4. DNA is heated
and process
continues to make
multiple copies of
the DNA.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is
A process used to make multiple copies
Of a small piece of DNA.
This is helpful for
- crime scene Investigation
- looking at fossilized DNA
- studying genes.
Gel electrophoresis is technique that
uses electricity to separate cut up
fragments of DNA by size.
Uses: - identifying disease alleles
- comparison of DNA for a
DNA fingerprint from different
people. (criminal cases,
paternity testing.)
electrophoresis animation
Watch Planted Evidence (Forensic Files)
Gene Therapy: A process where a
patient’s disease gene can be
replaced by a normal copy of the
gene.
Human Genome Project – a group
effort by scientists to determine the
Sequences of all 46 human
chromosomes. This was completed
Ahead of schedule!
All kinds of movies!!!
http://www.teachersdomain.org/
sci/life/gen/engineering/index.ht
ml
Link doesn’t work
http://www.abpischools.org.uk/r
esources/posterseries/geneng/geanim.asp
ttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AEINuCL-5w
Animation of how restriction
enzymes work link no longer works
http://www.dnai.org/text/mediash
owcase/index2.html?id=549
http://www.dnai.org/text/medias
howcase/index2.html?id=549
Producing a transgenic bacteria