LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
Presented by: Dr. Rick Elphic and Brian Day
May 31, 2011

May 31, 2011
NSTA Webinar
Rick Elphic,
LADEE Project Scientist
NASA Ames Research Center
Moffett Field, California

1.
Science Background for LADEE
2.
LADEE Payload: 3 science instruments, 1 tech demo
3.
LADEE Spacecraft
4.
LADEE Launch Vehicle
5.
LADEE Mission Profile
6.
Schedule & Cost
LADEE: Big Science 3

Lunar Exosphere: A nearby example of a common type of atmosphere, the
Surface Boundary
Exosphere.
Dust: Does evidence point to electrostatic lofting?
In 2008, the door opened to investigate these questions: NASA Hq directed Ames Research
Center to do the LADEE mission.
LADEE: Big Science 5

• 2003 NRC Decadal Survey: “New
Frontiers in the Solar System: An
Integrated Exploration Strategy”
• LEAG Roadmap Objective Sci-A-3:
Characterize the environment and processes …in the lunar exosphere
• National Research Council (NRC) report, “Scientific Context for the
Exploration of the Moon” (SCEM)
• 2011 NRC Decadal Survey: “Vision and
Voyages for Planetary Science in the
Decade 2013-2022”
– Execute LADEE mission
LADEE: Big Science 6

Surface Boundary Exospheres (SBEs) may be the most common type of atmosphere in the solar system…
Large Asteroids
& KBOs
Io
Europa & other Icy satellites
Rhea
Moon
Evidence of dust motion on asteroids and the Moon....
Itokawa
LADEE CDR
ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING
7
Eros
7

Earth-based measurements: Na and K
Surface measurements: Ar and He
LACE
40
Ar Measurements
We know that Ar,
, Na and K exist in the exosphere.
LADEE CDR
ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL WARNING
8 8

• UPI-TVIS instrument
• Viewed Na column away from Moon
• Distribution consistent with hot source (2000 – 6000 K)
LADEE: Big Science
9 9

• UPI-TVIS instrument
• Viewed Na column away from Moon
• Distribution consistent with hot source (2000 – 6000 K)
• Density varies over 3month timescale
• Density appears to decrease between 1 st quarter and 3 rd quarter
LADEE: Big Science
10 10

• The Moon’s Na exosphere doesn’t stay put – it blows away!
• At New Moon, the Na atoms going antisunward are gravity-focused by
Earth.
• All-sky images from
Earth reveal this antisolar tail.
LADEE: Big Science
11 11

Off-band subtracted
• The Moon’s Na exosphere doesn’t stay put – it blows away!
• At New Moon, the Na atoms going antisunward are gravity-focused by
Earth.
• All-sky images from
Earth reveal this antisolar tail.
LADEE: Big Science
12 12

(Wieser et al, 2009)
Chandrayaan Neutral Particles: >1 eV neutral hydrogen is lost.
LADEE: Big Science
13 13

2
• Chandrayaan-1 M 3 , EPOXI and Cassini VIMS 3m m observations.
• Presence of H2O and OH in/on surface grains: o Signature deepest at high latitudes and off-noon local times.
o Where do OH, H
2
O go? Into exosphere? Polar cold traps?
Pieters et al Science 2009
Clark et al Science 2009
LADEE: Big Science
LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL
WARNING
14

Water Vapor and Water Ice in
Model Fit: 7.4% ± 5% by mass
Add other species:
CH
4
, CO
2
, SO
2
LADEE: Big Science
LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL
WARNING
15 15

Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites experiment (LEAM)
Terminators
Berg et al., 1976
• Apollo surface experiment LEAM detected dust activity correlated with the lunar terminators
LADEE: Big Science 16

• Surveyor 7 images of lunar horizon glow (“LHG”)
• Prevailing theory: <10 m m dust, ~150m away, ~1m high on sunset horizon
LADEE: Big Science
LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL
WARNING
17

McCoy and Criswell, 1974 Gene Cernan sketches from Apollo
Command Module
Apollo CM Trajectory
Dust?
• Eyewitness accounts of “streamers” from Apollo command module
• Too bright to be meteoritic ejecta
• Exosphere and/or high altitude (50 km) dust is one possibility
• Key goal if LADEE is to help resolve this open question
LADEE: Big Science
LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL
WARNING
18 18

• LADEE Objective 1:
Determine the composition of the lunar atmosphere and investigate the processes that control its distribution and variability, including sources, sinks, and surface interactions.
• LADEE Objective 2:
Characterize the lunar exospheric dust environment and measure any spatial and temporal variability and impacts on the lunar atmosphere.
July 20
– 23, 2010 LADEE ITAR RESTRICTED MATERIAL
WARNING
19 19

Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS)
MSL/SAM Heritage
SMD - directed instrument
In situ measurement of exospheric species
P. Mahaffy
NASA GSFC
UV-Vis Spectrometer (UVS)
LCROSS heritage
SMD - directed instrument
Dust and exosphere measurements
A. Colaprete
NASA ARC
150 Dalton range/unit mass resolution
Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX)
HEOS 2, Galileo, Ulysses and Cassini Heritage
SMD - Competed instrument M. Horányi
LASP
LADEE: Big Science
Lunar Laser Com Demo (LLCD)
Technology demonstration
SOMD - directed instrument High Data Rate
Optical Comm
100 mm Optical
Module
D. Boroson
MIT-LL
Mod ems
51-622 Mbps
Con trol ics
Ele ctron
60 cm
22

NMS Team:
•
Instrument PI: Dr. Paul Mahaffy/GSFC
•
Instrument Manager: Dr. Todd King/GSFC
• Instrument SE: Jim Kellog/GSFC
Participating Organizations:
•
NASA/GSFC
• U. Michigan/Space Physics Research Lab
• Battel Engineering
• AMU Engineering
• Nolan Engineering
LADEE: Big Science
Measurement Concept:
• High-sensitivity quadrupole mass spectrometer, mass range 1 - 150 Dalton and unit mass resolution.
• At 50-km or lower can detect helium, argon and other species.
• Ultra high vacuum (UHV) materials and processing used in the fabrication of NMS yield a substantial improvement over background instrument noise from Apollo era instruments, corresponding increase in sensitivity of the measurement.
• The sensitivity is necessary to adequately measure the low density atmosphere of the moon.
Performance Data:
• Closed Source species: He, Ar, non-reactive neutrals
• Open Source species: neutrals and ions
•
Mass Range: 2 - 150 Da
• Mass Resolution: unit mass resolution over entire range
•
Sensitivity: 10 -2 (counts per second) / (particles per cc)
• Mass: 11.3 kg
• Volume: 23,940 cm3
•
Envelope: 43.2 cm x 24.5 cm x 37.0 cm
• Power: 34.4 W average
•
CDH interface: 422 differential
• Data Rate: 3.5 kbs
• Data Volume: 8.5e6 bits per orbit
(assuming 40% duty cycle over a 113 min circular orbit)
23

LADEE: Big Science 24

Team:
•
PI/PM: Dr. Tony Colaprete / ARC
• Instrument SEs: Leonid Osetinsky / ARC and Ryan Vaughan / ARC
Participating Organizations:
•
NASA/ARC
• Aurora Design & Technology
• Visioneering, LLC
LADEE: Big Science
July 20 – 23, 2010
Measurement Concept:
• UVS includes UV-VIS Spectrometer, telescope, solar diffuser, & bifurcated optical fiber
• UVS observations consists of limb and occultation measurements
• Limb observations measure the lunar atmosphere, & also measure limb dust by measuring back- or forward-scattered sunlight
• Solar occultation observations measure lunar atmospheric dust extinction from 0 to 50 km
Performance Data:
• In Limb mode measures atmospheric species including: K, Na, Al, Si, Ca, Li, OH, H
2
O
• By combining long integration times, UVS measures each specie to < current upper limits
• In limb mode measures dust (via scatter) at concentrations as low as 10 -4 per cc for r=100 nm size particles.
• In occultation mode measures dust (via extinction) at concentrations as low as 10 -4 per cc for r=100 nm size particles down 300 meters alt.
• 3.98 kg
• 14 W (average operation)
25

LADEE: Big Science 26

Team:
PI: Mihaly Horanyi
PM: Mark Lankton
IS: Zoltan Sternovsky
SE: David Gathright
Participating Organization:
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space
Physics, University of Colorado
LADEE: Big Science
Measurement Concept :
•
LDEX is an impact ionization dust detector
•
Measures the mass of individual dust grains with m ≥ 1.7x10-16 kg (radius r g micron) for impact speeds ≈ 1.7km/s
≥ 0.3
• Also measures the collective current due to grains below the threshold for individual detection, enabling the search for dust grains with r g
≈ 0.1 micron over the terminators
Performance Data/Key Science
•
Characterizes the dust exosphere by mapping size and spatial distribution of dust grains
•
Measures relative contribution of dust sources: interplanetary vs. lunar origin.
• Mass: 3.45kg (with reserves)
• Power: 6.11W peak, 5W ops (with reserves)
•
Data: 1kb/s
Payload: 27
27

ions electrons
LADEE: Big Science 28

LADEE: Big Science 29

LLCD has three primary parts:
•
Lunar Lasercom Space Terminal (LLST)
• Lunar Lasercom Ground Terminal (LLGT)
• Lunar Lasercom Operations Center (LLOC)
LLCD Team:
• Mission Manager: Hsiao Smith/GSFC
• Principal Investigator: Don Boroson/MIT/LL
• Co-Investigator: Mike Krainak/GSFC
• Mission Systems Engineer: Brendan
Feehan/BAH
• Financial Manager: Debbie Dodson/GSFC
Participating Organization:
• NASA/GSFC
• MIT/Lincoln Laboratory (LL)
LADEE: Big Science
July 20 – 23, 2010
Objectives/Features:
• Demonstrate laser communication between the
Earth and the LADEE spacecraft in lunar orbit.
NASA’s first step in developing high performance laser communications systems for future operational missions.
• Demonstrate major functions
– High bandwidth space to ground link using an optical terminal
– Robust pointing, acquisition, tracking
–
Duplex communication day/night, full/new moon, high/low elevation, good/bad atmospherics
– Time-of-flight measurements, as a by-product of the duplex communication, that could be built into a high-accuracy ranging system
Performance Data:
• Space Terminal:
– 10 cm, 0.5W, 1.55um
– 40-622 Mbps xmt, 10-20 Mbps rcv
–
Duplex operation, fully gimbaled
• Ground Terminal
– Downlink Receiver
» 4@40cm; 40-622 Mbps
»
Superconducting Nanowire Detector Arrays
– Uplink Transmitter
» 4@15cm, 10W; 10-20 Mbps
• Mass: 32.8 kg (with reserves), Power: 136.5W
30
Payload: 30

1
MCR: 3-module, 2stage prop system with SRM & biprop, 4
Instruments,
Launch solo on
MinV Award/Kickoff: 3-module,
2-stage prop, 2 instruments,
Launch w/GRAIL
3
PDR: see major
PDR: see major changes subsequent slide.
Summary: Modular feature of S/C bus has been adaptable to change, but at margin available for PDR feature of S/C bus has been adaptable to change.
SRR/MDR: 4-module, single-stage bi-prop system, 4 instruments, MinV
LADEE: Big Science 32

Radiator Assembly
Bus Module
LDEX
UVS
Payload Module
LLCD
NMS
Extension Modules
Propulsion Module
LADEE: Big Science 33

PAF
Stage 5
Avionics
Cylinder
LADEE: Big Science 36

(Minotaur IV)
LADEE: Big Science 37

LADEE: Big Science 38

43 Re
Nominal Launch Vehicle
Insertion
60 Re
50 Re
60 Re
6.3 days
8.0 days
10.4 days
5.25 days
Total Time of Flight: 30
Days
LADEE: Big Science 40

Maneuver
LOI-1
LOI-2
LOI-3
Timing
Periselene + 2 min
(approx.)
LOI-1 + 2 Days
LOI-1 + 4 Days
Delta-V
267 m/s
296 m/s
239 m/s
Duration
197 s (3 min 17 s)
198 s (3 min 17 s)
146 s (2 min 26 s)
LADEE: Big Science 41

• Get science instruments working
• Perform LLCD
Ops
LADEE: Big Science 42

LADEE: Big Science 43

Spacecraft and Orbit Maintenance:
• Planning key spacecraft activities to maximize time in orbit and science return
Science Campaign:
• Planning for high value science opportunities at extremely low lunar altitude
• Impact into far side terrain (avoid legacy sites like Apollo, Luna,
Surveyor etc.)
LADEE: Big Science 44

• Launch slated for May, 2013
• Overall mission cost: $236M
• Payload: $37.4M
• Spacecraft: $74.6M
• Launch Vehicle: $63.4M
• Rest includes:
• Project mgmt, SE, S&MA, Science, PL
• Mission Ops, Ground systems, I&T, EPO
LADEE: Big Science 45

LADEE :
• First mission with Ames “common bus” architecture
• First flight of Minotaur V (modified
Peacekeeper ICBM w/add’l upper stages)
• First deep space launch from
Wallops Flight Facility
• Laser communications technology demonstration
Partners
• Ames does s/c development, integration & test, mission operations
• GSFC is payload integrator, science operations
• WFF is launch integrator
LADEE: Big Science 46

Resources bringing lunar exploration into your classroom
Brian Day – NASA Lunar Science Institute
Brian.H.Day@nasa.gov

Lunar Sample Educational Disk
Program
Six samples of lunar material (three soils and three rocks) encapsulated in a six-inch diameter clear lucite disk are available for you to borrow and bring into your classroom. The disk is accompanied by written and graphic descriptions of each sample in the disk.
Mr. Louis Parker
JSC Exhibits Manager
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center
Mail Code AP
2101 NASA Parkway
Houston, Texas 77058-3696
Telephone: 281-483-8622
FAX: 281-483-4876
EMail: louis.a.parker@nasa.gov

With Moon Zoo, students and members of the public can assist lunar scientists in analyzing the high-resolution images returned by the LROC instrument aboard the
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. They perform crater counts, search for boulders, and other interesting landforms.

•Solar radiation and particles play key roles in the production of the lunar atmosphere.
•Your students can track the development of solar storms using data from student observations, observatories, and spacecraft.
•http://son.nasa.gov/tass/

•Your students can help interpret data from NASA’s STEREO
(Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory) spacecraft.
•http://www.solarstormwatch.com/

Impact Cratering: A major force in shaping the surface of the Moon and a potentially important source for the lunar atmosphere.
http://quest/challenges/lcross/

Cratering the Moon
NASA can simulate cratering impacts at the
Ames Vertical Gun Range. Allows study of:
• Different impactor shapes, masses and compositions
• Different impact velocities and angles
• Different target compositions and structures

In the Cratering the Moon activity, students design their own lunar impact simulator.
They conduct a study to determine what role the angle of incidence of an impact plays in determining how effective an impactor is in excavating material from beneath the Moon’s surface.

Fresno Co. Juvenile Justice Campus
Student-designed lunar impact simulator
• 3 teams totaling 60 students creating designs around LCROSS Impact the Moon Challenge.
• Demonstrates continues utilization of resources.
• Successfully engaging a particularly challenging student audience.

NASA Meteoroid Environment Office
Lunar Impact Monitoring Program
Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers
(ALPO) Lunar Meteoritic Impact Search Section
• It will be valuable to have as many observations as possible of lunar impacts during the LADEE mission.
• This will facilitate studies examining possible correlations between changes observed by LADEE and recorded impact events.
• Help lunar scientists determine the rate of meteoroid impacts on the Moon.
• Meteoroid impacts are an important source for the lunar exosphere and dust.
• Can be done with a telescope as small as
8 inches of aperture.

http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/photos.html
http://www.alpo-astronomy.org/

Meteor Counting
•The vast majority of meteoroids impacting the Moon are too small to be observable from Earth.
•Small meteoroids encountering the Earth’s atmosphere can result in readily-observable meteors.
•Conducting counts of meteors during the LADEE mission will allow us to make inferences as to what is happening on the Moon at that time.
•Much more simple requirements: a dark sky, your eyes, and log sheet.
(a reclining lawn chair is very nice too!)
•International Meteor Organization (http://imo.net/)
•American Meteor Society (http://www.amsmeteors.org/)
Image credit:NASA/ISAS/Shinsuke Abe and Hajime Yano

International Observe the Moon Night (InOMN)
•World-wide celebration of the Moon and lunar science.
•Events held at NASA centers, museums, and schools.
•InOMN 2010 featured over 500 events in more than 50 countries.
•InOMN 2011 will occur on Saturday, October 8.
•NASA programming streamed to local events.
•Visit http://www.observethemoonnight.org/ to find an event near you or to learn how to conduct your own event.

Additional Reading from NASA Science News
NASA Mission to Study the Moon's Fragile Atmosphere: Overview of the lunar atmosphere and the LADEE mission.
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2009/23oct_ladee/
Moon Storms: How results from from the Apollo missions provides evidence of levitated lunar dust. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms /
Moon Fountains: Describes the "fountain model" of levitating moondust.
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/30mar_moonfountains/
Don't Breathe the Moondust: Examines the potential toxicity of lunar dust.
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/22apr_dontinhale/
Crackling Planets: The electrostatic hazards of lunar and Martian dust. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/10aug_crackling/
En Route to Mars, the Moon: How learning to cope with lunar dust may help us in future explorations of Mars.
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/18mar_moonfirst/

Selected Online Resources
LADEE – http://www.nasa.gov/ladee
NASA Lunar Science Institute - http://lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov/
Exploring the Moon - http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/58199main_Exploring.The.Moon.pdf
Lunar and Planetary Institute - http://www.lpi.usra.edu
My Moon - http://www.lpi.usra.edu/mymoon/
Explore! - http://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/explore/
LRO - http://www.nasa.gov/lro
Solar System Exploration at JPL - http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov
Year of the Solar System - http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss/
Lunar Samples Program - http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/lunar/index.cfm
Moon Zoo - http://www.moonzoo.org/
Tracking a Solar Storm - http://son.nasa.gov/tass/
Solar Stormwatch - http://www.solarstormwatch.com/
LCROSS Cratering the Moon - http://quest/challenges/lcross/
Lunar Impact Monitoring - http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/lunar/photos.html
Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO) - http://www.alpo-astronomy.org/
International Meteor Organization - http://imo.net/
American Meteor Society - http://www.amsmeteors.org/
International Observe the Moon Night - http://www.observethemoonnight.org/

This web seminar contains information about programs, products, and services offered by third parties, as well as links to third-party websites. The presence of a listing or such information does not constitute an endorsement by NSTA of a particular company or organization, or its programs, products, or services.

LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP