Biology Ch. 9

Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction

Section 1: Cellular Growth

Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation

Click on a lesson name to select.


9.1 Cellular Growth

Ratio of Surface Area to Volume



 As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.

 The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products.



Transport of Substances

 Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins.

 Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient.

 Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems.



Cellular Communications

 The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size.

 Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.



The Cell Cycle

 Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large.

 It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries.

 Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle .



 Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates.

 Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.

 Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.



The Stages of Interphase

 The first stage of interphase, G

1

 The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.



The Second Stage of Interphase, S

 The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.



The Third Stage of Interphase, G

2

 The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.


9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis

The Stages of Mitosis

 Prophase

 The cell’s chromatin tightens.

 Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere .

 Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm.



 The nuclear envelope seems to disappear.

 Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids.



Metaphase

 Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.

 They line up in the middle of the cell.



Anaphase

 The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten.

 The sister chromatids separate.

 The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell.



Telophase

 The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax.

 Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear.

 The spindle apparatus disassembles.



Cytokinesis

 In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm.

 In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms.



9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation

Normal Cell Cycle

 Different cyclin/CDK combinations signal other activities, including DNA replication, protein synthesis, and nuclear division throughout the cell cycle.



Quality Control Checkpoints

 The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.

 Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis.



Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer

 Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.

 Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.



Causes of Cancer

 The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations.

 Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.



Apoptosis

 Programmed cell death

 Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process.



Stem Cells

 Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions



Embryonic Stem Cells

 After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about

100 –150 cells. These cells have not become specialized.



Adult Stem Cells

 Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue

 Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor

Cellular

Reproduction


Chapter Resource Menu

Chapter Diagnostic Questions

Formative Test Questions

Chapter Assessment Questions

Standardized Test Practice

biologygmh.com

Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Image Bank

Vocabulary

Animation

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.


Chapter Diagnostic

Questions

Which is the first phase of mitosis?

A.

interphase

B.

prophase

C.

metaphase

D.

telophase

A

0% 0%

B

1.

2.

3.

4.

0%

C

A

B

C

D

0%

D



Questions

During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell?

A.

interphase

B.

metaphase

C.

anaphase

D.

telophase

A

0% 0%

B

1.

2.

3.

4.

0%

C

A

B

C

D

0%

D



Questions

Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?

A.

cytokinesis

B.

interphase

C.

apoptosis

D.

mitosis

A

0% 0%

B

1.

2.

3.

4.

0%

C

A

B

C

D

0%

D


9.1 Formative

Questions

Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products?

A.

larger cells

B.

smaller cells

C.

cells with lower surface area to volume ratio

D.

cells shaped like a cube

A

0% 0%

B

1.

2.

3.

4.

0%

C

A

B

C

D

0%

D


9.1 Formative

Questions

At what stage does a cell spend most of its life?

A.

cytokinesis

B.

interphase

C.

mitosis

D.

synthesis

A

0% 0%

B

1.

2.

3.

4.

0%

C

A

B

C

D

0%

D


9.1 Formative

Questions

What happens in the cell during cytokinesis?

A.

The cell grows and carries out normal functions.

B.

The cell copies its DNA and forms chromosomes.

C.

The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.

D.

The cell’s cytoplasm divides.

A

0% 0%

B

1.

2.

3.

4.

0%

C

A

B

C

D

0%

D


9.2 Formative

Questions

In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate?

A.

cytokinesis

B.

interphase

C.

mitosis

D.

prophase

A

0% 0%

B

1.

2.

3.

4.

0%

C

A

B

C

D

0%

D


9.2 Formative

Questions

Which diagram shows anaphase?

A.

B.

C.

D.

A

0%

1.

2.

3.

4.

0%

B

A

B

C

D

0%

C

0%

D


9.2 Formative

Questions

At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed.

A.

true

B.

false 1. A

A

2. B

0% 0%

B


9.3 Formative

Questions

What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle?

A.

chromatin and chromosomes

B.

cyclin and CDKs

C.

microtubules and spindle fibers

D.

protein and ribosomes

A

0% 0%

B

1.

2.

3.

4.

0%

C

A

B

C

D

0%

D


9.3 Formative

Questions

Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely?

A.

chemicals such as asbestos

B.

food and drinks that the FDA warns may contain carcinogens

C.

tobacco and second-hand smoke

D.

ultraviolet radiation from the Sun

A

0%

1.

2.

3.

4.

0%

B

A

B

C

D

0%

C

0%

D


9.3 Formative

Questions

What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA?

A.

apoptosis

B.

carcinogens

C.

cytokinesis

D.

mitosis

1.

2.

3.

4.

A

B

C

D

A

0% 0%

B

0%

C

0%

D


9.3 Formative

Questions

Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues?

A.

apoptotic cells

B.

cancer cells

C.

prokaryotic cells

D.

stem cells

1.

2.

3.

4.

A

B

C

D

A

0% 0%

B

0%

C

0%

D


Chapter Assessment

Questions

This cell has completed what stage of mitosis?

A.

anaphase

B.

interphase

C.

metaphase

D.

telophase

1.

2.

3.

4.

A

B

C

D

A

0% 0%

B

0%

C

0%

D



Questions

What term is used to describe programmed cell death?

A.

apoptosis

B.

anaphase

C.

necrosis

D.

cyclins

A

0% 0%

B

1.

2.

3.

4.

0%

C

A

B

C

D

0%

D



Questions

What is the role of cyclins in a cell?

A.

to control the movement of microtubules

B.

to signal for the cell to divide

C.

to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear membrane

D.

to cause the nucleolus to disappear

A

0% 0%

B

1.

2.

3.

4.

0%

C

A

B

C

D

0%

D


Standardized Test

Practice

Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume?

C

B

A

0%

1.

A

2.

B

3.

0%

C

0%

A B C



Practice

At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus?

A.

G

1

B.

S

C.

G

2

D.

M

1.

2.

3.

4.

A

B

C

D

A

0% 0%

B

0%

C

0%

D



Practice

Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle?

A.

formation of a cell plate

B.

formation of microtubules

C.

formation of a cleavage furrow at the equator of the cell

D.

movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell

A

0% 0%

B

1.

2.

3.

4.

0%

C

A

B

C

D

0%

D



Practice

Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell.

A.

true

B.

false

A

0%

1. A

2. B

0%

B



Practice

Which is not a condition that can result in cancer?

A.

a failure in the control mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle

B.

a failure in the repair systems that fix changes or damage to DNA

C.

a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes during mitosis

D.

mutations or changes in segments of DNA that control protein production

A

0% 0%

B

1.

2.

3.

4.

A

B

C

D

0%

C

0%

D


Glencoe Biology Transparencies


Image Bank


Vocabulary

Section 1 cell cycle interphase mitosis cytokinesis chromosome chromatin


Vocabulary

Section 2 prophase sister chromatid centromere spindle apparatus metaphase anaphase telophase


Vocabulary

Section 3 cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase cancer carcinogen apoptosis stem cell


Animation

 Visualizing the Cell Cycle


Biology Ch. 9

Related documents

Products

Support

Biology Ch. 9

Related documents

Add this document to collection(s)

Add this document to saved

Suggest us how to improve StudyLib